The Tariff Act of 1930,commonly known as the Hawley–Smoot Tariff or Smoot–Hawley Tariff,was a law that implemented protectionist trade policies in the United States. Sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley,it was signed by President Herbert Hoover on June 17,1930. The act raised US tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.
Roquefort is a sheep milk cheese from Southern France,and is one of the world's best known blue cheeses. Though similar cheeses are produced elsewhere,EU law dictates that only those cheeses aged in the natural Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon may bear the name Roquefort,as it is a recognised geographical indication,or has a protected designation of origin.
The Canada–U.S. softwood lumber dispute is one of the largest and most enduring trade disputes between both nations. This conflict arose in 1982 and its effects are still seen today. British Columbia,the major Canadian exporter of softwood lumber to the United States,was most affected,reporting losses of 9,494 direct and indirect jobs between 2004 and 2009.
On March 5,2002,U.S. President George W. Bush placed tariffs on imported steel. The tariffs took effect March 20 and were lifted by Bush on December 4,2003. Research shows that the tariffs were a net positive,reviving many previously shuttered steel factories.
A trade war is an economic conflict often resulting from extreme protectionism in which states raise or create tariffs or other trade barriers against each other in response to trade barriers created by the other party. If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism,then such conflicts are known as customs wars,toll wars,or tariff wars;as a reprisal,the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports. Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their autarky position. Minor trade disagreements are often called trade disputes when the war metaphor is hyperbolic.
Robert Jones Portman is an American attorney and politician who served as a United States senator from Ohio from 2011 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party,Portman was the 35th director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) from 2006 to 2007,the 14th United States trade representative from 2005 to 2006,and a U.S. representative from 1993 to 2005,representing Ohio's 2nd district.
Clayton Keith Yeutter,ONZM was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of Agriculture under President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1991 before serving as Counselor to the President in 1992. He served as United States Trade Representative from 1985 to 1989 and as Chairman for the Republican National Committee from 1991 until 1992. Yeutter was employed as a Senior Advisor at the international law firm Hogan Lovells in Washington,D.C.
David Lee Emerson,is a Canadian politician,financial executive,and economist. He was formerly the Member of Parliament for the riding of Vancouver Kingsway. He was first elected as a Liberal and served as Minister of Industry under Prime Minister Paul Martin. After controversially crossing the floor to join Stephen Harper's Conservatives,he served as Minister of International Trade and Minister for the Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler Olympics,followed by Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Carla Anderson Hills is an American lawyer and a public figure. A member of the Republican Party,she previously served as the 5th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977 and as the 10th United States Trade Representative under President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993. Hills was the first woman to hold each of those posts and the third female ever to serve in a presidential cabinet.
Thaddeus George "Thad" McCotter is an American politician,radio host,and a member of the Republican Party who was the U.S. representative from Michigan's 11th congressional district from 2003 to 2012. The district at the time consisted of portions of Detroit's northwestern suburbs,such as Livonia,Westland and Novi.
Charles Robert Schwab Sr. is an American investor and financial executive. He is the founder and chairman of the Charles Schwab Corporation. He pioneered discount sales of equity securities starting in 1975. His company became by far the largest discount securities dealer in the United States. He semi-retired from the company in 2008 when he stepped down as CEO,but he remains chairman and is the largest shareholder to this day.
David Horton Wilkins is an American attorney and a former United States Ambassador to Canada during the administration of President George W. Bush. Prior to the appointment,he practiced law for 30 years while serving in the South Carolina House of Representatives for 25 of those years. He was speaker of the South Carolina House for 11 years. Wilkins presently chairs the public policy and international law practice department of a South Carolina law firm.
The United States–Bahrain Free Trade Agreement (USBFTA) is a free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and Bahrain,signed on September 14,2004. It was ratified by the United States House of Representatives on December 7,2005,by 327–95,with 10 not voting.
The Chief Agricultural Negotiator is an ambassador of the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) responsible for conducting and overseeing international negotiations related to trade in agricultural products. The Chief Agricultural Negotiator is compensated at the rate payable for Level III of the Executive Schedule.
The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 was a federal tax act that repealed the export tax incentive (ETI),which had been declared illegal by the World Trade Organization several times and sparked retaliatory tariffs by the European Union. It also contained numerous tax credits for agricultural and business institutions as well as the repeal of excise taxes on both fuel and alcohol and the creation of tax credits for biofuels.
Miriam Elizabeth Sapiro served as the Deputy Trade Representative under Ron Kirk and became the acting Trade Representative on May 23,2013. A former senior fellow at the Brookings Institution,Sapiro served as well in the State Department and on the National Security Council under Presidents Reagan,Bush and Clinton.
Protective tariffs are tariffs that are enacted with the aim of protecting a domestic industry. They aim to make imported goods cost more than equivalent goods produced domestically,thereby causing sales of domestically produced goods to rise,supporting local industry. Tariffs are also imposed in order to raise government revenue,or to reduce an undesirable activity. Although a tariff can simultaneously protect domestic industry and earn government revenue,the goals of protection and revenue maximization suggest different tariff rates,entailing a tradeoff between the two aims.
The Foreign Affairs Policy Board is an advisory board that provides independent advice and opinion to the Secretary of State,the Deputy Secretary of State,and the Director of Policy Planning on matters concerning U.S. foreign policy. The Board reviews and assesses global threats and opportunities,trends that implicate core national security interests,tools and capacities of the civilian foreign affairs agencies,and priorities and strategic frameworks for U.S. foreign policy. The Board meets in a plenary session several times a year at the U.S. Department of State in the Harry S. Truman Building.
The Trump tariffs are a series of United States tariffs imposed during the presidency of Donald Trump as part of his "America First" economic policy to reduce the United States trade deficit by shifting American trade policy from multilateral free trade agreements to bilateral trade deals. In January 2018,Trump imposed tariffs on solar panels and washing machines of 30 to 50 percent. In March 2018,he imposed tariffs on steel (25%) and aluminum (10%) from most countries,which,according to Morgan Stanley,covered an estimated 4.1 percent of U.S. imports. In June 2018,this was extended to the European Union,Canada,and Mexico. The Trump administration separately set and escalated tariffs on goods imported from China,leading to a trade war.
Michael Brackett Smith was an American diplomat and trade negotiator who served as the deputy US Trade Representative in the administrations of presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. In a career spanning three decades,he led the U.S. side in global negotiations on open markets,elimination of trade tariffs,and extension of trade agreements to include intellectual property and services.
