Michoud Assembly Facility

Last updated
Michoud Assembly Facility
Composite image of NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility.jpg
Top to bottom, left to right: Aerial view of MAF in January 2020, the factory floor, Artemis 1 liquid oxygen tank in the South Vertical Assembly Building, and the entrance to the lobby and administration offices.
USA Louisiana relief location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location in Louisiana
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
Michoud Assembly Facility (the United States)
Michoud Assembly Facility
Built1940
LocationNew Orleans East
Coordinates 30°01′30″N89°54′54″W / 30.025000°N 89.915000°W / 30.025000; -89.915000
IndustryAerospace
ProductsRockets stages and parts
Employees4,200
Architect Andrew Higgins [1]
Buildings4
Area832 acres (337 ha)
Owner(s)NASA
Website nasa.gov/michoud-assembly-facility/

The Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) is an 832-acre (337-hectare) industrial complex for the manufacture and structural assembly of aerospace vehicles and components. It is owned by NASA and located in New Orleans East, a section of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States. Organizationally it is part of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, and is currently a multi-tenant complex [2] to allow commercial and government contractors, as well as government agencies, to use the site.

Contents

MAF is one of the largest manufacturing plants in the world with 43 environmentally controlled acres—174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft)—under one roof, and it employs more than 4,200 people. [3] From September 1961 to the end of the Apollo program in December 1972 the site was utilized by Chrysler Corporation to build the first stages of the Saturn I and Saturn IB, later joined by Boeing Corporation to build the first stage of the Saturn V rockets. [4] From September 5, 1973, to September 20, 2010, the factory was used for the construction of the Space Shuttle's external fuel tanks by Martin Marietta Corporation. [5]

History

First stages of Saturn V rockets being assembled at the Michoud factory in the 1960s Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg
First stages of Saturn V rockets being assembled at the Michoud factory in the 1960s

The facility was originally constructed in 1940 at the village of Michoud, Louisiana, by the Higgins-Tucker division of Higgins Industries under the direction of Andrew Jackson Higgins. Construction was done on behalf of the United States government for the war production during World War II of plywood C-76 cargo planes and the Higgins Boat landing craft. The project cost $180 million ($2.8 billion in 2018). [6] Production of the C-76 never commenced and instead produced 2 Curtiss C-46 Commando in 1943 and remaining order cancelled in 1944. The facility was referred to as Michoud (Factory) Airfield in the 1940s and briefly as a National Guard field in 1949, but became inactive by 1952. [7] During the Korean War it made engines for Sherman and Patton tanks, and boasted a 1,700-metre (5,500 ft) paved runway. It came under the management of NASA in 1961, and was used for the construction of the S-IC first stage of the Saturn V rockets and the S-IB first stage of the Saturn IB rockets built by Chrysler Corporation. It is home to the first stage of the last-constructed Saturn V, SA-515, built by The Boeing Company. The factory's ceiling height limitation - 12 meters, was unable to allow the construction of the bigger Saturn C-8 direct Moon vehicle, and therefore was one of the major reasons why the smaller C-5 (later renamed Saturn V) was chosen instead of the originally planned Moon vehicle. The runway was slowly transformed into Saturn Boulevard in the 1960s with the middle becoming a heliport and decommissioned by the 1970s. [7]

The majority of the NASA factory's history was focused on construction and production of NASA's Space Shuttle external tank (ET). Beginning with the rollout of ET-1 on June 29, 1979, which flew on STS-1, 136 tanks were produced throughout the Space Shuttle program, ending with the flight-ready tank ET-122, which flew on STS-134, rolled out on September 20, 2010. [8] A single tank produced at the facility, ET-94, was not used in spaceflight and remained at Michoud as a test article. [5] [9]

Modular parts for the International Space Station were fabricated at the facility in the mid-1990s until 2010. [10]

