Moon trees are trees grown from seeds taken into orbit around the Moon, initially by Apollo 14 in 1971, and later by Artemis 1 in 2022. [1] The idea was first proposed by Edward P. Cliff, then the Chief of the United States Forest Service, who convinced Stuart Roosa, the Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 14 mission, to bring a small canister containing about 500 seeds aboard the module in 1971. Seeds for the experiment were chosen from five species of tree: loblolly pine, sycamore, sweetgum, redwood, and Douglas fir. [2] [3] In 2022, NASA announced it would be reviving the Moon tree program by carrying 1,000 seeds aboard Artemis 1. [4]
After the flight, the seeds were sent to the southern Forest Service station in Gulfport, Mississippi, and to the western station in Placerville, California, with the intent to germinate them. Nearly all the seeds germinated successfully, and after a few years, the Forest Service had about 420 seedlings. Some of these were planted alongside their Earth-bound counterparts, which were specifically set aside as controls. After more than 40 years, there was no discernible difference between the two classes of trees. Most of the Moon trees were given away in 1975 and 1976 to state forestry organizations, in order to be planted as part of the nation's bicentennial celebration. Since the trees were all of southern or western species, not all states received trees. A Loblolly Pine was planted at the White House, and trees were planted in Brazil, Switzerland, and presented to Emperor Hirohito, among others. [5]
The locations of many of the trees that were planted from these seeds were largely unknown for decades. In 1996, a third-grade teacher, Joan Goble, and her students found a tree in their local area with a plaque identifying it as a Moon tree. Goble sent an email to NASA, and reached employee Dave Williams. Williams was unaware of the trees' existence, as were most of his colleagues at NASA. Upon doing some research, Williams found some old newspaper clippings that described the initial actions taken by Roosa to bring these seeds to space and home to be planted. [6]
Williams posted a page on NASA's official website asking for public help to find the trees. The page also contained a table listing the locations and species of known Moon trees. Williams began to hear from people around the United States who had seen trees with plaques identifying them as Moon trees. Williams began to manage a database listing details about such trees, including their location and species. In 2011, an article in Wired magazine described the effort, and provided Williams' email address, encouraging anyone to write who might have data on existing Moon trees. [7] As of 2022, efforts were continuing to identify and locate existing trees; [6] the NASA page remains active. [8]
In March 2021, the Royal Astronomical Society and the UK Space Agency asked for the help of the public to identify up to 15 Moon Trees that may be growing in the United Kingdom. As of April 2021, none of the trees that supposedly came to the UK have been identified. [9]
The Moon Tree Foundation is an organization run by Roosa's daughter, Rosemary, which seeks to plant Moon trees in regions around the world. The foundation sponsors and hosts ceremonies to plant new trees, with seeds produced by the original generation of trees that grew from the seeds carried by Roosa in 1971. [10]
† | Indicates a tree that is no longer alive. |
---|---|
‡ | Indicates the exact date of planting is unknown. |
City | State | Location | Species | Date planted | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salem | Oregon | Private Residence | 2 Douglas Firs | 1973 ‡ | |
