Orion (spacecraft)

Last updated

Orion
Orion Artemis I Selfie 1.jpg
Photo of Orion taken during the flight of Artemis 1
Manufacturer
Operator NASA [1]
ApplicationsCrewed exploration beyond LEO [2]
Project costUS$21.5 billion nominal ($26.3 billion inflation adjusted to 2022)
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCrewed
Launch mass
  • CM: 22,900 lb (10,400 kg)
  • ESM: 34,085 lb (15,461 kg)
  • Combined mass: 58,467 lb (26,520 kg)
  • Total with LAS: 73,735 lb (33,446 kg)
Dry mass
  • CM: 20,500 lb (9,300 kg) landing weight
  • ESM: 13,635 lb (6,185 kg)
Payload capacity220 lb (100 kg) return payload
Crew capacity4 [1]
Volume
  • Pressurized: 690.6 cu ft (20 m3) [3]
  • Habitable: 316 cu ft (9 m3)
PowerSolar
Regime Lunar Transfer Orbit, lunar orbit
Design life21.1 days [4]
Dimensions
Length10 feet 10 inches (3.30 m)
Diameter16 feet 6 inches (5.03 m)
Production
StatusIn service
On order6–12 (+3 ordered before 2019) [5]
Built4
Launched2
Maiden launch December 5, 2014
Related spacecraft
Derived from
Orion Triangle Patch.svg

Orion (Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle or Orion MPCV) is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used in NASA's Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of four beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Orion is intended to launch atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system.

Contents

Orion was conceived in the early 2000s by Lockheed Martin as a proposal for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to be used in NASA's Constellation program and was selected by NASA in 2006. Following the cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, Orion was heavily redesigned for use in NASA's Journey to Mars initiative; later named Moon to Mars. The SLS became Orion's primary launch vehicle, and the service module was replaced with a design based on the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle. A development version of Orion's CM was launched in 2014 during Exploration Flight Test-1, while at least four test articles were produced. Orion was primarily designed by Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Littleton, Colorado, with former Space Shuttle engineer Julie Kramer White at NASA as Orion's chief engineer. [6]

As of 2022, three flight-worthy Orion spacecraft are under construction, with one completed and an additional one ordered, [lower-alpha 1] for use in NASA's Artemis program.

The first completed unit, CM-002, was launched on November 16, 2022 on Artemis 1. [9] [10] [11]

Description

Configuration of the Orion spacecraft. The capsule shown in the photo is an early design version of Orion. Cev design.jpg
Configuration of the Orion spacecraft. The capsule shown in the photo is an early design version of Orion.
Crew module Orioncm.jpg
Crew module
Interactive 3D models of Orion, with the spacecraft fully integrated on the left and in exploded view on the right Orion Spacecraft.stl
Interactive 3D models of Orion, with the spacecraft fully integrated on the left and in exploded view on the right

Orion uses the same basic configuration as the Apollo command and service module (CSM) that first took astronauts to the Moon, but with an increased diameter, updated thermal protection system, and other more modern technologies. It will be capable of supporting long-duration deep space missions with up to 21 days of active crew time plus 6 months' quiescent spacecraft life. [12] During the quiescent period crew life support would be provided by another module, such as the proposed Lunar Gateway. The spacecraft's life support, propulsion, thermal protection, and avionics systems can be upgraded as new technologies become available. [13]

The Orion spacecraft includes both crew and service modules, a spacecraft adapter and an emergency launch abort system. The Orion's crew module is larger than Apollo's and can support more crew members for short or long-duration missions. The European service module propels and powers the spacecraft as well as storing oxygen and water for astronauts, Orion relies on solar energy rather than fuel cells, which allows for longer missions.

Crew module (CM)

Interior of the Orion mock-up in October 2014 MACES in Orion mock-up.jpg
Interior of the Orion mock-up in October 2014
Interior of a mockup of the Orion crew module outfitted in the On-Orbit configuration that will be used in crewed missions Orion Spacecraft Outfitted Interior 2021 (no labels).jpg
Interior of a mockup of the Orion crew module outfitted in the On-Orbit configuration that will be used in crewed missions
Testing of Orion's parachute system NASA's Orion Spacecraft Parachutes Tested at U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground.jpg
Testing of Orion's parachute system
Orion Crew Module Model (Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center) Orion PA-1 paint job.jpg
Orion Crew Module Model (Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center)

