Carla Anderson Hills

Last updated
Roderick M. Hills
​
​
(m. 1958;died 2014)​
Carla Hills
Carla Anderson Hills at the 21st Annual CAF Conference (37109768555) (cropped).jpg
10th United States Trade Representative
In office
February 6, 1989 –January 20, 1993
Children4
Education Stanford University (BA)
St Hilda's College, Oxford
Yale University (LLB)

Carla Anderson Hills (born January 3, 1934) is an American lawyer and former government official. A member of the Republican Party, she previously served as the 5th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977 and as the 10th United States Trade Representative under President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993. Hills was the first woman to hold each of those posts, the third woman ever to serve in a presidential cabinet, and the first appointed to both cabinet and cabinet-rank positions. Hills is the earliest-serving living former U.S. Cabinet member.

Contents

Early life and education

Born Carla Anderson in Los Angeles, she received her B.A. degree from Stanford University, after studying at St Hilda's College, Oxford. She earned her LL.B. degree from Yale Law School in 1958 and married Roderick M. Hills the same year. [1]

Career

Hills being sworn in by Justice Byron White as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1975 Ford A3597 NLGRF photo contact sheet (1975-03-10)(Gerald Ford Library) (cropped).jpg
Hills being sworn in by Justice Byron White as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1975
Hills with President Gerald Ford in 1977 Ford B2727 NLGRF photo contact sheet (1977-01-08)(Gerald Ford Library) (cropped1).jpg
Hills with President Gerald Ford in 1977

Hills was admitted to the California bar in 1959, and served as an Assistant United States Attorney in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1961. From 1962 to 1974, she was a partner at Munger, Tolles, Hills, and Rickershauser in Los Angeles. In 1972, she was an adjunct professor at UCLA. [2] An authority on federal practice and anti-trust law, Mrs. Hills wrote of Federal Civil Practice and Antitrust Advisor. [3] She is a former president of the National Association of Women Lawyers.

She was a United States Assistant Attorney General heading the Civil Division of the U.S. Department of Justice before being named as the secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Elliot L. Richardson sought to appoint her as assistant U.S. Attorney General in 1973, but he resigned shortly thereafter during the Watergate scandal. The offer was renewed by his successor, William B. Saxbe, in 1974.

Hills's lack of relevant experience was somewhat controversial during the hearings for her nomination to head the HUD Department in the Ford administration. While Secretary, she approved the demolition of the massive public housing project in Northwest St. Louis, Pruitt-Igoe, a decayed project. President Ford later commented in his autobiography, A Time to Heal, that Hills was an exceptionally effective advocate for HUD, often appealing the budgetary decisions of James Lynn, Ford's OMB chief, to the President and winning most of the time. Hills was one of the candidates on Ford's “short list” to replace U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, [4] although Ford ultimately selected John Paul Stevens. From 1978 through 1989, Hills was again a practicing attorney, and served as chairwoman of the board of trustees of the Urban Institute from 1983 through 1988.

U.S. Trade Representative

Official portrait Carla A. Hills official portrait.jpg
Official portrait
Hills with President George H. W. Bush during the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony in Austin, Texas. President Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Mexican President Carlos Salinas participate in the... - NARA - 186460.jpg
Hills with President George H. W. Bush during the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony in Austin, Texas.

Hills served as U.S. Trade Representative in the George H. W. Bush administration from 1989 to 1993. She was under pressure to implement the 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act to go after countries that were considered to be trading unfairly with the U.S. The New York Times called Section 301 of the Act her “crowbar”, which enabled the U.S. to impose tariffs as high as 100%. She initially went after Japan, Brazil and India, although the Bush administration later decided Japan had changed its ways. [5]

An advocate of free trade, she was the primary U.S. negotiator of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 2000, Hills was awarded the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle (La Orden Mexicana del Aguila Azteca), which is the highest honor awarded to non-citizens by the Mexican government. [6] In fact, it was the first time Mexican-Americans were awarded this award since November 12, 1990 when the union leader, Cesar Chavez, received it. [7]

