Martin PBM Mariner

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PBM Mariner
Martin PBM-5 Mariner in flight c1945.jpeg
A U.S. Navy PBM-5 Mariner
General information
Type Patrol bomber flying boat
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Glenn L. Martin Company
Primary users United States Navy
Number built1,366
History
Manufactured1940–1949 [1]
Introduction dateSeptember 1940
First flight18 February 1939
Retired1964 (Uruguay)
Developed into Martin P5M Marlin

The Martin PBM Mariner is a twin-engine American patrol bomber flying boat of World War II and the early Cold War era. It was designed to complement the Consolidated PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado in service. A total of 1,366 PBMs were built, with the first example flying on 18 February 1939, and the type entering service in September 1940, with the last of the type being retired in 1964.

Contents

A Mariner, otherwise noted for its WW2 and post-War service, was the type that vanished searching for Flight 19. Flight 19 vanished in the Bermuda Triangle, it and the Mariner that searched for it were never found with its 14 crew, though it was thought to have suffered a mid-air explosion. Another noted crash was the 1946 Antarctica PBM Mariner crash in December 1946.

Design and development

A transport Mariner takes off in 1942 Martin PBM-3R Mariner taking off c1942.jpg
A transport Mariner takes off in 1942

In 1937 the Glenn L. Martin Company designed a new twin-engined flying boat, the Model 162, to succeed its earlier Martin P3M and complement the PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado. It received an order for a single prototype XPBM-1 on 30 June 1937. [2]

To test the PBM's layout, Martin built a three-eighths scale flying model, the Martin 162A Tadpole Clipper with a crew of one and powered by a single 120 hp (89 kW) Chevrolet engine driving two airscrews via v-belts; this was flown in December 1937. [3] [4] This was followed by an initial production order for 21 PBM-1 aircraft on 28 December 1937. [5] The first genuine PBM, the XPBM-1, flew on 18 February 1939. [2]

The aircraft had multiple gun positions including single mounts at each midship beam and stern above the tail cone. Additional guns were positioned in the nose and dorsal turrets, each fitted with two-gun turrets. The bomb bays were in the engine nacelles. The gull wing was of cantilever design, and featured clean aerodynamics with an unbraced twin tail. The PBM-1 was equipped with retractable wing landing floats that were hinged outboard, with single-strut supported floats that retracted inwards to rest beneath the wing, with the floats' keels just outboard of each of the engine nacelles. The PBM-3 had fixed floats, and the fuselage was three feet longer than that of the PBM-1. Martin also developed the even larger 4-engined Martin JRM Mars in this period. [6]

Operational history

A U.S. Navy PBM-1 of Patrol Squadron 56 (VP-56) in 1940. PBM-1 Mariner VP-56 1940.jpg
A U.S. Navy PBM-1 of Patrol Squadron 56 (VP-56) in 1940.
A PBM-5 on the deck of USS Norton Sound in April 1945 off Saipan Martin PBM-5 Mariner of VPB-26 aboard USS Norton Sound (AV-11) off Saipan in April 1945 (80-G-K-16079).jpg
A PBM-5 on the deck of USS Norton Sound in April 1945 off Saipan
A U.S. Navy PBM of Fleet Air Wing 6 is hoisted aboard the seaplane tender USS Curtiss (AV-4) after a mine-hunting patrol off North Korea during the Korean War (1950-1953). PBM Mariner USS Curtiss (AV-4).jpg
A U.S. Navy PBM of Fleet Air Wing 6 is hoisted aboard the seaplane tender USS Curtiss (AV-4) after a mine-hunting patrol off North Korea during the Korean War (1950-1953).
PBM Mariner leaves a wake (August 1943) Lot-799-15 (34970532473).jpg
PBM Mariner leaves a wake (August 1943)

The first PBM-1s entered service with Patrol Squadron Fifty-Five (VP-55) of the United States Navy on 1 September 1940. [5] Prior to the USA's entry into World War II, PBMs were used (together with PBYs) to carry out Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic, including operations from Iceland. Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, PBMs were used on anti-submarine patrols, sinking their first German U-boat, U-158, on 30 June 1942. [7] PBMs were responsible, wholly or in part, for sinking a total of ten U-boats during World War II. [7] PBMs were also heavily used in the Pacific War, operating from bases at Saipan, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, and the South West Pacific. [8]