Wiggins | Mississippi | Girl Scouts Camp Iti Kana | Sycamore | 1974 ‡ | |
Starkville | Mississippi | Dorman Hall, Mississippi State University | Sycamore | 1975 ‡ | [11] |
Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | Washington Square Park | Sycamore † | May 6, 1975 | [12] |
Bethesda | Maryland | Society of American Foresters | Loblolly Pine | September 30, 1975 | [13] |
Princeton | West Virginia | USDA Forestry Sciences Laboratory | Sycamore | October 18, 1975 | [14] |
Fort Smith | Arkansas | Sebastian County Courthouse | Loblolly Pine | March 15, 1976 | [15] |
Little Rock | Arkansas | Forestry Commission Headquarters | Loblolly Pine † | March 15, 1976 | [16] |
Monticello | Arkansas | University of Arkansas at Monticello | Loblolly Pine † | March 15, 1976 | [17] |
Washington | Arkansas | Historic Washington State Park | Loblolly Pine | March 15, 1976 | [18] |
Asheville | North Carolina | Botanical Gardens at Asheville | Sycamore | March 19, 1976 | [19] |
College Station | Texas | D. A. "Andy" Anderson Arboretum | Sycamore † | March 21, 1976 | [20] |
Birmingham | Alabama | Birmingham Botanical Gardens, near Lane Park | Sycamore | April 1976 ‡ | [21] |
Montgomery | Alabama | Alabama State Capitol Building | Loblolly Pine | April 1976 ‡ | [22] |
North Pembroke | Massachusetts | Pembroke Historical Society | Sycamore † | April 1976 ‡ | [23] |
Elmer | Louisiana | Palustris Experiment Station, Kisatchie National Forest | Loblolly Pine | April 1976 ‡ | [24] |
Knoxville | Tennessee | Forestry Experiment Station, University of Tennessee | Loblolly Pine | April 1976 ‡ | [25] |
Sewanee | Tennessee | Woods Laboratories, University of the South | Sycamore | April 1976 ‡ | [26] |
Elizabethton | Tennessee | Fort Watauga, Sycamore Shoals State Historic Area | Sycamore † | April 1976 ‡ | [27] |
Tullahoma | Tennessee | Arnold Air Force Base | Loblolly Pine † | April 1976 ‡ | [28] |
Olympia | Washington | Washington State Capitol Building | Douglas Fir | April 1976 ‡ | [29] |
Albuquerque | New Mexico | Harry E. Kinney Civic Plaza | Douglas Fir † | April 7, 1976 | [30] |
Indianapolis | Indiana | Indiana Statehouse | Sycamore | April 9, 1976 | [31] |
Lansing | Michigan | Michigan State Capitol Building | Sycamore † | April 22, 1976 | [32] |
Wyoming | Michigan | Wyoming Police Department | Sycamore † | April 23, 1976 | [33] |
Niles | Michigan | Fernwood Botanical Gardens and Nature Preserve | Sycamore | April 23, 1976 | [34] |
Salt Lake City | Utah | Utah State Capitol Building | Douglas Fir † | April 28, 1976 | [35] |
Flagstaff | Arizona | Frances Short Pond, formerly Flagstaff Junior High School | Douglas Fir † | April 30, 1976 | [36] |
Tucson | Arizona | Kuiper Space Sciences Building, University of Arizona | Sycamore | April 30, 1976 | [37] |
Des Moines | Iowa | Iowa State Capitol Building | Sycamore | April 30, 1976 | [38] |
Middletown | Pennsylvania | Core Creek Park | Sycamore | April 30, 1976 | [39] |
Salem | Oregon | Oregon State Capitol Building | Douglas Fir | April 30, 1976 | [40] |
Hampton | Virginia | Albert W. Patrick III, Elementary School | Sycamore | April 30, 1976 | [41] |
Arcata | California | California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt | 3 Redwoods | May 1976 ‡ | [42] |
Athens | Georgia | Athens-Clarke County Planning Department | Loblolly Pine | May 1976 ‡ | [43] |
Lincoln City | Indiana | Lincoln State Park | Sycamore | May 1, 1976 | [44] |
Roseburg | Oregon | Roseburg Veteran Affairs Medical Center | Douglas Fir | May 3, 1976 | [45] |
Hollidaysburg | Pennsylvania | Highland Hall | Sycamore | May 5, 1976 | [46] |
Boise | Idaho | Idaho State Capitol Building | Douglas Fir † | May 7, 1976 | [47] |
