Starboard refuelling pod on a Royal Air Force (RAF) VoyagerCentre refuelling boom under the tail of a RAAF KC-30ARAAF KC-30A refuelling control station. Refuelling systems are controlled by an operator in the cockpit, who can view the refuelling on 2D and 3D screensThe A330 MRTT cabin can be reconfigured to carry passengers
The Airbus A330 MRTT is a military derivative of the A330-200 airliner. It is designed as a dual-role air-to-air refuelling and transport aircraft. For air-to-air refuelling missions, the A330 MRTT can be equipped with a combination of any of the following systems:[citation needed]
Refuelling other aircraft
Airbus Military Aerial Refuelling Boom System (ARBS) for receptacle-equipped receiver aircraft.
The A330 MRTT has a maximum fuel capacity of 111,000kg (245,000lb) without the use of additional fuel tanks, leaving space for 45,000kg (99,000lb) of additional cargo. The A330 MRTT's wing has common structure with the four-engine A340-200/-300 with reinforced mounting locations and provision for fuel piping for the A340's outboard engines. The A330 MRTT's wing therefore requires little modification to use these hardpoints for the wing refuelling pods.[2][unreliable source?]
The A330 MRTT cabin can be modified to carry up to 380 passengers in a single-class configuration, allowing a complete range of configurations from maximised troop transport to complex customisation suitable for VIP and guest missions. Available configurations include 300 passengers in a single class and 266 passengers in two classes.[3] The A330 MRTT can also be configured to perform Medical Evacuation (Medevac) missions; up to 130 standard stretchers can be carried. The main deck cargo configuration allows carriage of standard commercial containers and pallets, military, ISO and NATO pallets (including seats) and containers, and military equipment and other large items which are loaded through a cargo door. Like the A330-200, the A330 MRTT includes two lower deck cargo compartments (forward and aft) and a bulk area capability. The cargo hold has been modified to be able to transport up to eight military pallets in addition to civilian unit load devices (ULDs).[citation needed]
An optional crew rest compartment (CRC) can be installed in the forward cabin, accommodating a spare crew to increase time available for a mission. The passenger cabin of the A330 MRTT can be provided with a set of removable airstairs to enable embarkation and disembarkation when jet bridges or ground support equipment are not available.[citation needed]
Standard commercial A330-200s are delivered from Airbus's Final Assembly Line in Toulouse, France to the Airbus Military Conversion Centre in Getafe, Spain for fitting of refuelling systems and military avionics. The tanker was certified by Spanish authorities in October 2010.[4] The first delivered aircraft (the third to be converted) arrived in Australia on 30 May 2011 and was formally handed over to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) two days later on 1 June.[5]
On 30 September 2016, Airbus Defence and Space completed the first flight of the new standard A330 MRTT. The new standard features structural modifications, aerodynamic improvements for a 1% fuel-burn reduction, upgraded avionics computers, and enhanced military systems. The first delivery was planned for 2018.[6]
The boom operators sit at a video console using the Boom Enhanced Vision System. It uses a 3D camera vision system for day and night vision and ergonomics are significantly improved compared to operating in a prone position.[8]
A330 MRTT+
In November 2023, Airbus began derisking studies for an updated MRTT based on the A330neo, noting that A330-200 production ended in 2018 and very few airframes remain available for MRTT use. In particular, the company is studying the feasibility of fitting the pods for the probe-and-drogue refuelling system onto the A330neo's new wing.[9]
The new variant, dubbed MRTT+, was announced at the 2024 Farnborough Air Show. Based on the A330-800, and powered by Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 engines, the MRTT+ achieves 8% better fuel efficiency than the original MRTT.[10][11]
Operational history
The A330 MRTT has been ordered by Australia, France, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Canada, and by NATO in a multi-nation deal. Australia was the launch customer for the A330 MRTT.