The United States Coast Guard acquired 27 Martin PBM-3 aircraft during the first half of 1943. In late 1944, the service acquired 41 PBM-5 models and more were delivered in the latter half of 1945. Ten were still in service in 1955, although all were gone from the active Coast Guard inventory by 1958 (when the last example was released from CGAS San Diego and returned to the U.S. Navy). These flying boats became the backbone of the long-range aerial search and rescue efforts of the Coast Guard in the early post-war years until supplanted by the P5M Marlin and the HU-16 Albatross in the mid-1950s. [9]

PBMs continued in service with the U.S. Navy following the end of World War II, flying long patrol missions during the Korean War. [10] It continued in front line use until replaced by its successor, the P5M Marlin. The last Navy squadron equipped with the PBM, Patrol Squadron Fifty (VP-50), retired them in July 1956. [11]

The British Royal Air Force acquired 32 Mariners, but they were not used operationally, with some returned to the United States Navy. [12] A further 12 PBM-3Rs were transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force for transporting troops and cargo. [13] [14]

The Royal Netherlands Navy acquired 17 PBM-5A Mariners at the end of 1955 for service in Netherlands New Guinea. [15] The PBM-5A was an amphibian with retractable landing gear. The engines were 2,100 hp (1,600 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-34. After a series of crashes, the Dutch withdrew their remaining aircraft from use in December 1959. [16]

On 5 December 1945, a PBM Mariner took off from Eastern Florida to search for a missing Flight 19 (five TBM Avengers on a training flight), and was not heard from again. Twenty minutes after takeoff the airplane vanished from radar. A vessel in the area reported seeing a fireball and found an oil slick, but no remains of the crew or aircraft were found. The aircraft and crew remained missing but it is suspected it suffered from a mid-air explosion. [17] [18]

The 1946 Antarctica PBM Mariner crash occurred on 30 December 1946, on Thurston Island, Antarctica when a United States Navy Martin PBM-5 Mariner crashed during a blizzard. [19] [20] Buno 59098 was one of 4 aircraft lost during Operation Highjump. [20]

One of its replacements in US service was the Martin P5M Marlin.

Variants

The XPBM-1 showing the original retractable floats. Martin XPBM-1 Mariner in flight c1939.jpeg
The XPBM-1 showing the original retractable floats.
XPBM-1 (Model 162)
Prototype. Powered by two 1,600 hp (1,194 kW) R-2600-6 engines. [3]
PBM-1 (Model 162)
Initial production version. 5× .50 inch (12.7 mm) machine guns. Two R-2600-6 engines; 21 built. [3]
XPBM-2 (Model 162)
Conversion of one PBM-1 as experimental catapult-launched long-range strategic bomber. [21]
PBM-3 (Model 162B)
Improved version. 1,700 hp (1,270 kW) R-2600-12 engines; 32 built. [21]
PBM-3R (Model 162B)
Unarmed transport version of PBM-3. 18 new build plus 31 converted from PBM-3. [21]
PBM-3C (Model 162C)
Improved patrol version with twin .50 in machine guns in nose and dorsal turrets, and single guns in tail turret and waist positions. AN/APS-15 radar in radome behind cockpit; 274 built. [22]
PBM-3B (Model 162C)
Designation for ex-RAF Mariner GR.1A after return to U.S. Navy. [22]
PBM-3S (Model 162C)
Dedicated anti-submarine aircraft with reduced armament and weight for improved range. Six were prototyped from the PBM-3C with radar and standard armament less the dorsal turret. Later a light weight nose armament was fitted (2× fixed 0.50 in machine guns in nose. Retained were single machine gun in port waist position.; 62 conversions plus 94 built as new plus . [23] [24]
PBM-3D (Model 162D)
Patrol bomber with increased power (two 1,900 hp (1,417 kW) R-2600-22s) and increased armament (twin 0.50 in machine guns in nose, dorsal, and tail turrets, plus two waist guns). 259 built. [23]
PBM-4 (Model 162E)
Proposed version with two 2,700 hp (2,015 kW) Wright R-3350 engines; unbuilt. [25]
PBM-5 (Model 162F)
Version with 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engines; [26] 628 built. [25]
PBM-5E
Variant of PBM-5 with improved radar. [26]
PBM-5S
Lightened anti-submarine variant of PBM-5. [25]
PBM-5S2
Improved anti-submarine aircraft with revised radar installation. [25]
PBM-5A (Model 162G)
Amphibian version of PBM-5, with retractable tricycle undercarriage; 36 built plus four conversions. [25]
Mariner I
British designation for 32 PBM-3B supplied to the Royal Air Force.

