James Baker

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Mary Stuart McHenry
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(m. 1953;died 1970)​
Susan Garrett
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(m. 1973)​
James Baker
James A. Baker III, U.S. Secretary of State (2380044355)(cropped) (b).jpg
Official portrait, 1989
10th and 16th White House Chief of Staff
In office
August 24, 1992 –January 20, 1993
Children5
Relatives Rosebud Baker (granddaughter)
Education Princeton University (BA)
University of Texas at Austin (LLB)
Signature James Addison Baker, III Signature.svg
Military service
AllegianceFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
Branch/serviceFlag of the United States Marine Corps.svg  United States Marine Corps
Years of service1952–1954 (active)
1954–1958 (reserve)
Rank US Marine O3 shoulderboard.svg Captain

James Addison Baker III [note 1] (born April 28, 1930) [1] is an American attorney, diplomat and statesman. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 10th White House chief of staff and 67th United States secretary of the treasury under President Ronald Reagan and the 61st U.S. secretary of state before returning as the 16th White House chief of staff under President George H. W. Bush.

Contents

Born in Houston, Baker attended the Hill School and Princeton University before serving in the United States Marine Corps. After graduating from the University of Texas School of Law, he pursued a legal career. He became a close friend of George H. W. Bush and worked for Bush's unsuccessful 1970 campaign for the United States Senate. After the campaign, he served in various positions for President Richard Nixon. In 1975, he was appointed Under Secretary of Commerce for Gerald Ford. He served until May 1976, ran Ford's 1976 presidential campaign, and unsuccessfully sought election as the Attorney General of Texas.

Baker ran Bush's unsuccessful campaign for the 1980 Republican presidential nomination, but made a favorable impression on the Republican nominee, Ronald Reagan. Reagan appointed Baker as his White House chief of staff, and Baker remained in that position until 1985, when he became the secretary of the Treasury. As treasury secretary, he arranged the Plaza Accord and the Baker Plan. He resigned as treasury secretary to manage Bush's successful 1988 campaign for president. After the election, Bush appointed Baker to the position of secretary of state. As secretary of state, he helped oversee U.S. foreign policy during the end of the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union, as well as during the Gulf War. After the Gulf War, Baker served another stint as White House chief of staff from 1992 to 1993.

Baker remained active in business and public affairs after Bush's defeat in the 1992 presidential election. He served as a United Nations envoy to Western Sahara and as a consultant to Enron. During the Florida recount following the 2000 presidential election, he managed George W. Bush's legal team in the state. He served as the co-chairman of the Iraq Study Group, which Congress formed in 2006 to study Iraq and the ongoing Iraq War. He serves on the World Justice Project and the Climate Leadership Council. Baker is the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University. [2] Since the death of Henry Kissinger in 2023, he is currently the oldest living former United States secretary of state, as well as the earliest serving.

Early life, education, and pre-political career

James Addison Baker III was born in Houston at 1216 Bissonnet St., [3] the son of James A. Baker Jr. (1892–1973) and Ethel Bonner (née Means) Baker (August 6, 1894 – April 26, 1991). His father was a partner of Houston law firm Baker Botts. Baker has a sister, Bonner Baker Moffitt. [4] His grandfather was attorney and banker Captain James A. Baker, and his great-grandfather was jurist and politician Judge James A. Baker.

Baker attended the Kinkaid School in Houston, before graduating from the Hill School, a boarding school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. He graduated cum laude with an A.B. in history from Princeton University in 1952 after completing a 188-page senior thesis, titled "Two Sides of the Conflict: Bevin vs. Bevan", under the supervision of Walter P. Hall. [5] He was a member of Phi Delta Theta. Baker was a member of the United States Marine Corps from 1952 to 1954, attaining the rank of first lieutenant as a naval gunfire officer serving in the Mediterranean Sea aboard the USS Monrovia. He remained in the Marine Corps Reserve until 1958, and rose to the rank of captain. He earned a Bachelor of Laws (1957) from the University of Texas School of Law and began to practice law in Texas. [6]

From 1957 to 1975, he practiced law at Andrews & Kurth after the anti-nepotism policy of his family firm, Baker Botts, prevented him from being offered a job there. [7] [8]

Early political career

Baker's first wife, the former Mary Stuart McHenry, was active in the Republican Party, working on the congressional campaigns of George H. W. Bush. Originally, Baker had been a Democrat but too busy trying to succeed in a competitive law firm to worry about politics, and considered himself apolitical. His wife's influence led him to politics and the Republican Party. George H.W. Bush and Baker were regular tennis partners at the Houston Country Club in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and when Bush decided to vacate his congressional seat and run for the U.S. Senate in 1970, he supported Baker's decision to run in his place. However, Baker changed his mind about running for Congress when his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer; she died in February 1970.