The Orion crew module (CM) is a reusable transportation capsule that provides a habitat for the crew, provides storage for consumables and research instruments, and contains the docking port for crew transfers. [13] [14] [15] The crew module is the only part of the spacecraft that returns to Earth after each mission and is a 57.5° frustum shape with a blunt spherical aft end, 5.02 meters (16 ft 6 in) in diameter and 3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in) in length, [16] with a mass of about 8.5 metric tons (19,000 lb). It was manufactured by the Lockheed Martin Corporation at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans. [17] [18] [19] [20] It has 50% more volume than the Apollo capsule and will carry four astronauts. [1] After extensive study, NASA selected the Avcoat ablator system to provide heat protection encountered during reentry for the Orion crew module. Avcoat, which is composed of silica fibers with a resin in a honeycomb made of fiberglass and phenolic resin, was formerly used on the Apollo missions and on the Space Shuttle orbiter for early flights. [21]

Orion's CM uses advanced technologies, including:

The CM is built of aluminium-lithium alloy. The reusable recovery parachutes are based on the parachutes used on both the Apollo spacecraft and the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, and constructed of Nomex cloth. Water landing is the exclusive means of recovery for the Orion CM. [23] [24]

To allow Orion to mate with other vehicles, it will be equipped with the NASA Docking System. The spacecraft employs a Launch Abort System (LAS) along with a "Boost Protective Cover" (made of fiberglass), to protect the Orion CM from aerodynamic and impact stresses during the first 2+1⁄2 minutes of ascent. Orion is designed to be 10 times safer during ascent and reentry than the Space Shuttle. [25] The CM is designed to be refurbished and reused. In addition, all of Orion's component parts have been designed to be as modular as possible, so that between the craft's first test flight in 2014 and its projected Mars voyage in the 2030s, the spacecraft can be upgraded as new technologies become available. [13]

As of 2019, the Spacecraft Atmospheric Monitor is planned to be used in the Orion CM. [26]

European Service Module (ESM)

Artist's concept of an Orion spacecraft including the European Service Module with Interim Cryogenic Upper Stage attached at the back Orion Service Module.jpg
Artist's concept of an Orion spacecraft including the European Service Module with Interim Cryogenic Upper Stage attached at the back

In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV). [27] On June 21, 2012, Airbus Defence and Space announced that they had been awarded two separate studies, each worth €6.5 million, to evaluate the possibilities of using technology and experience gained from ATV and Columbus related work for future missions. The first looked into the possible construction of a service module which would be used in tandem with the Orion CM. [28] The second examined the possible production of a versatile multi purpose orbital vehicle. [29]

On November 21, 2012, the ESA decided to develop an ATV-derived service module for Orion. [30] The service module is being manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen, Germany. [31] NASA announced on January 16, 2013, that the ESA service module will first fly on Artemis 1, the debut launch of the Space Launch System. [32]

Testing of the European service module began in February 2016, at the Space Power Facility. [33]

On February 16, 2017, a €200m contract was signed between Airbus and the European Space Agency for the production of a second European service module for use on the first crewed Orion flight, Artemis 2. [34]

On October 26, 2018 the first unit for Artemis 1 was assembled in full at Airbus Defence and Space's factory in Bremen, Germany. [35]

Launch Abort System (LAS)

In the event of an emergency on the launch pad or during ascent, the Launch Abort System (LAS) will separate the crew module from the launch vehicle using three solid rocket motors: an abort motor (AM), [36] an attitude control motor (ACM), and a jettison motor (JM). The AM provides the thrust needed to accelerate the capsule, while the ACM is used to point the AM [37] and the jettison motor separates the LAS from the crew capsule. [38] On July 10, 2007, Orbital Sciences, the prime contractor for the LAS, awarded Alliant Techsystems (ATK) a $62.5 million sub-contract to "design, develop, produce, test and deliver the launch abort motor," which uses a "reverse flow" design. [39] On July 9, 2008, NASA announced that ATK had completed construction of a vertical test stand at a facility in Promontory, Utah to test launch abort motors for the Orion spacecraft. [40] Another long-time space motor contractor, Aerojet, was awarded the jettison motor design and development contract for the LAS. As of September 2008, Aerojet has, along with team members Orbital Sciences, Lockheed Martin and NASA, successfully demonstrated two full-scale test firings of the jettison motor. This motor is used on every flight, as it separates the LAS from the vehicle after both a successful launch and a launch abort. [41]