The factory is now the location for the Space Launch System (SLS)'s core and future second stage construction by Boeing. [11] [12] [13] SLS is the most powerful rocket in the history of spaceflight. It carries the Orion spacecraft, whose crew module is also being built at Michoud, but by Lockheed Martin. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] It has 50% more volume than the Apollo command capsule and will carry four to six astronauts. [19] The first launch occurred on November 16, 2022. [20] [21]

Hurricane Katrina

A section of eastern New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The Michaud Assembly Facility (MAF) at right (green) is not flooded, while the surrounding neighborhoods (dark greenish brown) are extensively flooded. NASA Michoud Katrina Flooding.jpg
A section of eastern New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The Michaud Assembly Facility (MAF) at right (green) is not flooded, while the surrounding neighborhoods (dark greenish brown) are extensively flooded.

The facility did not experience significant flooding during Hurricane Katrina due to a natural ridge that runs along its northwestern boundary, the levee that makes up the southern and eastern boundaries, and the work of the pump operators who stayed to protect the facility during the storm. Several buildings sustained wind and rainwater damage. All shifts were initially canceled up to September 26, 2005, potentially setting back future Shuttle flights. All the buildings and the shuttle hardware within survived the hurricane without grave damage, but the roof of the main manufacturing building was breached and debris damaged ET-122 stored inside; that tank was refurbished and later flew on the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-134. Thirty-eight NASA and Lockheed Martin employees stayed behind during Hurricane Katrina to operate the pumping systems, knowing that if not activated and sustained, the facility would have been destroyed. The workers pumped more than one billion gallons (3,800,000 m3) of water out of the facility and probably were the reason that the rocket factory suffered very little damage. These employees were each awarded the NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal, NASA's highest bravery award. [22]

On September 16, 2005 NASA announced that the repairs were progressing faster than anticipated, [23] and so they would continue to use Michoud for external tank work. On October 3, 2005, the facility officially reopened for essential personnel, though some key personnel had returned earlier. On October 31, 2005, the facility reopened to all personnel.

On February 7, 2017, an EF3 tornado carved a path through Orleans Parish, in which the factory is located. Two major buildings including the main manufacturing building were damaged, with multiple broken windows. 5 people were injured, and resulting repairs and other factors contributed to the delay of the first SLS launch until late 2022. [24] [25] [26]

Buildings

Welding of the SLS liquid oxygen tank in the South Vertical Assembly Building SLS Liquid Oxygen Tank Hardware in Welding.jpg
Welding of the SLS liquid oxygen tank in the South Vertical Assembly Building

The facility consists of various buildings in one complex:

The shipping port is located 600 meters southwest of the main manufacturing building. Transporting vehicles carrying manufactured SLS components move down Saturn Blvd, past large open fields, to the pier - where the Pegasus Barge is docked. This is where the components are shipped to either their final destination - Kennedy Space Center, or rarely back to the main Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, or the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi for testing.

Other activities

The Michoud main manufacturing building and the twin vertical assembly buildings as seen from a drone in January 2020. The Artemis 1 core stage is being rolled out, along with a crowd of workers Drone view of NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility.jpg
The Michoud main manufacturing building and the twin vertical assembly buildings as seen from a drone in January 2020. The Artemis 1 core stage is being rolled out, along with a crowd of workers

The Michoud Assembly Facility also houses other organizations such as the National Finance Center operated by the United States Department of Agriculture, the United States Coast Guard, and GE. [34] [35]

The factory complex is open to the public (though through pre-booking in advance). Visitors must sign in at main reception and clear security. [36]

NASA planned to use the rocket factory to build the structure for several components of the cancelled Constellation program, including the Orion spacecraft, the Ares I Upper Stage, and the Ares V Core Stage. Under the Obama administration, the Constellation Program was cancelled in 2010, [37] but was replaced with SLS a year later to continue space exploration efforts.