Bush then encouraged Baker to become active in politics to help deal with the grief of his wife's death, something that Bush himself had done when his daughter, Pauline Robinson Bush (1949–1953), died of leukemia. Baker became chairman of Bush's Senate campaign in Harris County, Texas. Though Bush lost to Lloyd Bentsen in the election, Baker continued in politics, becoming the finance chairman of the Texas Republican Party in 1971. The following year, he was selected as Gulf Coast Regional Chairman for the Richard Nixon presidential campaign. In 1973 and 1974, in the wake of the Nixon administration's implosion over Watergate, Baker returned to full-time law practice at Andrews & Kurth. [9] [10]

Baker's time away from politics was brief, however. In August 1975, he was appointed Under Secretary of Commerce by President Gerald Ford, succeeding John K. Tabor. [11] He served until May 1976, and was succeeded by Edward O. Vetter. [12] Baker resigned to serve as campaign manager of Ford's unsuccessful 1976 election campaign. In 1978, with George H. W. Bush as his campaign manager, Baker ran unsuccessfully for Attorney General of Texas, losing to future Texas governor Mark White.

Reagan administration

"The Troika" (from left to right) Chief of Staff James Baker, Counselor to the President Ed Meese, Deputy Chief of Staff Michael Deaver at the White House, December 2, 1981 James Baker, Edwin Meese, and Michael Deaver.jpg
"The Troika" (from left to right) Chief of Staff James Baker, Counselor to the President Ed Meese, Deputy Chief of Staff Michael Deaver at the White House, December 2, 1981

White House Chief of Staff (1981–1985)

In 1981, Baker was named White House Chief of Staff by President Ronald Reagan, in spite of the fact that Baker managed the presidential campaigns of Gerald Ford in 1976 and of George Bush in 1980 opposing Reagan. [13] He served in that capacity until 1985. Baker is considered to have had a high degree of influence over the first Reagan administration, particularly in domestic policy.

In 1982, conservative activists Howard Phillips (founder of the Conservative Caucus) and Clymer Wright of Houston joined in an unsuccessful effort to convince Reagan to dismiss Baker as chief of staff. They claimed that Baker, a former Democrat and a Bush political intimate, was undermining conservative initiatives in the administration. Reagan rejected the Phillips-Wright request. Around 1983 Baker became heavily dispirited and tired due to the weight of his job; he attempted to become National Security Advisor, a change to which Reagan initially agreed, but some of Reagan's other advisers dissuaded him from naming Baker to the position. According to his wife, Baker was "so anxious to get out of [his job]" that he gave some consideration to the prospect of becoming Commissioner of Baseball, but he ultimately did not pursue that. [14]

Baker managed Reagan's 1984 re-election campaign in which Reagan polled a record 525 electoral votes total (of a possible 538), and received 58.8% of the popular vote to Walter Mondale's 40.6%. [15]

Secretary of the Treasury

President Ronald Reagan announcing the nomination of James Baker to be Secretary of the Treasury and the appointment of Donald Regan as White House chief of staff on January 8, 1985. A job-swap that both Baker and Regan agreed to swap with. President Ronald Reagan making a statement to the press announcing the nomination of James Baker to be Secretary of the Treasury and the appointment of Donald Regan as Chief of Staff.jpg
President Ronald Reagan announcing the nomination of James Baker to be Secretary of the Treasury and the appointment of Donald Regan as White House chief of staff on January 8, 1985. A job-swap that both Baker and Regan agreed to swap with.

In 1985, Reagan named Baker as United States Secretary of the Treasury, in a job-swap with then-Secretary Donald Regan, a former Merrill Lynch officer who became chief of staff. Reagan rebuked Phillips and Wright for having waged a "campaign of sabotage" against Baker. [16]

In 1985, Baker received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. [17]

Secretary of the Treasury James Baker with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker at the White House Press Room during President Reagan's announcement of Allan Greenspan nomination to be the new chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank on June 2, 1987. President Ronald Reagan announcing the nomination of Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board.jpg
Secretary of the Treasury James Baker with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker at the White House Press Room during President Reagan's announcement of Allan Greenspan nomination to be the new chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank on June 2, 1987.