Spacecraft properties and performance

With the announcement in 2019 of the intent to procure a Human Landing System for Artemis missions, NASA provided Orion mass and propulsion capability values. After separation from the SLS upper stage the Orion is expected to have a mass of 26,375 kg (58,147 lb) and be capable of performing maneuvers requiring up to 1,050 m/s (3,445 ft/s) of delta-v. [42]

History

Transport of the Orion capsule before the first test (2013) NASA's Orion Spacecraft Heads Cross Country.jpeg
Transport of the Orion capsule before the first test (2013)

The Orion MPCV was announced by NASA on May 24, 2011. [43] Its design is based on the Crew Exploration Vehicle from the canceled Constellation program, [44] which had been a 2006 NASA contract award to Lockheed Martin. [45] The command module is being built by Lockheed Martin at the Michoud Assembly Facility, [18] [19] while the Orion service module is being built by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen with funding from the European Space Agency. [32] [46] [31] [35] The CM's first uncrewed test flight (EFT-1) was launched without the EUS atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket on December 5, 2014, and lasted 4 hours and 24 minutes before landing at its target in the Pacific Ocean. [47] [48] [49] [50]

On November 30, 2020, it was reported that NASA and Lockheed Martin had found a failure with a component in one of the Orion spacecraft's power data units but NASA later clarified that it does not expect the issue to affect the Artemis 1 launch date. [51] [52]

Funding history and planning

For fiscal years 2006 through 2022, the Orion program had expended funding totaling $21.5 billion in nominal dollars. This is equivalent to $26.3 billion in 2022 dollars using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. [53]

The administration's proposed fiscal year 2023 budget included $1,339 million for the Orion program. [54]

Fiscal year FundingSource
Nominal (millions)In 2022 [53] (millions)
2006$839.2$1,224.7CEV [55]
2007$714.5$1,004.0CEV [56]
2008$1,174.1$1,593.1CEV [57]
2009$1,747.9$2,327.4CEV [57]
2010$1,640$2,154.2CEV [57]
2011$1,196.0$1,546.0MPCV [58]
2012$1,200$1,534.9Orion MPCV [59]
2013$1,138$1,403.5Orion MPCV [60]
2014$1,197$1,479.3Orion Program [61]
2015$1,190.2$1,441.9Orion Program [62]
2016$1,270$1,520.2Orion Program [63]
2017$1,350.0$1,582.3Orion [64]
2018$1,350.0$1,543.1Orion [65]
2019$1,350.0$1,513.9Orion [66]
2020$1,406.7$1,543.3Orion [67]
2021$1,403.7$1,483.9Orion [68]
2022$1,401.7$1,401.7Orion [69]
Total 2006–2022$21,545$26,298

Excluded from the prior Orion costs are:

  1. Most costs "for production, operations, or sustainment of additional crew capsules, despite plans to use and possibly enhance this capsule after 2021"; [70] production and operations contracts were awarded going into fiscal year 2020 [71]
  2. Costs of the first service module and spare parts, which are provided by ESA [72] for the test flight of Orion (about US$1 billion) [73]
  3. Costs to assemble, integrate, prepare and launch the Orion and its launcher, funded separately in the NASA Ground Operations Project, [74] currently about $600M [75] per year
  4. Costs of the launcher, the SLS, for the Orion spacecraft

For 2021 to 2025, NASA estimates [76] yearly budgets for Orion from $1.4 to $1.1 billion. In late 2015, the Orion program was assessed at a 70% confidence level for its first crewed flight by 2023. [77] [78] [79]

There are no NASA estimates for the Orion program recurring yearly costs once operational, for a certain flight rate per year, or for the resulting average costs per flight. However, a production and operations contract [80] awarded to Lockheed Martin in 2019 indicated NASA will pay the prime contractor $900M for the first three Orion capsules and $633M for the following three. [81] In 2016, the NASA manager of exploration systems development said that Orion, SLS, and supporting ground systems should cost "US$2 billion or less" annually. [82] NASA will not provide the cost per flight of Orion and SLS, with associate administrator William H. Gerstenmaier stating "costs must be derived from the data and are not directly available. This was done by design to lower NASA's expenditures" in 2017. [83]