Operators

A 41 Sqn RAAF Mariner in 1944 41 Sqn (AWM NEA0565).jpg
A 41 Sqn RAAF Mariner in 1944
A 524 Sqn RAF Mariner I at Oban, Scotland (UK), in October 1943. Martin Mariner 524 Sqn RAF at Oban 1943.jpg
A 524 Sqn RAF Mariner I at Oban, Scotland (UK), in October 1943.
A U.S. Coast Guard PBM takes off from the water assisted by RATO. PBM Mariner water takeoff.jpg
A U.S. Coast Guard PBM takes off from the water assisted by RATO.
Martin PBM Mariner in US service in 1942 Martin PBM-3 Mariner in flight c1942.jpg
Martin PBM Mariner in US service in 1942
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay

Surviving aircraft

Martin PBM 5-A Mariner on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum near Tucson, Arizona Martin PBM 5-A Mariner at the Pima Air and Space Museum.jpg
Martin PBM 5-A Mariner on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum near Tucson, Arizona

Accidents and incidents

A damaged PBM Mariner is loaded on USS Chandeleur (AV-10)'s aft deck in Apia Harbor, Samoa, 15 February 1943. USSChandeleur(AV-10) UpoluIslandSamoa.jpg
A damaged PBM Mariner is loaded on USS Chandeleur (AV-10)'s aft deck in Apia Harbor, Samoa, 15 February 1943.

Specifications (PBM-1)

3-view line drawing of the Martin PBM-5S Mariner Martin PBM-5S Mariner 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Martin PBM-5S Mariner

Data fromJane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II [41]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated PBY Catalina</span> American 1930s flying boat

The Consolidated Model 28, more commonly known as the PBY Catalina, is a flying boat and amphibious aircraft designed by Consolidated Aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s. In US Army service it was designated the OA-10, in Canadian service as the Canso and it later received the NATO reporting name Mop. It was one of the most widely used seaplanes of World War II. Catalinas served with every branch of the United States Armed Forces and in the air forces and navies of many other nations. The last military PBYs served until the 1980s. As of 2021, 86 years after its first flight, the aircraft continues to fly as a waterbomber in aerial firefighting operations in some parts of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin P5M Marlin</span> US Navy/Coast Guard patrol seaplane (1952–1967)

The Martin P5M Marlin, built by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Middle River, Maryland, is a twin piston-engined flying boat that entered service in 1951, and served into the late 1960s with the United States Navy performing naval patrols. It also served with the United States Coast Guard and the French Navy. 285 were produced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated PB2Y Coronado</span> Patrol bomber in the US Navy

The PB2Y Coronado is a large flying boat patrol bomber designed by Consolidated Aircraft, and used by the US Navy during World War II in bombing, antisubmarine, medical/hospital plane, and transport roles. Obsolete by the end of the war, Coronados were quickly taken out of service. Only one known example remains, at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. Before WW2 large flying boats were important for long distance international routes, as the ability to land on water without a land-based airstrip was useful. It proved to be good supporting aircraft in the Pacific War, which often required transport across long distance of oceans in harm's way, to places with no prepared airstrips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-46</span> Military unit

Patrol Squadron 46 (VP-46), also known as the "Grey Knights", is a maritime patrol squadron of the United States Navy based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington. Part of Patrol and Reconnaissance Wing Ten, VP-46 is the oldest maritime patrol squadron and the second oldest aircraft squadron in the entire U.S. Navy, second only behind VFA-14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-44 (1951–1991)</span> Military unit