During the Reagan administration, Baker also served on the Economic Policy Council, where he played an instrumental role in achieving the passage of the administration's tax and budget reform package in 1981. He also played a role in the development of the American Silver Eagle and American Gold Eagle coins, which both were released in 1986.

Baker also served on Reagan's National Security Council, and remained Treasury Secretary until 1988, during which time he also served as campaign chairman for George H. W. Bush's successful presidential bid.

Bush administration

Secretary of State

Baker with President George H. W. Bush at a Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) on November 9, 1990 President George H. W. Bush with James Baker at a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.jpg
Baker with President George H. W. Bush at a Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) on November 9, 1990

President George H. W. Bush appointed Baker Secretary of State in 1989. Baker served in this role through 1992. From 1992 to 1993, he served as Bush's White House chief of staff, the same position that he had held from 1981 to 1985 during the first Reagan administration.

State Department Portrait of James Baker by Ned Bittinger James Baker III, State Department Portrait by Ned Bittinger.jpg
State Department Portrait of James Baker by Ned Bittinger

In May 1990, Soviet Union's reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited the U.S. for talks with President Bush; there, he agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO. [18] He later revealed that he had agreed to do so because James Baker promised that NATO troops would not be posted to eastern Germany and that the military alliance would not expand into Eastern Europe. [18] On February 9, 1990, Baker, as the US Secretary of State, assured Gorbachev: "If we maintain a presence in a Germany that is a part of NATO, there would be no extension of NATO’s jurisdiction for forces of NATO one inch to the east". [19] [20] But Bush ignored his assurances and later pushed for NATO's eastwards expansion. [18] In the Bush administration, Baker was a proponent of the notion that the USSR should be kept territorially intact, arguing that it would be destabilizing to have the USSR's nuclear arsenal in multiple new states. [21] Bush and US defence secretary Dick Cheney were proponents for Soviet dissolution. [21] Soviet states forced action by holding referendums on independence. [21]

When Ukraine became independent, Baker sought to ensure that Ukraine would give up its nuclear weapons. [21]

On January 9, 1991, during the Geneva Peace Conference with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Baker declared that "If there is any user of (chemical or biological weapons), our objectives won't just be the liberation of Kuwait, but the elimination of the current Iraqi regime...." [22] Baker later acknowledged that the intent of this statement was to threaten a retaliatory nuclear strike on Iraq, [23] and the Iraqis received his message. [24] Baker helped to construct the 34-nation alliance that fought alongside the United States in the Gulf War. [25]

Baker also spent considerable time negotiating one-on-one with the parties in order to organize the Madrid Conference of October 30 – November 1, 1991, in an attempt to revive the Israeli–Palestinian peace process through negotiations involving Israel and the Palestinians, as well as Arab countries, including Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. [26]

Baker was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991.

Policies on the Israeli-Arab conflict

Baker arriving in Kuwait, 1991 James Baker 1991 DA-ST-92-09582.jpg
Baker arriving in Kuwait, 1991

Before the 1988 election, he and a team of some Middle Eastern policies experts created a report detailing the Palestine-Israel interactions. His team included Dennis Ross and many others who were soon appointed to the new Bush administration.

Baker blocked the recognition of Palestine by threatening to cut funding to agencies in the United Nations. [27] As far back as 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) issued a "declaration of statehood" and changed the name of its observer delegation to the United Nations from the PLO to Palestine.

Baker warned publicly, "I will recommend to the President that the United States make no further contributions, voluntary or assessed, to any international organization which makes any changes in the PLO's status as an observer organization."

In May 1989, he gave a speech at the annual conference of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee. He called for Israel to "lay aside once and for all, the unrealistic vision of a greater Israel", cease the construction of Israeli settlements in West Bank and Gaza, forswear annexation of more territory, and to treat Palestinians "as neighbors who deserve political rights". Israeli officials and public were highly offended due to the tone of his speech, though his address called for little more than his predecessors. [28]

Secretary of State James Baker with President George H.W. Bush in the Oval Office of the White House on January 4, 1991. President George H. W. Bush meets with Secretary James Baker in the Oval Office of the White House.jpg
Secretary of State James Baker with President George H.W. Bush in the Oval Office of the White House on January 4, 1991.