President George H.W. Bush's administration's priority was to hammer out the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in the Uruguay Round, where Hills was known as a strong negotiator. “Delegations from 97 countries [sought] ways to notch down everyone’s tariffs and remove other obstacles to trade.” “The 97 signatories to GATT account for two-thirds of the $3 trillion in merchandise traded each year. Since the original agreement in 1947, GATT has been altered six times...” but, “after the last GATT revision – the Tokyo Round, which started in 1976 – many American industries were outclassed by others”. [5]

Post-government career

Since 1993, she has worked as a consultant and a public speaker through Hills & Company International Consultants, which merged with Dentons Global Advisors ASG in 2022. [8] Carla stepped down from Time Warner, Inc. with Ted Turner in 2006. [9] She now serves on international advisory boards for American International Group, The Coca-Cola Company, Gilead Sciences, Inc., J.P. Morgan Chase and Rolls-Royce as well as the board of the U.S.-China Business Council. [10] [11]

In 2008, Yale University granted her an honorary degree. She has also received honorary degrees from other institutions. [12]

She was one of the founders of the Forum for International Policy where she is a trustee. [13]

In 2020, Hills, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him." [14]

In July 2022, Hills helped found a group of U.S. business and policy leaders who share the goal of constructively engaging with China in order to improve U.S.-China relations. [15]

North American community

In 2005, Hills participated in the Task Force on the Future of North America. The Task Force produced a controversial report called Building a North American Community sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations. The reported advocated strengthening trading relationships between the U.S., Canada and Mexico by making trade more efficient, building infrastructure in North America, fast tracking borders and integrating language. For example, it recommended assisting “elementary and secondary schools in teaching about North America.” (page 29) “Develop teacher exchange and training programs for elementary and secondary school teachers. This would assist in removing language barriers and give some students a greater sense of a North American identity. Greater efforts should also be made to recruit Mexican language teachers to teach Spanish in the United States and Canada.” [16]

Affiliations

Awards and honors

In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Hills’ name and picture. [20]

In 1993, Hills received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trilateral Commission</span> International political and economic discussion group

The Trilateral Commission is a nongovernmental international organization aimed at fostering closer cooperation between Japan, Western Europe and North America. It was founded in July 1973 principally by American banker and philanthropist David Rockefeller, an internationalist who sought to address the challenges posed by the growing economic and political interdependence between the U.S. and its allies in North America, Western Europe, and Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herta Däubler-Gmelin</span> German politician

Herta Däubler-Gmelin is a German lawyer, academic and politician of the Social Democratic Party. She served as Federal Minister of Justice from 1998 to 2002, and as a Member of the Bundestag from 1972 to 2009. She currently teaches as an honorary professor of political science at the Free University of Berlin, particularly on international relations and human rights, and was the Hemmerle Professor at RWTH Aachen University in 2011. She is married to the legal scholar Wolfgang Däubler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Dreier</span> American businessman and politician (born 1952)

David Timothy Dreier OAE is an American businessman, philanthropist, and politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from California from 1981 to 2013. He was one of the youngest members ever elected to the United States Congress. Dreier was the youngest chairman of the House Rules Committee in U.S. history, serving from 1999 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2013. He was instrumental in passing the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993. After leaving Congress, Dreier served on the Foreign Affairs Policy Board under President Barack Obama. He served as the chairman of the Tribune Publishing Company from 2019 to 2020. Dreier is also founder and chair of the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warren Christopher</span> American lawyer, diplomat and politician (1925–2011)

Warren Minor Christopher was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician. During Bill Clinton's first term as president, he served as the 63rd United States Secretary of State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laura Tyson</span> American business academic

Laura D'Andrea Tyson is an American economist and university administrator who is currently a Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School at the Haas School of Business of the University of California, Berkeley and a senior fellow at the Berggruen Institute. She served as the 16th Chair of the White House Council of Economic Advisers from 1993 to 1995 and 2nd Director of the National Economic Council from 1995 to 1996 under President Bill Clinton. Tyson was the first woman to hold each of those posts. She remains the only person to have served in both posts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paula Dobriansky</span> American diplomat (born 1955)