NASA has an agreement in place to rent out a portion of the facility to Big Easy Studios, a New Orleans film studio. [38] This deal has been criticized by competing studios as violating NASA's rule that any deal with an outside entity must serve the agency's mission and must not compete with the private sector. NASA officials defend the agreement, stating that this helps to offset the cost of unused space on the facility and that their pricing is vetted by state and local economic development agencies to ensure it is not competing with the private market. [39] Portions of Ender's Game , [40] G.I. Joe: Retaliation , [41] and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes [ citation needed ] were filmed at the factory.

Incidents

On May 24, 1988, TACA Flight 110 operated with a Boeing 737-300 jetliner made a successful emergency landing on a grassy levee in the Michoud grounds after power was lost in both engines during a severe thunderstorm. The aircraft was towed into the Michoud facility, where its engines were replaced. On 6 June, it took off, with a crew of two and minimal fuel, using the former runway at Michoud, [42] which had been reused as a road, Saturn Boulevard. [43] It was flown the short distance to New Orleans International Airport, where it was fully repaired. [42]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Space Center</span> United States space launch site in Florida

The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS). The management of the two entities work very closely together, share resources, and operate facilities on each other's property.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle program</span> 1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program

The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development, as a proposed nuclear shuttle in the plan was cancelled in 1972. It flew 135 missions and carried 355 astronauts from 16 countries, many on multiple trips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vehicle Assembly Building</span> Spacecraft assembly building operated by NASA at the Kennedy Space Center

The Vehicle Assembly Building, or VAB, is a large building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, designed to assemble large pre-manufactured space vehicle components, such as the massive Saturn V, the Space Shuttle and the Space Launch System, and stack them vertically onto one of three mobile launcher platforms used by NASA. As of March 2022, the first Space Launch System (SLS) rocket was assembled inside in preparation for the Artemis I mission, launched on November 16, 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S-IC</span> First stage of the Saturn V rocket

The S-IC was the first stage of the American Saturn V rocket. The S-IC stage was manufactured by the Boeing Company. Like the first stages of most rockets, most of its mass of more than 2,000 t (4,400,000 lb) at launch was propellant, in this case RP-1 rocket fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer. It was 42 m (138 ft) tall and 10 m (33 ft) in diameter. The stage provided 34,500 kN (7,750,000 lbf) of thrust at sea level to get the rocket through the first 61 km (38 mi) of ascent. The stage had five F-1 engines in a quincunx arrangement. The center engine was fixed in position, while the four outer engines could be hydraulically gimballed to control the rocket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle external tank</span> Component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle

The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) was the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contained the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer. During lift-off and ascent it supplied the fuel and oxidizer under pressure to the three RS-25 main engines in the orbiter. The ET was jettisoned just over 10 seconds after main engine cut-off (MECO) and it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike the Solid Rocket Boosters, external tanks were not re-used. They broke up before impact in the Indian Ocean, away from shipping lanes and were not recovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RS-25</span> Space Shuttle and SLS main engine

The RS-25, also known as the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine that was used on NASA's Space Shuttle and is used on the Space Launch System (SLS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stennis Space Center</span> Rocket testing facility in Hancock County, Mississippi, US

The John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC) is a NASA rocket testing facility in Hancock County, Mississippi, United States, on the banks of the Pearl River at the Mississippi–Louisiana border. As of 2012, it is NASA's largest rocket engine test facility. There are over 50 local, state, national, international, private, and public companies and agencies using SSC for their rocket testing facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crawler-transporter</span> NASA rocket transport vehicle

The crawler-transporters, formally known as the Missile Crawler Transporter Facilities, are a pair of tracked vehicles used to transport launch vehicles from NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) along the Crawlerway to Launch Complex 39. They were originally used to transport the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets during the Apollo, Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz programs. They were then used to transport Space Shuttles from 1981 to 2011. The crawler-transporters carry vehicles on the mobile launcher platforms used by NASA, and after each launch return to the pad to take the platform back to the VAB.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39</span> Historic Apollo Moonport

Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, United States. The site and its collection of facilities were originally built as the Apollo program's "Moonport" and later modified for the Space Shuttle program. Launch Complex 39 consists of three launch sub-complexes or "pads"—39A, 39B, and 39C—a Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), a Crawlerway used by crawler-transporters to carry mobile launcher platforms between the VAB and the pads, Orbiter Processing Facility buildings, a Launch Control Center which contains the firing rooms, a news facility famous for the iconic countdown clock seen in television coverage and photos, and various logistical and operational support buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shuttle-derived vehicle</span> Launch vehicle built from Space Shuttle components

Shuttle-derived vehicles (SDV) are space launch vehicles and spacecraft that use components, technology, and infrastructure originally developed for the Space Shuttle program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile launcher platform</span> Structure used to support large rockets

A mobile launcher platform (MLP), also known as mobile launch platform, is a structure used to support a large multistage space vehicle which is assembled (stacked) vertically in an integration facility and then transported by a crawler-transporter (CT) to a launch pad. This becomes the support structure for launch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michoud, New Orleans</span> Unincorporated community in Louisiana

Michoud is an area in Eastern New Orleans, part of the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana, located at latitude 30.03°N, longitude −89.925°W.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saturn V</span> American super heavy-lift expendable rocket

The Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. The rocket was human-rated, had three stages, and was powered by liquid fuel. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon, and to launch Skylab, the first American space station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle retirement</span> End of NASA Space Shuttle program in 2011

The retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle fleet took place from March to July 2011. Discovery was the first of the three active Space Shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on June 1. The final shuttle mission was completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-year Space Shuttle program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Launch System</span> NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle

The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed Artemis I, which took place on 16 November 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orion (spacecraft)</span> American–European spacecraft class for the Artemis program

Orion is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used in NASA's Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of four beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Orion is intended to be launched atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration Flight Test-1</span> 2014 unmanned test flight of the Orion spacecraft by NASA

Exploration Flight Test-1 or EFT-1 was a technology demonstration mission and the first flight test of the crew module portion of the Orion spacecraft. Without a crew, it was launched on 5 December 2014 at 12:05 UTC by a Delta IV Heavy rocket from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis I</span> 2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission

Artemis I, formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission that was launched in November 2022. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis I marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration Ground Systems</span> NASA program for launch vehicle support

NASA's Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) Program is one of three programs based at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. EGS was established to develop and operate the systems and facilities necessary to process and launch rockets and spacecraft during assembly, transport and launch. EGS is preparing the infrastructure to support NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and its payloads, such as the Orion spacecraft for Artemis I. Artemis I is the first to launch in a series of increasingly complex missions that will enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Launch System core stage</span> Main stage of the NASA Space Launch System rocket

The Space Launch System core stage, or simply core stage, is the main stage of the American Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, built by The Boeing Company in the NASA Michoud Assembly Facility. At 65 m (212 ft) tall and 8.4 m (27.6 ft) in diameter, the core stage contains approximately 987 t (2,177,000 lb) of its liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen cryogenic propellants. Propelled by 4 RS-25 engines, the stage generates approximately 7.44 MN (1,670,000 lbf) of thrust, about 25% of the Space Launch System's thrust at liftoff, for approximately 500 seconds, propelling the stage alone for the last 375 seconds of flight. The stage lifts the rocket to an altitude of approximately 162 km (531,380 ft) before separating, reentering the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean.