Baker soon decided that Aaron David Miller and Daniel Kurtzer would be his principal aides in Middle Eastern policies. All three have been reported as leaning toward the policies of the Israeli Labor Party. [28]

Baker was notable for making little and slow efforts towards improving the state of Israeli-Palestinian relations. When Bush was elected, he only received 29% of Jewish voters' support, and his reelection was thought to be imminent, so there was little pressure on the administration to make bold moves in diplomatic relations with Israel. Israeli leaders initially thought that Baker had a poor grasp of Middle Eastern issues – a perception exacerbated by his use of the term "Greater Israel" – and viewed Israel as a "problem for the United States" according to Moshe Arens. [29] Baker proved willing to confront Israeli officials on statements they made contrary to American interests. After Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused the United States of "building its policy on a foundation of distortion and lies," Baker banned Netanyahu from entering the State Department building, and refused to meet with him personally for the remainder of his tenure as secretary. [29]

Secretary of State James Baker with U.S. president George H.W. Bush and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Robert McCormick Adams during a visit to Samuel P. Langley Theater at the National Air and Space Museum on January 15, 1992. President George Bush Visits Langley Theater.jpg
Secretary of State James Baker with U.S. president George H.W. Bush and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Robert McCormick Adams during a visit to Samuel P. Langley Theater at the National Air and Space Museum on January 15, 1992.

During his first eight months under the Bush administration, there were five meetings with the PLO, which is far less than his predecessors. All serious issues that Palestine sought to discuss, such as elections and representation in the Israeli government, were delegated to Egypt for decisions to be made. [28]

More tensions rose in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. Amidst the growing support of Saddam Hussein in Palestinian communities, due to his opposition toward Israel, and his invasion of Kuwait, and the beginning of the Gulf War, Baker decided that he would make some moves towards developing communications between Israel and Palestinians. [28]

Baker became the first American statesman to negotiate directly and officially with Palestinians in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which was the first comprehensive peace conference that involved every party involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict and the conference was designed to address all outstanding issues. [28]

After this landmark event, he did not work to further improve Arab-Israeli relations. The administration forced Israel to halt the development of the 6,000 planned housing units, but the 11,000 housing units already under construction were permitted to be completed and inhabited with no penalty. [28] In the meantime, Baker also tried to negotiate with the Syrian president Hafez al-Assad, in order to achieve a lasting peace between Israel and Syria. [30]

However, Baker has been criticized for spending much of his tenure in a state of inaction regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which arguably led to further infringements on Palestinian rights and the growing radicalism of Arabs and Israelis. [28]

White House Chief of Staff (1992–1993)

The 1992 election was complicated by the on-again-off-again candidacy of Ross Perot, who would end up taking 19% of the popular vote. [31] In August, following the Democratic Convention, with Bush trailing Clinton in the polls by 24 points, [32] Bush announced that Baker would return to the White House as chief of staff and as head of the re-election campaign. [33] However, despite having run two winning campaigns for Ronald Reagan and one for Bush, Baker was unsuccessful in the second campaign for Bush, who lost to Clinton by 370 electoral votes to 168. [34]

Post-cabinet career

1993–2000

External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Booknotes interview with Baker on The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992, December 3, 1995, C-SPAN

In 1993, Baker became the honorary chair of the James A. Baker III Institute of Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

Also in 1993, the Enron Corporation hired Baker as a consultant within a month of his departure from the White House, and Enron said that Baker would have an opportunity to invest in any projects he developed. [35] During his time at Enron, Baker tried to warn against the company's involvement with the Dabhol Power Station in India. Many of Baker's concerns proved correct, and the project became a key factor in the company's downfall. [36]

Also in 1993, Baker joined Baker Botts as a senior partner, as well as the Carlyle Group (with the title of senior counsel). [37]

In 1995, Baker published his memoirs of service as Secretary of State in a book entitled The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992 ( ISBN   0-399-14087-5).

In March 1997, Baker became the Personal Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for Western Sahara. [38] In June 2004, he resigned from this position, frustrated over the lack of progress in reaching a complete settlement acceptable to both the government of Morocco and the pro-independence Polisario Front. [39] He left behind the Baker II plan, accepted as a suitable basis of negotiations by the Polisario and unanimously endorsed by the Security Council, but rejected by Morocco. [40]

In addition to the numerous recognitions received by Baker, he was presented with the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award for public service on September 13, 2000, in Washington, D.C.