Designated as KC-30A, the RAAF A330 MRTTs are equipped with both an Aerial Refuelling Boom System (ARBS)[12] and two Cobham 905E under-wing refuelling pods.[13] They are powered by two General Electric CF6-80E1A3 engines and are configured to carry up to 270 passengers plus 34,000 kilograms of cargo.[12] Australia initially arranged to procure four MRTTs with an option to obtain a fifth; this option for a fifth was exercised to allow for two simultaneous deployments of two aircraft, the fifth being for contingency coverage. Australian KC-30As are operated by No. 33 Squadron RAAF, based at RAAF Base Amberley near Brisbane in Queensland.[12]
In 2005, the RAAF expected deliveries to begin in 2008 and end in 2010.[14] Deliveries fell two years behind schedule, partly due to boom development issues.[15] On 30 May 2011, KC-30A RAAF serial A39-003, the third converted A330, arrived at RAAF Base Amberley and was formally handed over on 1 June 2011, thus becoming the first MRTT to be delivered to an end user.[16] The second, A39-002, was handed over on 22 June 2011.[17] On 3 December 2012, the fifth KC-30A was delivered to the RAAF.[18] While the first conversion was performed in Spain, Qantas Defence Services converted the other four RAAF A330-200s at its Brisbane airport facility on behalf of EADS.[18][19] In July 2013, there were reportedly delays to the KC-30A's full service entry due to refuelling issues, such as the hose-and-drogue system passing too much fuel.[20]
In August 2013, the KC-30A made its debut as a VIP transport, ferrying Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and an entourage to Al Minhad Air Base in the United Arab Emirates.[21] In August 2014, Defence Minister David Johnston announced the country's intention to buy two more KC-30As, one with a VIP layout for the Prime Minister's use.[22] In July 2015, Defence Minister Kevin Andrews announced the order of two additional KC-30s, to be converted from A330-200s previously operated by Qantas, for delivery in 2018.[23][24] In 2016, the decision was made to add a modest VIP fitout, including seating, meeting spaces and communication facilities, to a single KC-30A,[25] which remains primarily used as a tanker.[26] The 2016 Defence White Paper noted a possible rise in the fleet's size, to nine, to support new RAAF aircraft such as the Boeing P-8A Poseidon.[27]
On 22 September 2014, the RAAF deployed an Air Task Group, including F/A-18F Super Hornets, a KC-30A and a Boeing E-7A Wedgetail AEW&C aircraft, to Al Minhad Air Base in the United Arab Emirates, as part of a coalition to combat Islamic State forces in Iraq. The KC-30A started operations days after arriving in the UAE, refuelling coalition aircraft over Iraq. On 6 October 2014, the RAAF conducted its first combat missions over Iraq via two Super Hornets, supported by the KC-30A.[28][29]
In December 2016, an RAAF KC-30A conducted air-to-air refuelling trials with a USAF B-1B bomber.[30]
The Australian Defence Magazine reported in July 2023 that the Australian Government was expected to announce an order for two additional KC-30As to increase the RAAF's fleet of the type to nine.[31]
In January 2004, the UK Ministry of Defence announced the selection of an A330 MRTT variant to provide tanking for the RAF for the next 30 years under the Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft (FSTA) programme, replacing the RAF's TriStar and VC10 tankers. The Ministry of Defence entered negotiations with the EADS-led AirTanker consortium. On 27 March 2008, a deal was signed to lease 14 MRTTs under a private finance initiative arrangement with AirTanker, with the first to enter service in 2011.[32] The service's annual cost, including military personnel costs is around £450 million for a delivery of 18,000 flying hours[33] a rate of approximately £25,000 per hour. There are two versions, designated Voyager KC.Mk 2 and Voyager KC.Mk 3;[34][35] the former is fitted with two Cobham 905E under-wing refuelling pods, the latter with a Cobham 805E Fuselage Refuelling Unit (FRU) in addition to the under-wing pods; none are fitted with the Aerial Refuelling Boom System (ARBS).[36] All Voyagers are powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Trent 772B-60 engines.[37]
RAF Voyager KC3 refuelling two Tornado GR4s over Iraq
By May 2014, nine aircraft had been delivered, completing the core fleet.[38] Further deliveries were for a "surge capability", available to the RAF when needed, but otherwise available to AirTanker for "release to the civil market, less its military equipment or to partner nations in a military capacity with the MoD's agreement".[38] By 14 March 2016, all 14 Voyagers had been delivered.[39] In November 2015, it was announced that a Voyager would be refitted to carry government ministers and members of the Royal Family on official visits. The refit cost £10m but was claimed to save roughly £775,000 annually compared to charter flights. ZZ336 is fitted with 158 seats[40] (100 standard seats at the rear and 58 VIP seats at the front) and is known as Vespina.[41] It entered service on 6 May 2016, the then Prime MinisterDavid Cameron made his first flight on it to attend the 2016 Warsaw NATO summit.[42] In June 2020, ZZ336 received a new livery based on the colours of the Union Flag at the request of the British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. Although undertaken as a part of routine maintenance, the new livery's cost was stated to be approximately £900,000.[43]
New livery for RAF ZZ336 "Vespina"
Because the RAF's Voyagers are only capable of probe-and-drogue refuelling, they are unable to refuel current or future RAF aircraft that are fitted solely for flying boom refuelling, including the Boeing RC-135, Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, Boeing 737 AEW&C and Boeing P-8 Poseidon. In April 2016, the RAF stated its interest in fitting a boom to some Voyagers, bringing its fleet into line with other MRTT operators. Fitting a boom would add flexibility to the RAF Voyagers, not only allowing operation with those types in the RAF not fitted for probe and drogue but for other air forces that operate boom-refuelled aircraft.[36]