This VP-44 was a long-lived Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established on 29 January 1951 at NAS Norfolk, Virginia and disestablished 40 years later, on 28 June 1991, at NAS Brunswick, Maine. Units of the squadron made 40 major overseas deployments. Its nickname was the Golden Pelicans from 1961 to 1991, and it was also known as the Budmen from 1989 to 1991. The squadron had four different insignia during its lifetime, featuring a marlin, King Neptune, a cartoon pelican, and, finally, a more formal pelican design. It was the fourth squadron to be designated VP-44, the first VP-44 was redesignated as VP-61 on 6 January 1941, the second VP-44 was redesignated VPB-44 on 1 October 1944 and the third VP-44 was disestablished on 20 January 1950.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-50</span> Inactive united States Navy maritime patrol squadron

VP-50 was a long-lived Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy, having held that designation for 39 years from 1953 to 1992. Its nickname was the Blue Dragons. Originally established as VP-917 on 18 July 1946, redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron (Landplane) VP-ML-67 on 15 November 1946, redesignated VP-892 in February 1950, redesignated VP-50 on 4 February 1953 and disestablished on 30 June 1992.

VP-44 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established as VP-204 on 15 October 1942, redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron VPB-204 on 1 October 1944, redesignated as VP-204 on 15 May 1946, redesignated as VP-MS-4 on 15 November 1946, redesignated as VP-44 on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 20 January 1950. It was the third squadron to be assigned the VP-44 designation. The first VP-44 had that designation from 1 July 1940 to 6 January 1941. The second VP-44 had that designation from 3 June 1941 to 1 October 1944. A fourth VP-44 was established on 29 January 1951 and disestablished on 28 June 1991.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-33</span> Military unit

VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F (VP-12F) on 1 November 1935, redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 (VP-12) on 1 October 1937, redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 (VP-51) on 1 July 1939, redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 (VP-71) on 1 July 1941, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 (VPB-71) on 1 October 1944, redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 (VP-71) on 15 May 1946, redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 (VP-AM-3) on 15 November 1946, redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 (VP-33) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949. It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941. The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-34</span> Military unit

VP-34 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 15-F (VP-15F) on 1 September 1936, redesignated Patrol Squadron 15 (VP-15) on 1 October 1937, redesignated Patrol Squadron 53 (VP-53) on 1 July 1939, redesignated Patrol Squadron 73 (VP-73) on 1 July 1941, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 73 (VPB-73) on 1 October 1944, redesignated Patrol Squadron 73 (VP-73) on 15 May 1946, redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 4 (VP-AM-4) on 15 November 1946, redesignated Patrol Squadron 34 on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 30 June 1956. It was the second squadron to be designated VP-34, the first VP-34 was redesignated VPB-34 on 1 October 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-40</span> Military unit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">VPB-125</span> Military unit

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VPB-100 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 100 (VP-100) on 1 April 1944, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 100 (VPB-100) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 15 December 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VP-45</span> Military unit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">VPB-206</span> Military unit

VPB-206 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron Two Hundred Six (VP-206) on 15 November 1942, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron Two Hundred Six (VPB-206) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 4 June 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VPB-210</span> Military unit

VPB-210 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron Two Hundred Ten (VP-210) on 15 January 1943, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron Two Hundred Ten (VPB-210) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 10 July 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VPB-211</span> Military unit

VPB-211 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron Two Hundred Eleven (VP-211) on 15 February 1943, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron Two Hundred Eleven (VPB-211) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 14 June 1945.

VH-2 was one of six dedicated Rescue Squadrons of the U.S. Navy during World War II. VH-2 was established in August 1944 and disestablished in November 1945. Unlike the other VH squadrons, VH-2 mostly employed the PB2B Catalina during its wartime operations. Late in the war, the PB2B Catalina was no longer used for open sea rescues, since it had proven less rugged in the open sea than its successor the Martin PBM Mariner. Thus VH-2's primary mission was to "spot" survivors in the water and direct other craft to the site to effect the rescue. On at least two occasions, VH-2 did effect rescues with open sea landings. VH-2 was credited with the initial spotting, direct rescue, or assistance in the rescue of 96 downed bomber crewman. After the war, they were assigned the Martin PBM Mariner.