References

  1. ↑ Higgins Industries
  2. ↑ "Jacobs Technology". Jacobs Technology. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  3. ↑ "NASA.gov" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  4. ↑ Curtis Redgap. "Fly Chrysler to the Moon: the Saturn Rockets". Allpar.com. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  5. 1 2 Dean, James. "Michoud Declares End Of External Tank Production". Florida Today. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  6. ↑ NASA.gov
  7. 1 2 "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Louisiana: Eastern New Orleans area". www.airfields-freeman.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  8. ↑ Sloss, Philip (22 September 2010). "MAF speak of their pride in returning ET-122 to the Shuttle manifest". NASASpaceFlight.com .
  9. ↑ Tank ET-122 ended up being the last, even though its sequence number was lower than the total number of tanks produced, because it had been damaged during Hurricane Katrina and required repairs prior to completion.
  10. ↑ NASA.gov
  11. ↑ Sloss, Philip (4 March 2021). "NASA, Boeing looking to begin SLS Exploration Upper Stage manufacturing in 2021". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Foust, Jeff (7 December 2022). "NASA and Boeing change SLS core stage assembly process". SpaceNews. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  13. ↑ Mohon, Lee (September 25, 2023). "All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis II Moon Rocket Core Stage – Artemis". NASA Blogs. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  14. ↑ Marshall Space Flight Center (January 2022). "NASA SLS Web Reference Guide 2022" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  15. ↑ "Lockheed to build Nasa 'Moonship'". BBC News. August 31, 2006. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  16. ↑ LaNasa, Shannon (2021). "Michoud Tenants: Lockheed Martin". Marshall Space Flight Center . NASA. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2022.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  17. ↑ Cristina, Victoria (April 26, 2021). "Behind the scenes at NASA Michoud: Assembly of the Orion Crew Modules". WGNO. Nexstar Media Group. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  18. ↑ NASA Orion public relations [@NASA_Orion] (September 10, 2021). "Technicians at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility completed the welding on Orion's pressure vessel which will carry @NASA_Astronauts to the Moon on #Artemis III" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  19. ↑ "NASA Names New Crew Exploration Vehicle Orion" (Press release). NASA. August 22, 2006. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  20. ↑ Joey Roulette, Steve Gorman (16 November 2022). "NASA's next-generation Artemis mission heads to moon on debut test flight". Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  21. ↑ Clark, Stephen (26 April 2022). "NASA's moon rocket rolls back to Vehicle Assembly Building for repairs". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  22. ↑ "NASA Administrator Honors Katrina Heroes" (Press release). NASA. 2006-01-05. Archived from the original on 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  23. ↑ "NASA Planning to Resume Work at Michoud Assembly Facility" (Press release). NASA. 2005-09-16. Archived from the original on 2006-01-15. Retrieved 2005-10-03.
  24. ↑ "Workers Repair Roof Damage to NASA's Rocket Factory | NASA". Nasa.gov. 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  25. ↑ Dan Billow (2017-02-08). "NASA rocket factory damaged by violent winds". Wesh.com. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  26. ↑ Berger, Eric (2021-08-31). "NASA's big rocket misses another deadline, now won't fly until 2022". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  27. ↑ "SLS Rockets for Artemis 3 and 4 Being Assembled". Futuramic. August 2, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  28. ↑ NASA.gov
  29. ↑ "Michoud Assembly Facility Amenities". NASA. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  30. ↑ "All About Visiting Michoud Assembly Facility (NASA's Rocket Factory)". SpaceTourismGuide.com. February 1, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  31. ↑ "MAF facilities" . Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Building Specifications, including PDF floorplans". December 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  33. ↑ "Michoud Fitness Center" . Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  34. ↑ "All That Jazz: GE Opens Wind Turbine Blade Test Center At NASA Rocket Factory In New Orleans". GE.com. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  35. ↑ "GE expanding wind energy offshoot with 100 jobs at Michoud site". nola.com. 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  36. ↑ "MAF Visitors and Tours". NASA. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  37. ↑ "President Obama Signs New Vision for U.S. Space Exploration Into Law". Space.com, October 11, 2010.
  38. ↑ WWLTV News Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ David Jacobs (2012-09-17). "NASA defends deal with N.O. film studio". Greater Baton Rouge Business Report. Archived from the original on 2014-05-15.
  40. ↑ Jim Cheng. "Ender's Game filmed at NASA Michoud Assembly Facility" (Press release).
  41. ↑ "'G.I. Joe' film crew member killed on set in New Orleans". NOLA.com. 2011-11-23.
  42. 1 2 "Emergency-shortened flight is completed". UPI. June 6, 1988. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  43. ↑ 30°00′59″N89°55′13″W / 30.0164°N 89.9204°W

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.