Ground test articles, mockups, and boilerplates

NASA and DoD personnel familiarize themselves with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) Orion mock-up in a test pool at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in Potomac, Md. Orion water test.jpg
NASA and DoD personnel familiarize themselves with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) Orion mock-up in a test pool at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in Potomac, Md.
The Orion Drop Test Article during a test on February 29, 2012 Orion Drop Test on Feb 29.jpg
The Orion Drop Test Article during a test on February 29, 2012
Test article being airlifted to the Pad Abort-1 flight test Technicians carefully position an Orion flight test crew module.jpg
Test article being airlifted to the Pad Abort-1 flight test

Variants

Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)

Orion CEV design as of 2009 Orion spacecraft launch configuration (2009 revision).jpg

Orion CEV design as of 2009

The idea for a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) was announced on January 14, 2004, as part of the Vision for Space Exploration after the Space Shuttle Columbia accident. [95] The CEV effectively replaced the conceptual Orbital Space Plane (OSP), a proposed replacement for the Space Shuttle. A design competition was held, and the winner was the proposal from a consortium led by Lockheed Martin. It was later named "Orion" after the stellar constellation and mythical hunter of the same name, [96] and became part of the Constellation program under NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe.

Constellation proposed using the Orion CEV in both crew and cargo variants to support the International Space Station and as a crew vehicle for a return to the Moon. The crew/command module was originally intended to land on solid ground on the US west coast using airbags but later changed to ocean splashdown, while a service module was included for life support and propulsion. [23] With a diameter of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) as opposed to 3.9 meters (12 ft 10 in), the Orion CEV would have provided 2.5 times greater volume than the Apollo CM. [97] The service module was originally planned to use liquid methane (LCH4) as its fuel, but switched to hypergolic propellants due to the infancy of oxygen/methane-powered rocket technologies and the goal of launching the Orion CEV by 2012. [98] [99] [100]

The Orion CEV was to be launched on the Ares I rocket to low Earth orbit, where it would rendezvous with the Altair lunar lander launched on a heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicle for lunar missions.

Environmental testing

NASA performed environmental testing of Orion from 2007 to 2011 at the Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The Center's Space Power Facility is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber. [101]

Launch Abort System (LAS) testing

Orion LAS test assembled at the NASA Research Center Orion CM-LAS stack.jpg
Orion LAS test assembled at the NASA Research Center

ATK Aerospace successfully completed the first Orion Launch Abort System (LAS) test on November 20, 2008. The LAS motor could provide 500,000  lbf (2,200  kN ) of thrust in case an emergency situation should arise on the launch pad or during the first 300,000 feet (91 km) of the rocket's climb to orbit. [102]

On March 2, 2009, a full size, full weight command module mockup (pathfinder) began its journey from the Langley Research Center to White Sands Missile Range in southern New Mexico for at-gantry launch vehicle assembly training and for LES testing. [103] On May 10, 2010, NASA successfully executed the LES PAD-Abort-1 test at White Sands, launching a boilerplate (mock-up) Orion capsule to an altitude of approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The test used three solid-fuel rocket motors –the main thrust motor, an attitude control motor and the jettison motor. [104]

Splashdown recovery testing

In 2009, during the Constellation phase of the program, the Post-landing Orion Recovery Test (PORT) was designed to determine and evaluate methods of crew rescue and what kind of motions the astronaut crew could expect after landing, including conditions outside the capsule for the recovery team. The evaluation process supported NASA's design of landing recovery operations including equipment, ship and crew needs.

The PORT Test used a full-scale boilerplate (mock-up) of NASA's Orion crew module and was tested in water under simulated and real weather conditions. Tests began March 23, 2009, with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) boilerplate in a test pool. Full sea testing ran April 6–30, 2009, at various locations off the coast of NASA's Kennedy Space Center with media coverage. [105]

Cancellation of Constellation program

Artist's conception of Orion (as then-designed) in lunar orbit Orion lunar orbit (Sept 2006).jpg
Artist's conception of Orion (as then-designed) in lunar orbit

On May 7, 2009, the Obama administration enlisted the Augustine Commission to perform a full independent review of the ongoing NASA space exploration program. The commission found the then-current Constellation Program to be woefully under-budgeted with significant cost overruns, behind schedule by four years or more in several essential components, and unlikely to be capable of meeting any of its scheduled goals. [106] [107] As a consequence, the commission recommended a significant re-allocation of goals and resources. As one of the many outcomes based on these recommendations, on October 11, 2010, the Constellation program was canceled, ending development of the Altair, Ares I, and Ares V. The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle survived the cancellation and was transferred to be launched on the Space Launch System. [108]