On 18 November 2022, an RAF Voyager completed the world-first 100% sustainable fuel military transporter flight; part of the RAF's plan to become net-zero by 2040.[44]
United Arab Emirates
A UAE A330 MRTT in 2014
In 2007, the United Arab Emirates announced it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus to purchase three A330 MRTTs.[45] A contract was signed with the UAE in February 2008.[46] The first UAE A330 MRTT was delivered on 6 February 2013.[47] The remaining two were delivered by 6 August 2013.[48] The UAE tankers are equipped with both an ARBS and two Cobham 905E under-wing refuelling pods; these ARBS units include a secondary boom hoist developed for the UAE.[49][50] This system permits the boom to be retracted, even in the event of a primary boom retraction system failure.[49] The UAE tankers are fitted with Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines.[51][52] On 14 November 2021, UAE ordered two additional MRTTs.[53]
Saudi Arabia finalised an agreement to purchase three A330 MRTTs equipped with both an Aerial Refuelling Boom System (ARBS) and two Cobham 905E under-wing refuelling pods on 3 January 2008.[54][55] In July 2009, it was announced that Saudi Arabia ordered three additional MRTTs.[56] The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) chose General Electric CF6-80 engines to power its A330 MRTTs.[57][58]
On 25 February 2013, the first Saudi MRTT entered operational use. Three more MRTTs were ordered in a follow-on contract; delivery was expected in late 2014.[59] By 31 August 2013, three had been delivered.[60]
On 10 July 2024, four more MRTTS were ordered.[61]
Singapore
In February 2012, Singapore expressed interest in the A330 MRTT to replace its four Boeing KC-135s.[62] In February 2014, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) selected the MRTT over the Boeing KC-46, signing for six aircraft.[63][64] All are fitted with Trent 772B engines and configured for a maximum capacity of 266 passengers or 37,000 kilograms (82,000lb) of cargo, as well as a maximum fuel weight of 111,000 kilograms (245,000lb).[65]
The first MRTT arrived in Singapore on 14 August 2018 in a special livery.[66] It made its first public appearance at the RSAF's 50th anniversary parade on 1 September 2018.[67] The RSAF's six MRTTs attained full operational capability (FOC) on 20 April 2021 and currently fly with the 112 Squadron at Changi Air Base (East) in Singapore.[68]
On 30 June 2015, South Korea selected the A330 MRTT; the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) planned to induct four aerial refuelling tankers by 2020.[69] The first MRTT was delivered on 12 November 2018, after a ferry flight from Airbus's final assembly line in Getafe, Spain to South Korea, piloted by a joint Airbus and ROKAF crew.[70] South Korea received its second MRTT in March 2019[71] and the third in July 2019. These aircraft are powered by Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines.[72][73]
The aircraft is designated KC-330 Cygnus (ko). The ROKAF held a contest among their service members and chose the name 'Cygnus' after holding a deliberation committee session in November 2018 - January 2019. A few years later, one of the winners' confession revealed that he thought of the name Empress Cygnus, a character in the online game MapleStory.[74] However, the condition of the contest was that only names related to space or birds (excluding birds of prey) would be accepted,[75][76] but since the name of MapleStory's Cygnus is taken from the constellation Cygnus, that claim is not entirely wrong.[77]
It extends the endurance of ROKAF aircraft over remote areas such as Dokdo, Ieodo, and the North Pyongyang-Wonsan Line, as well as increase its ability to deploy overseas for international operations.[78][79]
It is not only aerial refueling, but also serves as a transport aircraft for the deployment of personnel,[80] such as repatriation of remains from the Korean War,[81][82] replacement of overseas troops,[83] transfer of South Korean Iraqi residents due to COVID-19,[84] transportation of Janssen vaccines,[85] participated in Operation Oasis, which transfer of Cheonghae Unit members of the Munmu the Great when they contracted COVID-19,[86] repatriation of General Hong Beom-do's remains and return to South Korea,[87] participated in Operation Miracle, which transported cooperative Afghans,[88] sent to import Diesel exhaust fluid from Australia to ease a supply shortage of the key material used in diesel vehicles,[89] sent relief supplies and personnel to Turkey when the Turkey–Syria earthquake occurred,[90] supported Operation Promise, which allowed Koreans to escape when the Sudanese war broke out,[91] and helped fight Canadian wildfires[92] so Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau made a surprise visit to thank them for this,[93] and the transportation of South Korean residents and travelers, 51 Japanese,[94] and 6 Singaporeans[95] in Israel due to the Israel-Hamas war.[96]
In November 2011, France expressed interest in acquiring 14 A330 MRTTs to replace its Boeing KC-135 tankers and Airbus A340 and A310 transports; one year later, it was announced that 14 would be ordered in 2013.[97][98] In May 2013, Airbus made an offer for 12 to 14 A330 MRTTs to France.[99] On 20 February 2014, the French Chief of Staff stated that 12 A330 MRTTs would be acquired in two batches, an initial standard configuration with a boom and wing refuelling pods and later with a cargo door and SATCOM.[100] On 15 December 2015, France ordered eight MRTTs, constituting the second tranche of a multi-year contract for 12 MRTTs, worth €3 billion ($3.3 billion), signed by the French Ministry of Defence in November 2014. Initial deliveries were expected in 2018, with further handovers of one or two per year until 2025.[101][102]
In September 2018, the Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) announced plans to speed up delivery of the MRTT Phénix, as it is known in French service, by two years, planning for the last of 12 aircraft to be delivered in 2023 rather than 2025. In addition, the DGA stated that the fleet would be later increased to 15 aircraft.[103][104] Later in September, the French Air Force received the first MRTT as per the existing timetable.[105] On 13 December 2018, France ordered another three MRTTs of a third tranche of the multi-year contract; these are powered by Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines and equipped with the ARBS and underwing hose-and-drogue refuelling pods.[106]
Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet
A Dutch A330 MRTT in 2022
In November 2011, the European Defence Agency (EDA) Steering Board and European Defence Ministers endorsed air-to-air refuelling (AAR) as one of the initial Pooling and Sharing initiatives after recognising the need for a greater AAR capability as it was heavily reliant on US Air Force tankers.[107] In November 2012, the Ministers of Defence of 10 EDA member states (the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal and Norway) signed a letter of intent to jointly procure a multi-role tanker transport. The Netherlands was designated leader of the newly launched Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet (MMF) project, which had the aim of creating an initial European AAR capability by 2020.[107] In 2013, the Netherlands expressed interest in the A330 MRTT to replace its two KDC-10 aircraft; a study was launched on standardising European AAR capability in cooperation with other MFF members.[107]
In December 2014, following a request for information, the bulk of the MMF member states entered negotiations with Airbus to procure a MRTT fleet to be owned by NATO while the Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR) and the NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA) would support the procurement process.[107] This was accompanied by a request for proposals sent by OCCAR to Airbus for two MRTTs with options for six more; only the Netherlands and Luxembourg were full MMF members at this point. It was decided to base these MRTTs at Eindhoven Air Base, which has noise clearance to operate up to eight MRTTs.[107][108] In July 2016, the Netherlands and Luxembourg jointly ordered the first two MRTTs under the MMF programme, the first scheduled for delivery by 2020.[109][110] In June 2017, Germany and Norway became MMF members, pledging to order five more MRTTs plus options for a further four.[111][112][113] On 26 September 2017, Airbus announced receipt of OCCAR's firm order for five additional MRTTs.[114]
The Belgian Ministry of Defence stated the intent to buy one MRTT in a 2015 defence plan. The Belgian government investigated the €840 million plan, as well as the option of equipping Belgium's seven A400Ms with under-wing pods; a combined Belgian A330 MRTT and A400M fleet would cost up to €1 billion.[115][116] On 22 December 2017, Belgium signed a contract for one MRTT, to be based at Eindhoven Air Base, bringing the MMF to eight aircraft.[117][118] and officially joined the programme on 14 February 2018.[119][120]
On 19 December 2017, NATO partnered with Israel's Elbit Systems to provide J-Music electronic countermeasures systems to the fleet.[121][122] Having considered joining the initiative for some time,[123] the Czech Republic joined as the sixth member during October 2019.[124] In September 2020, Luxembourg committed to an extra 1,000 hours and to provide funding for a ninth MRTT via an existing contract option.[125][126]
As of 2018, Sweden was reportedly considering joining the Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet programme.[123]
Out of the total of ten aircraft currently on order, six will be based at Eindhoven Air Base in the Netherlands and four at Cologne Bonn Airport in Germany. On 30 June 2020, Airbus delivered the first MRTT.[127] Aircraft six and seven were delivered on 26 and 28 July 2022 respectively.[128][129] On 23 March 2023, the MMF was declared Initial Operational Capable during a ceremony at Eindhoven Air Base. Additionally, Belgium announced a €265 million increase in the program's funding, after which a MoU contract was signed for a tenth MRTT by the Ministers of Defence of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Norway.[130][131] Then the NSPA formally ordered an additional MRTT, increasing the MMF to 10 aircraft.[132][133]
The Netherlands government organised multiple flights with the multinational pool planes in transport configuration to repatriate Dutch nationals from Israel after the initial attacks of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war disrupted commercial air traffic to Israel.[134][135]
In the Danish Defense Planning published in 2023, the intention to join the MRTT initiative was mentioned by the Royal Danish Air Force.[citation needed]
Spain's Ministry of Defence stated that it was to acquire two A330 MRTT in 2016 to replace its ageing Boeing 707 tankers.[136] In 2014, Spain's Secretary of State for Defence stated that negotiations had begun with Airbus about switching its excess order for 13 Airbus A400Ms to an undisclosed number of MRTTs.[137] The Airbus Defence and Space commercial director said that although it was a difficult issue, the company would negotiate with Spain to reach an agreement.[138] In September 2020, Spain agreed to buy from Iberia three A330s no longer needed due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, then modify them to serve as a MRTT fleet.[139] On 12 November 2021, Spain signed an order for three MRTTs from Airbus.[140]
Between 2021 and 2022, the first two aircraft entered service in original passenger configuration, the third aircraft was sent directly to the conversion facility at Airbus Getafe.[141] The first A330 MRTT is scheduled for delivery by the end of 2024, while the other two are delayed for conversion and delivery until 2025 and 2026 so that there will always be two aircraft in service. Since January 2024 the first MRTT aircraft has been making its first test flights.[142]
Brazil
On 28 January 2021, Brazilian PresidentJair Bolsonaro announced negotiations for two A330 MRTT for the Brazilian Air Force.[143] On 13 May 2021, the Ministry of Defence released a statement authorizing the deal,[144] reportedly from the RAF's active inventory.[145] On 30 June 2021, the British military attaché for Brazil, Royal Navy Captain Mark Albon, confirmed the ongoing negotiations, conducted by the UK ambassador to Brazil and Ministry of Defence officials.[146] On 27 January 2022, the Brazilian Air Force ended negotiations with the RAF and launched international bidding to buy two A330-200s on the civil market, estimated at US$81 million.[147][148]