Capitan | New Mexico | Smokey Bear State Park | Sycamore † | May 15, 1976 | [48] |
Topton | Pennsylvania | Borough Hall | Sycamore | June 20, 1976 | [49] |
Cape Canaveral | Florida | Kennedy Space Center | Sycamore † | June 25, 1976 | [50] |
Ebensburg | Pennsylvania | Cambria County Courthouse | Sycamore | June 29, 1976 | [51] |
King of Prussia | Pennsylvania | Lockheed Martin Space Systems Building | Sycamore | June 30, 1976 | [52] |
Missoula | Montana | University Center Mall, University of Montana | Douglas Fir | July 17, 1976 | [53] |
New Orleans | Louisiana | NASA Michoud Assembly Facility | Loblolly Pine † | July 20, 1976 | [54] |
Santa Fe | New Mexico | New Mexico State Capitol Building | Douglas Fir | July 22, 1976 | [55] |
Atchison | Kansas | International Forest of Friendship | Sycamore | July 24, 1976 | [56] |
Berkeley | California | Northwest area of Tilden Nature Area | 2 Redwoods | July 26, 1976 | [57] |
Monterey | California | Friendly Plaza, near Colton Hall | Redwood | July 27, 1976 | [58] |
Steubenville | Ohio | Friendship Park | Sycamore | July 29, 1976 | [59] |
San Luis Obispo | California | Mission Plaza | Redwood | July 30, 1976 | [60] |
Troy | Alabama | Pioneer Museum of Alabama | Loblolly Pine | August 5, 1976 | [61] |
Silver City | New Mexico | Gough Park | Sycamore | August 14, 1976 | [62] |
Alamogordo | New Mexico | New Mexico Museum of Space History | Sycamore † | October 5, 1976 | [63] |
Brevard | North Carolina | Cradle of Forestry, Pisgah National Forest | Sycamore | October 18, 1976 | [64] |
Tuscumbia | Alabama | Ivy Green, historic monument and birthplace of Helen Keller | Loblolly Pine | October 19, 1976 | [65] |
Auburn | Alabama | G.W. Andrews Forestry Sciences Lab, Auburn University | Loblolly Pine † | October 22, 1976 | [66] |
Huntsville | Alabama | U.S. Space and Rocket Center | 5 Sycamores, 2 Pines * | October 29, 1976 | [67] |
Tuskegee | Alabama | Veteran Affairs Hospital (CAVHCS) | Loblolly Pine † | 1976 ‡ | [21] |
Sacramento | California | California State Capitol Building | Redwood | April 21, 1976 | [68] |
El Dorado Hills | California | St. Stephen's Lutheran Church | Redwood † | 1976 ‡ | [69] |
Tallahassee | Florida | Florida Department of Agriculture | Loblolly Pine | 1976 ‡ | [70] |
Waycross | Georgia | Okefenokee Regional Educational Service Agency | Loblolly Pine | 1976 ‡ | [71] |
Cannelton | Indiana | Girl Scouts Camp Koch | Sycamore | 1976 ‡ | [52] |
Tell City | Indiana | Hoosier National Forest Service Office | 2 Sweetgums | 1976 ‡ | [72] |
Monmouth | New Jersey | Monmouth County Courthouse | Sycamore † | 1976 ‡ | [73] |
Clyde | North Carolina | Disc Golf Course, Haywood Community College | Sycamore | 1976 ‡ | [74] |
Draper | Utah | Lone Peak Conservation Center | Sycamore | 1976 ‡ | [75] |
Columbus | Ohio | Franklin Park Conservatory | Sycamore † | 1976 ‡ | [76] |
Corvallis | Oregon | Peavy Hall, Oregon State University | Douglas Fir | 1976 ‡ | [77] |
Cave Junction | Oregon | Siskiyou Smokejumper Base, Illinois Valley Airport | Douglas Fir † | 1976 ‡ | [78] |
Eugene | Oregon | Erb Memorial Union, University of Oregon | Douglas Fir | 1976 ‡ | [79] |
Doswell | Virginia | Kings Dominion Amusement Park | 2 Sycamores (1 dead) | 1976 ‡ | [80] |
Washington, D.C. | District of Columbia | Rose Garden, White House | Loblolly Pine † | January 19, 1977 | [81] |
San Dimas | California | San Dimas Technology and Development Center | Redwood | March 29, 1977 | [82] |
Gainesville | Florida | University of Florida | Sycamore | 1977 ‡ | [83] |
Boise | Idaho | Lowell Elementary School | Loblolly Pine | 1977 ‡ | [84] |