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)

The Orion development program was restructured from three different versions of the Orion capsule, each for a different task, [109] to the development of the MPCV as a single version capable of performing multiple tasks. [3] On December 5, 2014, a developmental Orion spacecraft was successfully launched into space and retrieved at sea after splashdown on the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1). [110] [111]

Orion splashdown recovery testing

Before EFT-1 in December 2014, several preparatory vehicle recovery tests were performed, which continued the "crawl, walk, run" approach established by PORT. The "crawl" phase was performed August 12–16, 2013, with the Stationary Recovery Test (SRT).[ citation needed ] The Stationary Recovery Test demonstrated the recovery hardware and techniques that were to be employed for the recovery of the Orion crew module in the protected waters of Naval Station Norfolk utilizing the LPD-17 type USS Arlington as the recovery ship. [112]

The "walk" and "run" phases were performed with the Underway Recovery Test (URT). Also utilizing an LPD 17 class ship, the URT was performed in more realistic sea conditions off the coast of California in early 2014 to prepare the US Navy / NASA team for recovering the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1) Orion crew module. The URT tests completed the pre-launch test phase of the Orion recovery system.[ citation needed ]

EFT-1 Delta IV Heavy on pad with Orion EFT-1 (KSC-2014-4686).jpg
EFT-1

Orion Lite

History

Orion Lite is an unofficial name used in the media for a lightweight crew capsule proposed by Bigelow Aerospace in collaboration with Lockheed Martin. It was to be based on the Orion spacecraft that Lockheed Martin was developing for NASA. It was never developed. It was to be a lighter, less capable and cheaper version of the full Orion. [113]

Orion Lite was intended to provide a stripped-down version of the Orion that would be available for missions to the International Space Station earlier than the more capable Orion, which is designed for longer duration missions to the Moon and Mars. [114]

Bigelow had begun working with Lockheed Martin in 2004. A few years later Bigelow signed a million-dollar contract to develop "an Orion mockup, an Orion Lite", [115] in 2009. [113]

The proposed collaboration between Bigelow and Lockheed Martin on the Orion Lite spacecraft has ended.[ when? ] Bigelow began work with Boeing on a similar capsule, the CST-100, which has no Orion heritage, and was one of the two systems selected under NASA's Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program to transport crew to the ISS.[ citation needed ]

Design

Orion Lite's primary mission would be to transport crew to the International Space Station, or to private space stations such as the planned B330 from Bigelow Aerospace. While Orion Lite would have the same exterior dimensions as the Orion, there would be no need for the deep space infrastructure present in the Orion configuration. As such, the Orion Lite would be able to support larger crews of around 7 people as the result of greater habitable interior volume and the reduced weight of equipment needed to support an exclusively low-Earth-orbit configuration. [116]

Recovery

In order to reduce the weight of Orion Lite, the more durable heat shield of the Orion would be replaced with a lighter weight heat shield designed to support the lower temperatures of Earth atmospheric re-entry from low Earth orbit. Additionally, the current proposal calls for a mid-air retrieval, wherein another aircraft captures the descending Orion Lite module.[ citation needed ] To date, such a retrieval method has not been employed for crewed spacecraft, although it has been used with satellites. [117]

Flights

List of flights

Liftoff sequence and space entry of Orion on December 5, 2014
Orion development test flights
MissionPatchLaunchLaunch vehicleOutcomeDurationSummary
MLAS
MLAS mission patch.png
MLAS Success57 secondsTest flight of the Max Launch Abort System (MLAS)
Ares I-X
AresIX patch02.svg
Ares I-X Success~6 minutesTest flight of the Ares rocket
Pad Abort-1
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_Pad_Abort_1.png Orion Pad Abort 1.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_Pad_Abort_1.png
Orion Launch Abort System (LAS) Success95 secondsFlight test of the Orion Launch Abort System (LAS)
Exploration Flight Test-1
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exploration_Flight_Test-1_insignia.png Exploration Flight Test-1 insignia.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exploration_Flight_Test-1_insignia.png
Success4 hours 24 minutesOrbital flight test of Orion's heat shield, parachutes, jettisoning components, and on-board computers. [118] Orion was recovered by USS Anchorage and brought to San Diego, California, for its return to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. [119]
Ascent Abort-2
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascent_Abort-2.png Ascent Abort-2.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascent_Abort-2.png
Orion Abort Test Booster Success3 minutes 13 secondsTest of the Launch Abort System (LAS) of NASA's Orion spacecraft
Artemis 1 Exploration Mission-1 patch.png SLS Block 1 Success25 days 10 hours 55 minutes 50 secondsUncrewed lunar orbit and return
Artist's concept of an astronaut on an EVA taking samples from a captured asteroid, with Orion in the background Astronaut preparing to take samples from the captured asteroid.png
Artist's concept of an astronaut on an EVA taking samples from a captured asteroid, with Orion in the background