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ "PBM Mariner in Action." [ permanent dead link ]
  2. 1 2 Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 318.
  3. 1 2 3 Dorr 1997, p. 122.
  4. ↑ "Martin Model 162A "Tadpole Clipper" | National Air and Space Museum".
  5. 1 2 Green 1968, p. 177.
  6. ↑ "Martin Mariner, Mars, & Marlin Flying Boats". www.airvectors.net. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  7. 1 2 Dorr 1997, p. 115.
  8. ↑ Dorr 1987, p. 116.
  9. ↑ "1943: Coast Guard Acquires Martin PBM-3/-5 Flying Boats." US Coast Guard. Retrieved: 8 Dec 2018.
  10. ↑ Dorr 1987, p. 118.
  11. ↑ Roberts 2000, Appendix 1, p. 671.
  12. ↑ March 1998, p. 172.
  13. ↑ A70 Martin Mariner Archived 2009-06-30 at the Wayback Machine . RAAF Museum:RAAF Point Cook. Retrieved: 24 May 2009.
  14. ↑ Graham, Wynnum. "RAAF PBM-3S Mariners". www.adf-serials.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  15. ↑ Hoffmann 2002, p. 74.
  16. ↑ Hoffman 2002, pp. 76–77.
  17. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Martin PBM-5 Mariner 59225 Cape Canaveral, FL, USA". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  18. ↑ "The Mysterious Disappearance of Flight 19 All 14 airmen involved in Flight 19 were never seen or heard from again. By Frankie Witzenburg October 2021 Naval History Magazine".
  19. ↑ "Decade Ago Sarasotan Was Off For Antarctica". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 30 December 1956. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  20. 1 2 "United States aircraft losses in Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 9: 3–4. 1974. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 Dorr 1997, p. 123.
  22. 1 2 Dorr 1997, p. 124.
  23. 1 2 Dorr 1997, p. 125.
  24. ↑ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 320.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Dorr 1997, p. 126.
  26. 1 2 Donald 1995, p. 184.
  27. ↑ Hoffman 2003, pp. 29–31.
  28. ↑ Blancard, Wendell (1972). The Almanac of World Military Power (Second ed.). Alexander Barker LTD. pp. 37, 38. ISBN   0835205878.
  29. ↑ Hoffman 2003, p. 33.
  30. ↑ Jefford 1988, p. 96.
  31. ↑ "Mariner/Marlin - anywhere, anytime" 1993 Turner Publishing Company 1993.
  32. ↑ "PBM-3/5 Mariner." United States Coast Guard. Retrieved: 27 May 2009.
  33. ↑ Hoffman 2003, pp. 31–32.
  34. 1 2 "Martin PBM-5A Mariner." Archived 2010-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Pima Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 2 August 2009.
  35. ↑ "Martin Mariner PBM-5 in Lake Washington." The tail section is currently on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum. Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 7 August 2009.
  36. ↑ "Martin PBM Mariner Patrol Bomber-BuNo 59172." Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine United States Navy , 29 March 2009. Retrieved: 7 August 2009.
  37. ↑ "Martin 162A NX19168." airliners.net. Retrieved: 7 August 2009.
  38. ↑ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Martin PBM-5A Mariner P-303 Abadan Airport (ABD)". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012.
  39. ↑ Ranter, Harro and Fabian I. Lujan. "ASN Aircraft accident Martin PBM-5 Mariner CS-THB North Atlantic Ocean." Archived 2012-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Safety Network, 2005. Retrieved: 28 June 2011.
  40. ↑ 1958 / NOV / 09 - Accident with the Seaplane - CS-THB - disappeared between Lisbon and Funchal GIAA Final Report (in Portuguese) Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Bridgeman 1946, p. 245.

Bibliography

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  • Martin PBM-3D 1945 Pilot's Handbook of Flight Operating Instructions (AN 01-35EE-1). Washington, DC: The Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, 1944.
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  • PBM-3S PNM-3D Handbook of Structural Repair Navy Model (A.N. 01-35QG-3). Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, 1944.
  • Roberts, Michael D. Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons: Volume 2: The History of VP, VPB, VP(HL) and VP(AM) Squadrons. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 2000.
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  • Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, 1976. ISBN   0-370-10054-9.
  • Sweet, Donald H. et al. The Forgotten Heroes: The Story of Rescue Squadron VH-3 in World War II.Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey:DoGO, 2000. ISBN   0-9679889-8-5.

Further reading

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