On 6 April 2022, Azul Brazilian Airlines was declared the supplier by the Ministry of Defence.[149][150] The agreements with Airbus, conversion costs and delivery schedule were kept confidential.[149][150] Conversion work into A330 MRTTs is to be carried out at Airbus's plant in Getafe, Spain. The aircraft are to be fitted with two Cobham 905E under-wing pods and a Cobham FRU-805E fuselage refuelling unit, and based at the Galeão Air Force Base in Rio de Janeiro.[151] VIP transport is also a possibility, in order to replace the Airbus A319ACJ in presidential trips requiring intercontinental range.[148] Both airplanes were designated C-330 prior to the tanker conversions; upon completion of the conversions, they will be redesignated KC-30.[152]
Canada
In April 2021, Airbus was declared the only qualified supplier to replace Canada's RCAFCC-150 Polaris refuelling and VIP transport aircraft, beating out Boeing's KC-46 Pegasus.[153][154] In July 2022, a $102M deal was finalised to acquire two used A330-200s from the International Airfinance Corporation for passenger/cargo-only use that is expected to be converted into MRTTs by Airbus in the future; it was anticipated that up to four more MRTTs will be acquired, for a total of six aircraft.[155] This total was revised in July 2023 to nine, with the fleet being made up of five conversions and four newly manufactured MRTTs in a contract worth C$3.6 billion.[156] The A330 MRTTs are designated CC-330 Husky by the RCAF, and the first passenger/cargo-only aircraft was delivered on 31 August 2023 in Ottawa.[157]
Potential operators
Indonesia
In January 2018, Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) officials were reportedly studying both the A330 MRTT and Boeing KC-46 Pegasus tankers for a future modernisation programme, expected to take place after completion of the Airbus A400M Atlas programme. The TNI-AU was said to compare compatibility with its current aircraft; life-cycle costs; interoperability with current and future assets; and potential funding and technology transfer options with state-owned aircraft manufacturer Indonesian Aerospace.[158] On September 5, 2023, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense stated that a number of defense equipment made by Airbus are in effective contract including the Airbus A330 MRTT.[159]
India
The A330 MRTT and Ilyushin Il-78 competed for a tender floated in 2006 by the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) for six refuellers to extend the Indian Air Force's (IAF) operating radius. In May 2009, India chose the MRTT over the Il-78.[160] However, in January 2010, the government cancelled the order, citing high cost as the reason,[161] reportedly against the IAF's wishes.[162] After rebidding, India selected Airbus as its "preferred vendor" in November 2012.[163] In January 2013, India reportedly chose the MRTT as the "preferred bid".[164] In 2016, Airbus said India's MoD had terminated the six-year-old US$2 billion tender for six MRTTs.[165]
In January 2018, the IAF re-launched its aerial refuelling procurement programme, sending out a request for information (RFI) to Airbus, Boeing and Ilyushin.[166] Both Airbus and Boeing responded to the RFI, while Ilyushin was disqualified as the requirement sought an aircraft with two turbofan engines.[167] In 2017, India announced plans to purchase six airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) ("AWACS") aircraft that can also perform aerial refuelling,[168] with the first two AEW&C aircraft awaiting approval by Cabinet in 2020.[169] However, in September 2021, it was decided to use six Airbus A321s acquired from Air India instead.[170][171]
The US Air Force (USAF) ran a procurement programme to replace around 100 of its oldest KC-135E Stratotankers, i.e., initially excluding the more common updated KC-135R variant. EADS offered the A330 MRTT. The Boeing KC-767 was selected in 2002;[180] however the USAF cancelled the KC-767 order upon the uncovering of illegal manipulation and corrupt practices during the competition.[181][182][183]
In 2006, the USAF released a new request for proposal (RFP) for a tanker aircraft, which was updated in January 2007, to the KC-X RFP, one of three acquisition programmes that are intended to replace the entire KC-135 fleet.[184] The A330 MRTT was proposed again by EADS and Northrop Grumman as the KC-30. It again competed against the Boeing KC-767, a smaller and less expensive aircraft with less fuel and cargo capability.[185] Northrop Grumman and EADS announced plans to assemble the aircraft at a new facility in Mobile, Alabama, which would also build A330 freighters.[186][187] On 29 February 2008, the USAF announced the selection of the KC-30 as the KC-135 replacement, and was designated KC-45A.[188][189] On 18 June 2008, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) upheld a protest by Boeing on the contract's award to Northrop Grumman and EADS over process improprieties.[190] This left the status of the KC-45A in doubt, because the GAO decision required the USAF to rebid the contract.[191]
On 24 September 2009, the USAF began the first steps in the new round of bids, with a clearer set of criteria.[192] On 8 March 2010, Northrop Grumman withdrew from the bidding process, asserting that the new criteria were skewed in favour of Boeing's offering.[193][194][195] On 20 April 2010, EADS announced it was re-entering the competition on a stand-alone basis and intended to enter a bid with the KC-45, still intending for Mobile to be the final assembly site.[196] On 24 February 2011, the USAF announced that the development contract had been awarded to Boeing. William J. Lynn III, the deputy defence secretary, said Boeing was "the clear winner" under a formula that considered the bid prices, how well each tanker met needs and the operating costs over 40 years.[197]
Variants
A330 MRTT
An Airbus A330-200 converted by Airbus Military for air-refuelling duties.