Greenbelt | Maryland | Goddard Space Flight Center | Sycamore | June 9, 1977 | [85] |
Perry | Florida | Forest Capital Museum State Park | Loblolly Pine | April 29, 1978 | [86] |
Hamilton | Virginia | Scott Jenkins Memorial Park | Sweetgum | September 1978 ‡ | [87] |
Westlake | Texas | Private Residence | Sycamore | 1978 ‡ | [88] |
Lockeford | California | Lockeford Plant Materials Center | Redwood | 1979 ‡ | [89] |
Dillsburg | Pennsylvania | Dillsburg Elementary School | Sycamore | April 29, 1983 | [90] |
New Orleans | Louisiana | New Orleans River Walk | Loblolly Pine † | June 1983 ‡ | [23] |
Holliston | Massachusetts | Holliston Police Station | Sycamore | 1982 ‡ | [91] |
Keystone Heights | Florida | Keystone Heights Library | Sycamore | 1984 ‡ | [92] |
Plano | Texas | Plano Senior High School | Sycamore † | November 4, 2009 | [93] |
Tallahassee | Florida | Cascades Park | Sycamore | Unknown ‡ | [94] |
Moscow | Idaho | Administration Building, University of Idaho | Sycamore † | Unknown ‡ | [95] |
Waynesboro | Mississippi | Forestry Commission Nursery | Sycamore | Unknown ‡ | [88] |
DeSoto | Missouri | Walthers Park | Sycamore | Unknown ‡ | [96] |
Elkton | Oregon | D.L. Phipps State Forest Nursery | Douglas Fir | Unknown ‡ | [97] |
Coudersport | Pennsylvania | Coudersport Area Recreational Park | Sycamore | Unknown ‡ | [98] |
Piedmont | South Carolina | Private Residence | Sycamore | Unknown ‡ | [99] |
City | Country | Location | Species | Date planted | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brasília | Brazil | Institute for Environment and Natural Renewable Resources | Sweetgum | January 14, 1980 | [100] |
Santa Rosa | Brazil | Soybean Fairgrounds, Parque Municipal de Exposições | Redwood | August 18, 1981 | [101] |
Cambará do Sul | Brazil | St. Joseph Central Square | Redwood | September 26, 1982 | [102] |
Distribution of Artemis moon trees began in the spring of 2024. [103]
City | State | Location | Species | Date planted | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raleigh | North Carolina | North Carolina Executive Mansion | Loblolly Pine | April 24, 2024 | [104] |
Mount Gilead | North Carolina | Mount Gilead Community Garden | Loblolly Pine | June 3, 2024 | [105] |
New Canaan | Connecticut | South Elementary School | Sycamore | April 27, 2024 | [106] |
Shelbyville | Kentucky | Collins High School | Sycamore or Sweetgum | May 10, 2024 | [107] [108] |
New Paltz | New York | SUNY Campus | Sweetgum | May 23, 2024 | [109] [110] |
Manchester | New Hampshire | Barnstead Elementary School | Sycamore | May 24, 2024 | [111] |
Tecumseh | Kansas | Tecumseh South Elementary School | Sweetgum | May 28, 2024 | [112] [113] |
Cedar Rapids | Iowa | Metro High School | Sycamore | May 30, 2024 | [114] |
Washington, D.C. | District of Columbia | U.S. Capital Building grounds | Sweetgum | June 4, 2024 | [115] |
Menomonie | Wisconsin | Rassbach Museum | Sycamore | June 2024 | [116] |
Green Cove Springs | Florida | UF IFAS Clay County Extension Office | Loblolly Pine | August 22, 2024 | [117] |
Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | Allegheny Observatory, Riverside Park | Sweetgum | October 3, 2024 | [118] |
Young Harris | Georgia | Young Harris College | Loblolly Pine | October 29, 2024 | [119] |
West Windsor | New Jersey | West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South | Sweetgum | 2024 | [120] [121] |
Apollo 14 was the eighth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program, the third to land on the Moon, and the first to land in the lunar highlands. It was the last of the "H missions", landings at specific sites of scientific interest on the Moon for two-day stays with two lunar extravehicular activities.