Upcoming missions

The first crewed flight, Artemis 2, will be a lunar flyby. [121] Flights are expected to achieve a yearly cadence from Artemis 4 onward in 2028. [122]

List of crewed Artemis program missions
MissionPatchLaunch dateCrewLaunch vehicleDuration
Artemis 2 September 2025 [123] SLS Block 1 Crew~10 days
Artemis 3 September 2026 [123] TBASLS Block 1 Crew~30 days
Artemis 4 September 2028 [122] TBASLS Block 1B Crew~30 days
Artemis 5 September 2029 [122] TBASLS Block 1B Crew~30 days

Proposed

A proposal curated by William H. Gerstenmaier before his 10 July 2019 reassignment [124] suggests four launches of the crewed Orion spacecraft and logistical modules aboard the SLS Block 1B to the Gateway between 2024 and 2028. [125] [126] The crewed Artemis 4 through 7 would launch yearly between 2025 and 2028, [127] testing in situ resource utilization and nuclear power on the lunar surface with a partially reusable lander. Artemis 7 would deliver in 2028 a crew of four astronauts to a surface lunar outpost known as the Lunar Surface Asset. [127] The Lunar Surface Asset would be launched by an undetermined launcher [127] and would be used for extended crewed lunar surface missions. [127] [128] [129] [130] Another repair mission to the Hubble Space Telescope is also possible. [131]

Proposed missions
MissionLaunch dateCrewLaunch vehicleDuration
Artemis 6September 2030 [122] [132] TBASLS Block 1B Crew~30d
Artemis 7September 2031 [122] [132] TBASLS Block 1B Crew~30d
Artemis 82032 [133] TBASLS Block 1B Crew~60d
Artemis 92033TBASLS Block 2 Crew~60d
Artemis 102034TBASLS Block 2 Crew~60d
Artemis 112035TBASLS Block 2 Crew~60d
Artist rendering of the Orion CEV docked to a proposed Mars Transfer Vehicle Orion docked to Mars Transfer Vehicle.jpg
Artist rendering of the Orion CEV docked to a proposed Mars Transfer Vehicle

Potential Mars missions

The Orion capsule is designed to support future missions to send astronauts to Mars, probably to take place in the 2030s. Since the Orion capsule provides only about 2.25 m3 (79 cu ft) of living space per crew member, [134] the use of an additional Deep Space Habitat module featuring propulsion will be needed for long-duration missions. The complete spacecraft stack is known as the Deep Space Transport. [135] The habitat module will provide additional space and supplies, as well as facilitate spacecraft maintenance, mission communications, exercise, training, and personal recreation. [136] Some concepts for DSH modules would provide approximately 70.0 m3 (2,472 cu ft) of living space per crew member, [136] though the DSH module is in its early conceptual stage. DSH sizes and configurations may vary slightly, depending on crew and mission needs. [137] The mission may launch in the mid-2030s or late-2030s. [130]

Canceled

Asteroid Redirect Mission

The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM), also known as the Asteroid Retrieval and Utilization (ARU) mission and the Asteroid Initiative, was a space mission proposed by NASA in 2013. The Asteroid Retrieval Robotic Mission (ARRM) spacecraft would rendezvous with a large near-Earth asteroid and use robotic arms with anchoring grippers to retrieve a 4-meter boulder from the asteroid. A secondary objective was to develop the required technology to bring a small near-Earth asteroid into lunar orbit – "the asteroid was a bonus." There, it could be analyzed by the crew of the Orion EM-5 or EM-6 ARCM mission in 2026. [138]

Orion approaching the Gateway during Artemis 3 Gateway with docked logistics module in lunar orbit.jpg
Orion approaching the Gateway during Artemis 3
Earth and Moon (Orion; 28 November 2022) NASA-EarthMoonOrion-Crop-20221128.jpg
Earth and Moon
(Orion; 28 November 2022)