United States Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with two under-wing refuelling pods and an Aerial Refuelling Boom System, order cancelled.
KC-330 Cygnus
Republic of Korea Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with or without two under-wing refuelling pods and an Aerial Refuelling Boom System.
Voyager KC2
Royal Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with two Cobham 905 under-wing pods, primarily used for refuelling fast jets.[198]
Voyager KC3
Royal Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with two under-wing pods and a "Cobham Fuselage Refuelling Unit (FRU)" for a centreline refuelling capability, primarily used for refuelling large aircraft.[198]
Royal Canadian Air Force – 9 ordered, consists of four new build and five conversion airframes.[202][203] Eight aircraft will be configured as true multi-role tanker transports (in operational grey livery), while one aircraft will undergo VIP configuration (in white livery).[204]
Royal Netherlands Air Force – 10 aircraft ordered with 8 delivered for NATO MRTT Squadron. All aircraft are registered as Dutch military aircraft; participating air forces are: Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway and the Netherlands.[206]
On 19 January 2011, an air refuelling accident occurred between a boom-equipped A330 MRTT and a Portuguese Air Force General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon over the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Portugal. Early reports indicated that the boom broke off at the aft end of the boom near the F-16's receptacle, causing the boom to recoil into the MRTT's underside. The boom then became uncontrollable and oscillated until it broke off the boom assembly at the pivot point.[213] Both aircraft were damaged but landed safely.[214] The A330 MRTT involved was an Airbus test aircraft destined for the RAAF, operated by an Airbus crew. At the time of the incident, Airbus had not yet begun deliveries.[213]
On 10 September 2012, an A330 MRTT's refuelling boom detached in flight at an altitude of 27,000ft (8,200m) in Spanish airspace.[49][215] The boom separated cleanly at a mechanical joint and fell to the ground, while the tanker landed safely in Getafe without any injuries.[49][215] The fault was attributed to a conflict between the backup boom hoist (fitted to the UAE-destined MRTTs) and the primary boom retraction mechanism, as well as to the test conducted.[49] Airbus later explained that the malfunction was not possible under ordinary operating conditions, and that procedures had been implemented to avoid similar incidents in the future.[49] Following the incident, the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Spain's airworthiness authority, issued precautionary restrictions to other users of boom-equipped A330s.[49]
On 9 February 2014, a Royal Air Force A330 MRTT Voyager carrying 189 passengers and nine crew from RAF Brize Norton to Camp Bastion suddenly lost 4,440ft (1,350m) of altitude in 27 seconds and reaching a maximum descent rate of 15,000ft/min (4,600m/min) while the co-pilot was out of the cockpit.[216] The sudden descent caused several injuries to passengers and crew, some of whom struck the ceiling of the aircraft. The co-pilot returned to the cockpit, regained control, and the aircraft diverted to Incirlik Air Base and landed without further incident. The incident resulted in the grounding of the entire RAF Voyager fleet for 12 days until it was determined that the event was caused by the captain's improperly stowed DSLR camera being jammed between the captain's armrest and the side-stick, forcing the stick forward when the captain adjusted his seat forward.[217]
Capacity: Various passenger configurations are available including 291 passengers (United Kingdom)[222] and 8 military pallets + 1LD6 container + 1 LD3 container (lower deck cargo compartments)
The Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker is an American military aerial refueling tanker aircraft that was developed from the Boeing 367-80 prototype, alongside the Boeing 707 airliner. It has a narrower fuselage and is shorter than the 707. Boeing gave the aircraft the internal designation of Model 717. The KC-135 was the United States Air Force (USAF)'s first jet-powered refueling tanker and replaced the KC-97 Stratofreighter. The KC-135 was initially tasked with refueling strategic bombers, but it was used extensively in the Vietnam War and later conflicts such as Operation Desert Storm to extend the range and endurance of US tactical fighters and bombers.
Aerial refueling (en-us), or aerial refuelling (en-gb), also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one aircraft to another while both aircraft are in flight. The two main refueling systems are probe-and-drogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated boom operator station.
The McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender is an American tanker and cargo aircraft that was operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1981 to 2024. A military version of the three-engine DC-10 airliner, the KC-10 was developed from the Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program. It incorporates military-specific equipment for its primary roles of aerial refueling and transport. It was developed to supplement the KC-135 Stratotanker following experiences in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The KC-10 was the second McDonnell Douglas transport aircraft to be selected by the Air Force following the C-9. A total of 60 KC-10s were produced for the USAF. The Royal Netherlands Air Force operated two similar tankers designated KDC-10 that were converted from DC-10s.
Royal Air Force Brize Norton or RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, about 75 mi (121 km) west north-west of London, is the largest station of the Royal Air Force. It is close to the village of Brize Norton, and the towns of Carterton and Witney.
Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft (FSTA) is the name given to a British project to procure a fleet of Airbus A330 MRTT aerial refuelling (AR) and air transport (AT) aircraft for the Royal Air Force (RAF), to replace their then existing older models such as the Vickers VC10s and Lockheed TriStars.
The Airbus A310 MRTT Multi-Role Tanker Transport is a military air-to-air refuelling, or in-flight refuelling tanker transport aircraft, capable of operating multi-role missions. The A310 MRTT tanker aircraft is a subsequent development from the earlier Airbus A310 MRT Multi-Role Transport, which was a military transport aircraft for passengers, cargo, and medical evacuation. The A310 MRT and A310 MRTT are both specialist military conversions of existing airframes of the civilian Airbus A310-300C wide-bodied passenger jet airliner.
The Airbus CC-150 Polaris is the designation for the civilian Airbus A310-300s which have been converted into multi-purpose, long-range jet aircraft for passenger, freight or medical transport and mid-air refueling for the Royal Canadian Air Force.
The Boeing KC-767 is a military aerial refueling tanker and transport aircraft developed from the Boeing 767-200ER. The tanker received the designation KC-767A, after being selected by the U.S. Air Force (USAF) initially to replace older KC-135Es. In December 2003, the contract was frozen and later canceled due to corruption allegations.
No. 33 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) strategic transport and air-to-air refuelling squadron. It operates Airbus KC-30A Multi Role Tanker Transports from RAAF Base Amberley, Queensland. The squadron was formed in February 1942 for service during World War II, operating Short Empire flying boats and a variety of smaller aircraft. By 1944 it had completely re-equipped with Douglas C-47 Dakota transports, which it flew in New Guinea prior to disbanding in May 1946.
437 Transport Squadron is a unit of the Canadian Armed Forces under the Royal Canadian Air Force, based at CFB Trenton in Ontario. The unit operates the CC-150 Polaris, the CC-330 Husky, and is responsible for long range military and VIP transportation.
KC-X was the United States Air Force (USAF) program to procure its next-generation aerial refueling tanker aircraft to replace some of their older Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers. The contest was for a production contract for 179 new tankers with estimated value of US$35 billion. The two contenders to replace the KC-135 aircraft were Boeing and EADS, following the elimination of US Aerospace, Inc. from the bidding process.
In the U.S. Air Force (USAF), a boom operator is an aircrew member aboard tanker aircraft who is responsible for safely and effectively transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft to another during flight. The name boom operator implies that one "operates a boom", which is a long, extendable metal arm attached to the rear underside of the tanker that the boom operator connects to the fuel receptacle of a receiving aircraft. The boom operator also controls the refueling drogue, a basket attached to a flexible hose that trails the tanker, when using the probe-and-drogue system. The USAF officially designates the boom operator career field as "In-Flight Refueling" with a specialty code of 1A0X1. However, this designation is usually reserved for administrative paperwork such as enlistment contracts and performance reports, as boom operators themselves are rarely referred to as in-flight refueling specialists within the USAF. The title "Boom Operator" is most commonly used, in reference to the aircrew position they occupy on the airplane, as noted in USAF regulations and aircraft flight manuals. Fellow crew members affectionately address them as "boom" or "boomer".
The EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45 was a proposed aerial refueling tanker aircraft based on the Airbus A330 MRTT. The United States Air Force (USAF) had ordered 179 KC-45As in the first stage of replacing the aging Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker tankers currently in service. However, the contest was reopened in July 2008, after Boeing's protest of the award was upheld. In response to the new contest, on 8 March 2010, Northrop Grumman announced it was abandoning its bid for the new contract, with its CEO stating that the revised bid requirement favoured Boeing. On 20 April 2010, EADS announced it was re-entering the competition and entered a bid with the KC-45. Eventually, the USAF selected the Boeing KC-46 Pegasus.
The RAF Tristar is a retired air-to-air refuelling tanker and transport aircraft, formerly in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). All airframes were retro-converted civilian Lockheed L-1011-500 TriStar airliners, previously operated by British Airways and Pan American World Airways, and entered service with the RAF in 1984.