2000 presidential election and recount

In 2000, Baker served as chief legal adviser for George W. Bush during the 2000 presidential election campaign and oversaw the Florida recount. The 2008 film Recount covers the days following the controversial election. Baker was interviewed during the making of the film, and British actor Tom Wilkinson portrayed him in it.

Roles during the Bush administration and Iraq War

Baker also advised George W. Bush on Iraq. [41] When the U.S. occupation of Iraq began in 2003 he was one of the Bush administration's first choices to direct the Coalition Provisional Authority, but he was deemed too old. [42] In December 2003, President George W. Bush appointed Baker as his special envoy to ask various foreign creditor nations to forgive or restructure $100 billion in international debts owed by the Iraq government which had been incurred during the tenure of Saddam Hussein. [43]

State of Denial , a book by investigative reporter Bob Woodward, says that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card urged President Bush to replace Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Baker following the 2004 presidential election. Bush later confirmed that he made such an offer to Baker but that he declined. [44] Bush would appoint another G. H. W. Bush administration veteran, Robert Gates, instead, after the 2006 midterm elections. Baker was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008. [45]

On March 15, 2006, Congress announced the formation of the Iraq Study Group, a high-level panel of prominent former officials charged by members of Congress with taking a fresh look at America's policy on Iraq. Baker was the Republican co-chairman along with Democratic Congressman Lee H. Hamilton, to advise Congress on Iraq. [46] The Iraq Study Group examined a number of ideas, including one that would create a new power-sharing arrangement in Iraq that would give more autonomy to regional factions. [47] On October 9, 2006, the Washington Post quoted co-chairman Baker as saying "our commission believes that there are alternatives between the stated alternatives, the ones that are out there in the political debate, of 'stay the course' and 'cut and run'".

Donald Trump

Baker voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election, and said prior to the 2020 election that he would do so again. [48] During a 2016 memorial service for Nancy Reagan, he commented to former Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney that he believed there were parallels between the rise of Trump and the rise of Reagan. He later gave informal advice to Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign and suggested the appointment of Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State. [49]

Other advisory positions

Baker arriving in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015 Representative Engel, Former Secretaries Baker, Rice, Former NSC Adviser Scowcroft Disembark From U.S. Air Force Jet Upon Arrival in Riyadh.jpg
Baker arriving in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015

Baker serves on the Honorary Council of Advisers for the U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce. [50] [51]

Baker also serves as an honorary director on the board of directors at the Atlantic Council. [52]

Baker serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Baker is a leader of the Climate Leadership Council, along with Henry Paulson and George P. Shultz. [53] In 2017, this group of "Republican elder statesmen" proposed that conservatives embrace a fee and dividend form of carbon tax (in which all revenue generated by the tax is rebated to the populace in the form of lump-sum dividends), as a policy to deal with anthropogenic climate change. The group also included Martin S. Feldstein and N. Gregory Mankiw. [54]

Baker began service on the Rice University board of trustees in 1993. [55]

Personal life

Baker met his first wife, the former Mary Stuart McHenry, of Dayton, Ohio, while on spring break in Bermuda with the Princeton University rugby team. They married in 1953. Together they had four sons, including James Addison Baker IV (1954), a partner at Baker Botts [56] as well as Stuart McHenry Baker (1956), John Coalter Baker (1960), and Douglas Bland Baker (1961) of Baker Global Advisory.

Mary Stuart Baker died of breast cancer on February 18, 1970. [57]

In 1973, Baker and Susan Garrett Winston, a divorcée and a close friend of Mary Stuart, were married. [10] Winston had two sons and a daughter with her former husband. In September of 1977, she and Baker had a daughter, Mary Bonner Baker.[ citation needed ]

Raised as a Presbyterian, Baker became an Episcopalian after his marriage to Susan and attends St. Martin's Episcopal Church in Houston. In 2012, he collaborated with the Andrew Doyle, the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Texas, to negotiate a compromise on the issue of same-sex marriage within the diocese. [58]

On June 15, 2002, Virginia Graeme Baker, the seven-year-old granddaughter of Baker, daughter of Nancy and James Baker IV, drowned due to suction entrapment in a spa. [59] To promote greater safety in pools and spas, Nancy Baker gave testimony to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, [60] and James Baker helped form an advocacy group, [61] which led to the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool And Spa Safety Act (15 USC 8001). [62] Another granddaughter, Rosebud Baker, is a stand-up comedian. [63]

Awards and honors

Notes

  1. ↑ He is actually the fourth-generation successive James Addison Baker in his family, despite using the "III" generational suffix. See Judge James A. Baker, Captain James A. Baker, and James A. Baker Jr.