Paula Jon Dobriansky is an American diplomat, public official, and foreign policy expert who served as Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs (2001–2009) and the President's Envoy to Northern Ireland (2007–2009). A specialist in Central/East European affairs and the former Soviet Union, trans-Atlantic relations, and political-military affairs, Dobriansky held key senior roles in the administrations of five U.S. presidents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice R. Greenberg</span> American business executive (born 1925)

Maurice Raymond “Hank” Greenberg is an American business executive and former chairman and chief executive officer of American International Group (AIG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Zoellick</span> 11th President of the World Bank Group

Robert Bruce Zoellick is an American public official and lawyer who was the 11th president of the World Bank Group, a position he held from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2012. He was previously a managing director of Goldman Sachs, United States Deputy Secretary of State and U.S. Trade Representative, from February 7, 2001, until February 22, 2005. Zoellick has been a senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs since ending his term with the World Bank. He is currently a Senior Counselor at Brunswick Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goli Ameri</span> Iranian-American businesswoman and former diplomat (born 1956)

Goli Ameri is an Iranian-American businesswoman and former U.S. diplomat. She is the co-founder of StartItUp, a mobile technology platform that provides resources to aspiring entrepreneurs. She formerly served as Under Secretary General for Humanitarian Values and Diplomacy for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs. Ameri ran for the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican in 2004, and is a former U.S. Representative to the United Nations. She serves on the board of trustees of Freedom House, as well as on the Center for Middle East Public Policy advisory board of the RAND Corporation, a group of public and private sector leaders that provide guidance and support for RAND's Middle East research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlos Gutierrez</span> American politician (born 1953)

Carlos Miguel Gutierrez is an American former CEO and former United States Secretary of Commerce. He is currently a Co-Founder and Executive Chairman of EmPath. Gutierrez is a former Chairman of the Board and CEO of the Kellogg Company. He served as the 35th U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 2005 to 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold McGraw III</span> American businessman (born 1948)

Harold Whittlesey "Terry" McGraw III is an American businessman and is the chairman emeritus of McGraw Hill Financial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henrietta H. Fore</span> American government official

Henrietta Holsman Fore is an American public health and international development executive who served as the 7th Executive Director of UNICEF till January 2022. Fore currently serves as Chairman and CEO of Holsman International, a management, investment, and advisory services company. She served in three presidential appointments under President George W. Bush: Fore was the first woman Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance, the 11th Under Secretary of Management in the Department of State, and the 37th Director of the United States Mint in the U.S. Department of Treasury. She was the presidential appointee for President George H. W. Bush at the United States Agency for International Development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irene Hirano</span> American business executive (1948–2020)

Irene Hirano Inouye was an American business executive who was the founding President of the U.S.-Japan Council, a position she held ever since she helped create the organization in 2009 until her death. Hirano Inouye focused on building positive relations between the United States and Japan, and was also a leader in philanthropy, community engagement, and advancing social causes. She served on a number of prominent non-profit boards, and was chair of the Ford Foundation's board of trustees. She previously served as president and founding chief executive officer of the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles from 1988 to 2008, which is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Hillen</span> American business executive and diplomat

John Francis Hillen III is an American business executive and diplomat who served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs from 2005 to 2007. He served as President and CEO of Sotera Defense Solutions from 2008 to 2013. While at Sotera, he took the company public in November 2009. Hillen served as the CEO and a Member of the Board of EverWatch Corporation, which was acquired by Booz Allen Hamilton in October 2022. He currently serves as a college professor and Board Chairman and Director of several companies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbara Franklin</span> American politician

Barbara Hackman Franklin is an American government official, corporate director, and business executive. She served as the 29th U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 1992 to 1993 to President George H. W. Bush, during which she led a presidential mission to China.