The Boeing KC-46 Pegasus is an American military aerial refueling and strategic military transport aircraft developed by Boeing from its 767 jet airliner. In February 2011, the tanker was selected by the United States Air Force (USAF) as the winner in the KC-X tanker competition to replace older Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers. The first aircraft was delivered to the USAF in January 2019. The USAF intends to procure 179 tankers by 2027.
Omega Aerial Refueling Services Incorporated is an American aviation company that provides aerial refueling services for military customers.
AirTanker Services Limited, incorporated in England and Wales on 14 June 2007 with the company registration number 06279646, is a private limited company in the United Kingdom (UK), which operates a British airline known as AirTanker, and is also an aircraft leasing and operating company.
Airbus Defence and Space is a division of Airbus SE. Formed in 2014 in the restructuring of European Aeronautic Defence and Space (EADS), Airbus SE comprises the former Airbus Military, Astrium, and Cassidian divisions. Contributing 21% of Airbus revenues in 2016, it is the second largest space company in the world.
The Airbus CC-330 Husky is an in-development Royal Canadian Air Force version of the Airbus A330 MRTT based on the civilian Airbus A330. Nine aircraft will replace the existing Airbus CC-150 Polaris fleet of five aircraft in the strategic transport and air refuelling roles.
↑ "Programme Future Brize"(PDF). Global Gateway (RAF Brize Norton magazine). February 2011. p.22. Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
↑ "UAE to buy 3 Airbus refuelling aircraft". Khaleej Times. Abu Dhabi. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009. The United Arab Emirates Air Force will buy three military Airbus A330 refuelling aircraft rather than rival Boeing's 767 plane, a UAE military spokesman said yesterday.
↑ "United Arab Emirates orders the A330 MRTT air to air refuelling aircraft from EADS". EADS website. Madrid: EADS N.V. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2009. United Arab Emirates has announced today the purchase from EADS, through its Military Transport Aircraft Division, of the A330 MRTT (Multi Role Transport Tanker) as the new air-to-air refuelling aircraft for the UAE Air Force & Air Defense.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hoyle, Craig (19 October 2012), "Airbus Military explains cause of A330 boom detachment", Flightglobal.com website, London, England, U.K.: Reed Elsevier, OCLC173992746, archived from the original on 21 October 2012, retrieved 22 October 2012, A back-up boom hoist intended to allow the structure to be retracted in the event of a failure to its primary system was being used, but its effects were unexpectedly countered by the main system until a failure and separation occurred.
↑ Hoyle, Craig (3 January 2008). "Saudi Arabia picks EADS to supply three Airbus A330-based tankers". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2009. Riyadh's selection of the Airbus A330-based multirole tanker transport was confirmed on 3 January, with the aircraft to be equipped with under-wing hose and drogue pods and EADS Casa's advanced refuelling boom system.
↑ "［썰왕썰래］아~그 비행기? 그거 내가 이름 지었잖아~"[［Ssulwangsulrae］Ah~ That plane? I named that~]. Dogswellfish's Naver Cafe (in Korean). 20 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
↑ "조종사·급유통제사 30여 명 '소수정예' "시그너스(백조자리: 공중급유기의 명칭)의 화려한 날갯짓 기대하세요""[About 30 pilots and refueling controllers are a small number of elites. "Look forward to the spectacular wings of Cygnus (Cygnus: the name of the aerial refueling tanker)."] (in Korean). Kookbang Ilbo. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
↑ "［김수한의 리썰웨펀］공중급유기 명칭이 '백조'가 된 사연"[［Kim Soo-han’s Lethal Weapon］ The story behind the aerial refueling tanker being named 'Cygnus'] (in Korean). Herald. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
↑ "시그너스기사단 아프리카 라이브방송 1편요약"[Cygnus Knights AfreecaTV Live Broadcast Part 1 Summary]. Game Talk Maple (in Korean). 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
↑ "［영상］ 트뤼도, 한국 구호대 귀국 비행기 올라 "감사합니다" 한국어 인사"[［Video］ Trudeau says "Thank you" in Korean as he boards the plane returning home to the Korean relief team] (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2023– via Naver.
↑ Setjen Kemhan, Biro Humas (5 September 2023). "Wamenhan M. Herindra Terima Delegasi Airbus, Bahas Perkuatan Alutsista TNI"[Deputy Minister of Defense M. Herindra Receives Airbus Delegation, Discusses Strengthening TNI Defense Equipment]. Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
↑ "A330 MRTT – orders & deliveries"(PDF). www.Airbus.com. Airbus Defence. 31 October 2024. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
↑ McLaughlin, Andrew (18 September 2017). "Sixth RAAF KC-30A arrives at Amberley". AustralianAviation.com.au. Australian Aviation. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
1 2 Butler, Amy (11 September 2012), "EADS Tanker Loses Boom Over Spain", Aviation Week website, New York, NY, U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill, ISSN0005-2175, OCLC779657086, archived from the original on 21 January 2013, retrieved 22 October 2012, No one on the ground or in the flight crew was injured. An Airbus Military spokesman says the boom separated cleanly at a mechanical joint, leaving minimal damage to the actual aircraft.
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