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The presidential transition of George H. W. Bush began when then-Vice President Bush won the United States 1988 United States presidential election, becoming the president-elect, and ended when Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</span>

The presidential transition of Ronald Reagan began when he won the 1980 United States presidential election, becoming the president-elect, and ended when Reagan was inaugurated on January 20, 1981.

References

  1. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  2. ↑ "About the Baker Institute". James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  3. ↑ City of Houston: Procedures for Historic District Designation Archived June 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . City of Houston. (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document). Retrieved: July 11, 2008.
  4. ↑ "Mother of Secretary of State Baker dies here at 96". Houston Chronicle . April 26, 1991. Retrieved: July 11, 2008.
  5. ↑ Baker, James Addison III (1952). Two Sides of the Conflict: Bevin vs. Bevan (Senior thesis). Princeton University.
  6. ↑ Emmis Communications (October 24, 1991). "The Alcalde". Emmis Communications – via Google Books.
  7. ↑ "Biography". Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy. August 30, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  8. ↑ Baker, Peter; Glasser, Susan (2020). The Man Who Ran Washington. Doubleday. ISBN   978-0-385-54055-1.
  9. ↑ Newhouse, John. "Profiles: The Tactician". The New Yorker . May 7, 1990. pp. 50–82. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  10. 1 2 "James A. Baker III Papers, 1957-2011, bulk 1972/1992". Princeton University Library. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  11. ↑ "Pittsburgh Businessman Ford Treasury Nominee" . The Leader-Times. Kittanning, PA. United Press International. July 23, 1975. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "President Ford Wednesday Nominated Edward O. Vetter of Dallas, Tex., to be undersecretary of commerce" . Santa Ana Register. Santa Ana, CA. June 24, 1976. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ James A. Baker III, Work Hard, Study... and Keep Out of Politics! (New York, 2006), 122.
  14. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "James Baker: President Maker [documentary]". YouTube. July 4, 2020.
  15. ↑ 1984 National Results U.S. Election Atlas.
  16. ↑ "Phil Gailey and Warren Weaver, Jr., "Briefing"". The New York Times . June 5, 1982. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  17. ↑ "National Winners | public service awards | Jefferson Awards.org". jeffersonawards.org. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 Taubman, William (2017). Gorbachev: His Life and Times. New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 546–552. ISBN   978-1-4711-4796-8.
  19. ↑ Memorandum of conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker in Moscow, nsarchive.gwu.edu
  20. ↑ The U.S. Should Be a Force for Peace in the World, eisenhowermedianetwork.org
  21. 1 2 3 4 "Russia, Ukraine and the doomed 30-year quest for a post-Soviet order". Financial Times . February 25, 2022. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  22. ↑ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf conflict: diplomacy and war in the new world order (New Jersey, 1993), p. 257.
  23. ↑ Plague war: Interviews: James Baker. Frontline . PBS. 1995.
  24. ↑ 2000. "Sadam's Toxic Arsenal". Planning the Unthinkable. ISBN   0801437768
  25. ↑ James Baker: The Man Who Made Washington Work Archived September 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine . PBS. 2015.
  26. ↑ Id., at pp. 430-454.
  27. ↑ Bolton, John (June 3, 2011). "How to Block the Palestine Statehood Ploy" . The Wall Street Journal.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Christison, Kathleen (Autumn 1994). "Splitting the Difference: The Palestinian-Israeli Policy of James Baker" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. 24 (1): 39–50. doi:10.2307/2537981. JSTOR   2537981.
  29. 1 2 Baker, Peter (2020). The Man Who Ran Washington: The Life and Times of James A. Baker III. Susan Glasser (First ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp. Chapter 24. ISBN   978-0-385-54055-1. OCLC   1112904067.
  30. ↑ "AFTER THE WAR: DIPLOMACY; Baker and Syrian Chief Call Time Ripe for Peace Effort". The New York Times. March 15, 1991.
  31. ↑ Baker, Peter, and Glasser, Susan, The Man Who Ran Washington Doubleday, 2020, at pp. 492, 505.
  32. ↑ Id., at p. 493,
  33. ↑ Id., at p. 494
  34. ↑ Id., at p. 505
  35. ↑ "Baker and Mosbacher Are Hired by Enron". The New York Times . Bloomberg Business News. February 23, 1993. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  36. ↑ Eichenwald, Kurt (2005). Conspiracy of fools: a true story (1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books. ISBN   0-7679-1178-4. OCLC   57192973.