List of vehicles

ImageSerialStatusFlightsTime in flightNotesCat.
Retired
MLASOrionCM.png
UnknownRetired157s Boilerplate used in the July 2009 test launch of the Max Launch Abort System; did not have a service module.
Orion Abort Flight Test.jpg
UnknownRetired12m, 15s Boilerplate used in Pad Abort-1; did not have a service module. [139] [140] Commons-logo.svg
EFT-1 Orion stack.jpg
001Retired14h, 24m, 46sVehicle used in Exploration Flight Test-1. First Orion to fly in space; did not have a service module. Orion 001 is currently on display at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. [141] [142] [143] Commons-logo.svg
Expended
Orion CM-LAS stack.jpg
CM/LASExpended1~6m Boilerplate used in Ares I-X launch; did not have a service module.
Assembly aa2 orion.jpg
UnknownExpended13m, 13sBoilerplate used in Ascent Abort-2; did not have a service module. Intentionally destroyed during the flight. [144] [145] Commons-logo.svg
Active
Orion Ground Test Article (GTA).jpg GTAActive0NoneGround Test Article, used in ground tests of the Orion crew module design with mock service modules. [146] [147] Commons-logo.svg
Orion STA 2018.jpg STAActive0NoneStructural Test Article, used in structural testing of the complete Orion spacecraft design. [148] Commons-logo.svg
Artemis I Orion Lift & Mate (KSC-20211020-PH-FMX01 0136).jpg
002Active125 days, 10 hours and 52 minutesVehicle used in Artemis 1. [142] [149] First to be fully completed (EFT-1 Orion did not have SM, see above), and go to the Moon. Is now used for ground testing for future Artemis missions. [150] Commons-logo.svg
Under construction
A2 CM cleanroom integration.jpg 003Under construction0NoneVehicle to be used in Artemis 2. First Orion planned to carry crew. [149] Commons-logo.svg
Artemis 3 pressure vessel complete.jpg 004Under construction0NoneVehicle to be used in Artemis 3, first human landing mission on the Moon since 1972. [149] Pressure vessel completed at Michoud in August 2021. [151] Commons-logo.svg
KSC Orion Media Day (KSC-20230808-PH-KLS01 0035).jpg 005Under construction0NoneVehicle to be used in Artemis 4. [149] Pressure vessel shipped to Kennedy Space Center on March 2023. [151]
006Under construction0NoneVehicle to be used in Artemis 5. [149] Ordered under the Orion Production and Operations Contract. [151]
  Test vehicle  Spaceflight vehicle

See also

Related Research Articles

Human spaceflight programs have been conducted, started, or planned by multiple countries and companies. Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries and one private company (SpaceX) had successfully launched humans to Earth orbit, and two private companies had launched humans on a suborbital trajectory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automated Transfer Vehicle</span> Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency

The Automated Transfer Vehicle, originally Ariane Transfer Vehicle or ATV, was an expendable cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), used for space cargo transport in 2008–2015. The ATV design was launched to orbit five times, exclusively by the Ariane 5 heavy-lift launch vehicle. It effectively was a larger European counterpart to the Russian Progress cargo spacecraft for carrying upmass to a single destination—the International Space Station (ISS)—but with three times the capacity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constellation program</span> Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program

The Constellation program was a crewed spaceflight program developed by NASA, the space agency of the United States, from 2005 to 2009. The major goals of the program were "completion of the International Space Station" and a "return to the Moon no later than 2020" with a crewed flight to the planet Mars as the ultimate goal. The program's logo reflected the three stages of the program: the Earth (ISS), the Moon, and finally Mars—while the Mars goal also found expression in the name given to the program's booster rockets: Ares. The technological aims of the program included the regaining of significant astronaut experience beyond low Earth orbit and the development of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Launch escape system</span> A system to get the crew to safety if a rocket launch fails

A launch escape system (LES) or launch abort system (LAS) is a crew-safety system connected to a space capsule. It is used in the event of a critical emergency to quickly separate the capsule from its launch vehicle in case of an emergency requiring the abort of the launch, such as an impending explosion. The LES is typically controlled by a combination of automatic rocket failure detection, and a manual activation for the crew commander's use. The LES may be used while the launch vehicle is still on the launch pad, or during its ascent. Such systems are usually of three types:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration Systems Architecture Study</span> NASA study