Stuart Allen Roosa was an American aeronautical engineer, smokejumper, United States Air Force pilot, test pilot, and NASA astronaut, who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 14 mission. The mission lasted from January 31 to February 9, 1971, and was the third mission to land astronauts on the Moon. While Shepard and Mitchell spent two days on the lunar surface, Roosa conducted experiments from orbit in the Command Module Kitty Hawk. He was one of 24 men to travel to the Moon, which he orbited 34 times.
A Moon landing or lunar landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon, including both crewed and robotic missions. The first human-made object to touch the Moon was Luna 2 in 1959.
The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made a deliberate impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of lunar exploration had been observations from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes, having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the US space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program, and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the lunar Artemis program.
The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed Artemis I, which took place on 16 November 2022.
Artemis I, formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission that was launched in November 2022. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis I marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.
The growth of plants in outer space has elicited much scientific interest. In the late 20th and early 21st century, plants were often taken into space in low Earth orbit to be grown in a weightless but pressurized controlled environment, sometimes called space gardens. In the context of human spaceflight, they can be consumed as food and provide a refreshing atmosphere. Plants can metabolize carbon dioxide in the air to produce valuable oxygen, and can help control cabin humidity. Growing plants in space may provide a psychological benefit to human spaceflight crews. Usually the plants were part of studies or technical development to further develop space gardens or conduct science experiments. To date plants taken into space have had mostly scientific interest, with only limited contributions to the functionality of the spacecraft, however the Apollo Moon tree project was more or less forestry inspired mission and the trees are part of a country's bicentennial celebration.
Artemis II is a scheduled mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. It will use the second launch of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and include the first crewed mission of the Orion spacecraft. The mission is scheduled to take place no earlier than April 2026. Four astronauts will perform a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth, becoming the first crew to travel beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. Artemis II will be the first crewed launch from Launch Complex 39B of the Kennedy Space Center since STS-116 in 2006.
Artemis III is planned to be the first crewed Moon landing mission of the Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Starship HLS lander. Artemis III is planned to be the second crewed Artemis mission and the first American crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17 in December 1972. As of December 2024, NASA officially expects Artemis III to launch no earlier than mid-2027 due to heat shield issues on Orion and valve problems in the spacecraft's life support system.
The Lunar Gateway, or simply Gateway, is a space station which is planned to be assembled in orbit around the Moon. The Gateway is intended to serve as a communication hub, science laboratory, and habitation module for astronauts as part of the Artemis program. It is a multinational collaborative project: participants include NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC). The Gateway is planned to be the first space station beyond low Earth orbit.
The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. It is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.
The Personal Preference Kit (PPK) is a container used to carry the personal items of astronauts during the Gemini, Apollo, Space Shuttle, and International Space Station programs. Items that astronauts choose to carry into space are approved by NASA management and stored in PPKs. Information on the contents of kits are usually kept private by the astronaut, although some contents have been put on display or given as awards to contributors to space programs.
Starship HLS is a lunar lander variant of the Starship spacecraft that is slated to transfer astronauts from a lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back. It is being designed and built by SpaceX under the Human Landing System contract to NASA as a critical element of NASA's Artemis program to land a crew on the Moon.
In New Orleans, for instance, a Moon pine was removed after sustaining damage in Hurricane Katrina.
On the east lawn of the Statehouse in Indianapolis, a Sycamore was planted on April 9, 1976.
In 1976, a Douglas-fir tree was planted by the Frances Short Pond in Flagstaff.
... a moon tree will be planted Monday in memory of Dr. Carl Schenk.
Alabama had five Moon Trees. Four are still alive. Auburn University, G.W Andrews Forestry Sciences Lab.
However, one of the moon trees may have been planted in El Dorado Hills.
[A]nd at least one at a Forest Service site in Lockeford.