  37. ↑ Vise, David A.. "Former Secretary of State Baker Joins Carlyle Group", The Washington Post, March 11, 1993.
  38. ↑ "U.N. ENVOY: Asking Baker to resolve dispute is good choice". Houston Chronicle . March 20, 1997. p. 38.(subscription required)
  39. ↑ Theofilopoulou, Anna (July 1, 2006). The United Nations and Western Sahara: A Never-ending Affair. Special Report 166. United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  40. ↑ "Baker resigns as UN mediator after seven years". IRIN. June 14, 2004. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Baker surfaces as key adviser to Bush on Iraq". Insight Magazine. September 12, 2006.
  42. ↑ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (2007). Imperial life in the emerald city: inside Iraq's green zone. Internet Archive. New York : Vintage Books. ISBN   978-0-307-27883-8.
  43. ↑ King, John. "Bush appoints Baker envoy on Iraqi debt", "CNN.com", December 3, 2003, retrieved August 11, 2009.
  44. ↑ Bush, George W. (2010). Decision Points . p. 92.
  45. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  46. ↑ Paley, Amit R. "U.S. and Iraqi Forces Clash With Sadr Militia in South". Washington Post . October 9, 2006.
  47. ↑ Sanger, David E. "G.O.P.'s Baker Hints Iraq Plan Needs Change". New York Times . October 9, 2006.
  48. ↑ Glasser, Susan B. "The Private Trump Angst of a Republican Icon". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  49. ↑ "The Private Trump Angst of a Republican Icon". The New Yorker. September 27, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  50. ↑ "Honorary Council of Advisers". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007.
  51. ↑ "USACC". www.usacc.org.
  52. ↑ "Board of Directors". Atlantic Council. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  53. ↑ John Schwartz (February 7, 2017). "'A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax". The New York Times . Retrieved April 17, 2017. The group, led by former Secretary of State James A. Baker III, with former Secretary of State George P. Shultz and Henry M. Paulson Jr., a former secretary of the Treasury, says that taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels is "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.
  54. ↑ "The Conservative Case for Carbon Dividends" (PDF). Climate Leadership Council. February 2017.
  55. ↑ "Guide to the Baker Family papers, 1853-1971 MS 040". Texas Archival Resources Online. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  56. ↑ "James A. Baker, IV," Baker Botts website.
  57. ↑ Baker and Glasser, Peter and Susan (September 29, 2020). The Man Who Ran Washington, The Life and Times of James A. Baker III. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (published 2020). ISBN   9781101912164.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  58. ↑ "James Baker's Cold Realism". Providence - A Journal of Christianity & American Foreign Policy. December 20, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  59. ↑ Dumas, Bob (October 2003). "Troubled Waters". Pool & Spa News. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. The victim in this case was Graeme Baker, the granddaughter of James Baker III, former secretary of state under President George Bush.
  60. ↑ Chow, Shern-Min. "Former Secretary of state pushes for hot tub safety standards" Archived February 18, 2020, at the Wayback Machine . Vac-Alert. June 29, 2007.
  61. ↑ Press Releases: "Former Secretary of State James Baker speaks in support of legislation intended to prevent accidental drowning" Archived August 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Safe Kids Worldwide. May 2, 2006.
  62. ↑ "Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act" Archived May 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Consumer Product Safety Commission. at Vac-Alert Archived September 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)
  63. ↑ Sadie Dingfelder: During lockdown, comics Rosebud Baker and Andy Haynes have gotten sick and engaged, plus hosted a surreal podcast. Washington Post, May 18, 2020.
  64. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  65. ↑ "Gen. Colin L. Powell Biography and Interview". Awards Council member and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA presents the Golden Plate Award to former Secretary of State James A. Baker III at the 1998 Summit in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

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Tom Cole
 Republican nominee for Texas Attorney General
1978		Succeeded by
Bill Meier
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1985–1988		Succeeded by
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