Eisenhower Fellowships is a private, non-profit organization created in 1953 by a group of prominent American citizens to honor President Dwight D. Eisenhower for his contribution to humanity as a soldier, statesman, and world leader. The organization identifies, empowers and connects innovative leaders through a transformative fellowship experience and lifelong engagement in a global network of dynamic change agents committed to creating a world more peaceful, prosperous and just. The organization describes itself as an "independent, nonpartisan international leadership organization".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John J. Danilovich</span> American business executive (born 1950)

John Joseph Danilovich is an American business executive who was secretary general of the International Chamber of Commerce from 2014 – 2018. He previously held roles as a senior United States government executive, diplomat, and ambassador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William E. Ford</span> Chief Executive Officer

William E. Ford is an American businessman. He is the Chairman and CEO of General Atlantic, a global growth equity firm with $84 billion in assets under management as of November, 2021. He lives in New York City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign Affairs Policy Board</span> Advisory board concerning US foreign policy

The Foreign Affairs Policy Board is an advisory board that provides independent advice and opinion to the Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of State, and the Director of Policy Planning on matters concerning U.S. foreign policy. The Board reviews and assesses global threats and opportunities, trends that implicate core national security interests, tools and capacities of the civilian foreign affairs agencies, and priorities and strategic frameworks for U.S. foreign policy. The Board meets in a plenary session several times a year at the U.S. Department of State in the Harry S. Truman Building.

References

  1. ↑ "Carla Anderson Hills" . Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  2. ↑ "International Crisis Group – Carla A. Hills". Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  3. ↑ Hills, Carla A. (1978). Antitrust Advisor: 1984 Cumulative Supplement. Colorado Springs: Shepard's, Inc. ISBN   978-0-07-056701-6.
  4. ↑ Nemacheck, Christine L. (2008). Strategic Selection: Presidential Nomination of Supreme Court Justices from Herbert Hoover Through George W. Bush. University of Virginia Press. p. 78. ISBN   978-0-8139-2743-5.
  5. 1 2 Louis Uchitelle (June 10, 1990). "A Crowbar for Carla Hills". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  6. ↑ "Hills Program on Governance, Roderick M. & Carla A. Hills". Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  7. ↑ Hamm, Patricia H. (July 1, 1996). "Chicanos, NAFTA and U.S.-Mexico Relations: A 1988-1993 Chronology" (PDF). Center for Research on Latinos in a Global Society (University of California, Irvine): 8. Retrieved 2009-02-07.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ "News | Albright Stonebridge Group". www.albrightstonebridge.com. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  9. ↑ "Ted Turner and Carla A. Hills to Step Down from Time Warner's Board of Directors". February 24, 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  10. ↑ "Carla A. Hills Profile – Forbes.com". Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  11. ↑ "The US-China Business Council".
  12. ↑ Yale University gives ex-Beatle honorary doctorate in music [ permanent dead link ]RepublicanAmerican, 2008-05-26, retrieved 2008-05-26
  13. 1 2 "The Forum for International Policy, trustees". Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  14. ↑ "Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden". Defending Democracy Together. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  15. ↑ Greenberg, Maurice R. (2022-07-07). "We Want to Rebuild U.S. Relations With China - WSJ". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2022-07-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ↑ Pastor, Robert A.; Hills, Carla A.; Jones, James R.; Manley, John P.; Niles, Thomas M.T.; Cunningham, Nelson W.; Weld, William F.; Yzaguirre, Raul H. (May 2005). Building a North American Community (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN   0-87609-348-9 . Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  17. ↑ Board of Directors, Council on Foreign Relations, retrieved 2008-05-26
  18. ↑ "Board of Directors | NCUSCR". Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-07-04., National Committee on United States-China Relations, retrieved 2008-07-04
  19. ↑ Inter-American Dialogue BoD, dead as of 2008-05-26 Archived May 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2008-05-26
  20. ↑ Wulf, Steve (2015-03-23). "Supersisters: Original Roster". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
  21. ↑ "National Winners | public service awards | Jefferson Awards.org". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
Political offices
Preceded by United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1975–1977		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Trade Representative
1989–1993		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Secretary of State Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Cabinet Member		Succeeded byas Former US Cabinet Member
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.