The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in November 2005 of his goal of returning astronauts to the Moon and eventually Mars—known as the Vision for Space Exploration. The Constellation Program was cancelled in 2010 by the Obama Administration and replaced with the Space Launch System, later renamed as the Artemis Program in 2017 under the Trump Administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CSTS</span> Former proposed design for a crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations

Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS), or Advanced Crew Transportation System (ACTS), was a proposed design for a crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations such as servicing the International Space Station, but also capable of exploration of the Moon and beyond. It was originally a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Roscosmos, but later became solely an ESA project. This study was conceived as a basic strategic plan to keep a viable European human spaceflight program alive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boilerplate (spaceflight)</span> Nonfunctional spacecraft or payload

A boilerplate spacecraft, also known as a mass simulator, is a nonfunctional craft or payload that is used to test various configurations and basic size, load, and handling characteristics of rocket launch vehicles. It is far less expensive to build multiple, full-scale, non-functional boilerplate spacecraft than it is to develop the full system. In this way, boilerplate spacecraft allow components and aspects of cutting-edge aerospace projects to be tested while detailed contracts for the final project are being negotiated. These tests may be used to develop procedures for mating a spacecraft to its launch vehicle, emergency access and egress, maintenance support activities, and various transportation processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crew Exploration Vehicle</span> Planned orbiter component of NASAs cancelled Project Constellation; became Orion crew vehicle

The Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) was a component of the U.S. NASA Vision for Space Exploration plan. A competition was held to design a spacecraft that could carry humans to the destinations envisioned by the plan. The winning design was the Orion spacecraft.

A pad abort test is a kind of test of a launch escape system which conducted by setting the system along with the spacecraft still on the ground and let the system activate to carry the spacecraft flying away, then separate in the air and make the spacecraft land safely. The purpose of the test is to determine how well the system could get the crew of a spacecraft to safety in an emergency on the launch pad. As the spacecraft is set still on the ground, the test is also called "zero-altitude abort test" in against "high-altitude abort test".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Launch Abort System</span> Proposed pusher alternative to the Orion escape rockets

The Max Launch Abort System (MLAS) was a proposed alternative to the Maxime Faget-invented "tractor" launch escape system (LES) that was planned for use by NASA for its Orion spacecraft in the event an Ares I malfunction during launch required an immediate abort.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing Starliner</span> Class of partially reusable crew capsules

The Boeing Starliner is a class of two partially reusable spacecraft designed to transport crew to the International Space Station (ISS) and other low-Earth-orbit destinations. It is manufactured by Boeing, with the Commercial Crew Program (CCP) of NASA as the anchor customer. The spacecraft consists of a reusable crew capsule and an expendable service module.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration Flight Test-1</span> 2014 unmanned test flight of the Orion spacecraft by NASA

Exploration Flight Test-1 or EFT-1 was the first test flight of the crew module portion of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Without a crew, it was launched on December 5, 2014, at 12:05 UTC, by a Delta IV Heavy rocket from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 1</span> 2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I and formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis 1 marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Service Module</span> Primary power and propulsion component of the Orion spacecraft

The European Service Module (ESM) is the service module component of the Orion spacecraft, serving as its primary power and propulsion component until it is discarded at the end of each mission. In January 2013, NASA announced that the European Space Agency (ESA) will contribute the service module for Artemis 1, based on the ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV). It was delivered by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen, in northern Germany to NASA at the end of 2018. After approval of the first module, the ESA will provide the ESMs from Artemis 2 to Artemis 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program that is led by the United States' NASA and was formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascent Abort-2</span> Successful test of the Launch Abort System of NASAs Orion spacecraft.

Ascent Abort-2 (AA-2) was a test of the launch escape system (LAS) of NASA's Orion spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commercial Crew Program</span> NASA human spaceflight program for the International Space Station

The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides commercially operated crew transportation service to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program. American space manufacturer SpaceX began providing service in 2020, using the Crew Dragon spacecraft, and NASA plans to add Boeing when its Boeing Starliner spacecraft becomes operational no earlier than 2025. NASA has contracted for six operational missions from Boeing and fourteen from SpaceX, ensuring sufficient support for ISS through 2030.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration .

  1. ↑ NASA has ordered two additional CMs from Lockheed Martin, [7] though as of the 2019 ESA Ministerial Council, only one additional ESM has been ordered by ESA from Airbus Defence and Space. [8]
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