United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
(5th Cir.)
Location	John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Appeals from	Eastern District of Louisiana Middle District of Louisiana Western District of Louisiana Northern District of Mississippi Southern District of Mississippi Eastern District of Texas Northern District of Texas Southern District of Texas Western District of Texas
Established	June 16, 1891
Judges	17
Circuit Justice	Samuel Alito
Chief Judge	Jennifer Walker Elrod
www.ca5.uscourts.gov

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (in case citations, 5th Cir.) is one of the 13 United States courts of appeals. It has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts:

• Eastern District of Louisiana
• Middle District of Louisiana
• Western District of Louisiana
• Northern District of Mississippi
• Southern District of Mississippi
• Eastern District of Texas
• Northern District of Texas
• Southern District of Texas
• Western District of Texas

The Fifth Circuit has 17 active judgeships, and is headquartered at the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana, with the clerk's office located at the F. Edward Hebert Federal Building in New Orleans. ^[1]

Originally, the Fifth Circuit also included the federal district courts in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. In 1981, the district courts for those states were transferred to the newly created U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.

History of the court

The John Minor Wisdom U.S. Courthouse, home of the Fifth Circuit, New Orleans

This court was created by the Evarts Act on June 16, 1891, which moved the circuit judges and appellate jurisdiction from the Circuit Courts of the Fifth Circuit to this court. At the time of its creation, the Fifth Circuit covered Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.

On June 25, 1948, the Panama Canal Zone was added to the Fifth Circuit by 62 Stat. 870. The Fifth Circuit gained appellate jurisdiction over the United States District Court for the Canal Zone.

On October 1, 1981, under Pub. L.   96–452, the Fifth Circuit was split: Alabama, Georgia, and Florida were moved to the new Eleventh Circuit.

On March 31, 1982, the Fifth Circuit lost jurisdiction over the Panama Canal Zone, which was transferred to Panamanian control.

The Fifth Circuit Four

Starting in the late 1950s, judges Elbert Parr Tuttle (chief judge 1960–67), John Minor Wisdom, John R. Brown (chief judge 1967–79), and Richard T. Rives (chief judge 1959–60) became known as the "Fifth Circuit Four", or simply "The Four", for decisions crucial in advancing the civil rights of African Americans. In this, they were usually opposed by their fellow Fifth Circuit Judge, Benjamin F. Cameron of Mississippi, until his death in 1964. ^[2]

Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans on August 29, 2005, devastating the city and slightly damaging the John Minor Wisdom Courthouse. All deadlines concerning filings were extended. The court temporarily relocated its administrative operations to Houston, and returned to normal operations in New Orleans in March 2007.^{[ citation needed ]}

2020s

During his administration, President Donald Trump appointed six judges to the court, with many observers thereafter regarding it as the most conservative court of appeals. ^{[3] [4] [5]} The Fifth Circuit's reversal rate at the US Supreme Court from the beginning of the 2020 term through the end of the 2022 term was 74%, making it the 7th most frequently reversed circuit court; the average rate of reversals was 68%. ^{[6] [7]} Some members of the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice John Roberts, have indicated concern with how the Fifth Circuit approaches cases. ^{[8] [9] [10]} Several court observers have interpreted the court as being exceptionally conservative in its rulings. ^[11]

Current composition of the court

As of October 4,2024 ^[update] :

#	Title	Judge	Duty station	Born	Term of service			Appointed by
					Active	Chief	Senior
78	Chief Judge	Jennifer Walker Elrod	Houston, TX	1966	2007–present	2024–present	—	G.W. Bush
63	Circuit Judge	Edith Jones	Houston, TX	1949	1985–present	2006–2012	—	Reagan
64	Circuit Judge	Jerry Edwin Smith	Houston, TX	1946	1987–present	—	—	Reagan
71	Circuit Judge	Carl E. Stewart	Shreveport, LA	1950	1994–present	2012–2019	—	Clinton
77	Circuit Judge	Priscilla Richman	Austin, TX	1954	2005–present	2019–2024	—	G.W. Bush
79	Circuit Judge	Leslie H. Southwick	Jackson, MS	1950	2007–present	—	—	G.W. Bush
80	Circuit Judge	Catharina Haynes	Dallas, TX	1963	2008–present	—	—	G.W. Bush
81	Circuit Judge	James E. Graves Jr.	Jackson, MS	1953	2011–present	—	—	Obama
82	Circuit Judge	Stephen A. Higginson	New Orleans, LA	1961	2011–present	—	—	Obama
84	Circuit Judge	Don Willett	Austin, TX	1966	2018–present	—	—	Trump
85	Circuit Judge	James C. Ho	Dallas, TX	1973	2018–present	—	—	Trump
86	Circuit Judge	Kyle Duncan	Baton Rouge, LA	1972	2018–present	—	—	Trump
87	Circuit Judge	Kurt D. Engelhardt	New Orleans, LA	1960	2018–present	—	—	Trump
88	Circuit Judge	Andrew Oldham	Austin, TX	1978	2018–present	—	—	Trump
89	Circuit Judge	Cory T. Wilson	Jackson, MS	1970	2020–present	—	—	Trump
90	Circuit Judge	Dana Douglas	New Orleans, LA	1975	2022–present	—	—	Biden
91	Circuit Judge	Irma Carrillo Ramirez	Dallas, TX	1964	2023–present	—	—	Biden
51	Senior Circuit Judge	Carolyn Dineen King	Houston, TX	1938	1979–2013	1999–2006	2013–present	Carter
59	Senior Circuit Judge	E. Grady Jolly	Jackson, MS	1937	1982–2017	—	2017–present	Reagan
60	Senior Circuit Judge	Patrick Higginbotham	San Antonio, TX	1938	1982–2006	—	2006–present	Reagan
61	Senior Circuit Judge	W. Eugene Davis	New Orleans, LA	1936	1983–2016	—	2016–present	Reagan
65	Senior Circuit Judge	John M. Duhé Jr.	inactive	1933	1988–1999	—	1999–present	Reagan
66	Senior Circuit Judge	Jacques L. Wiener Jr.	New Orleans, LA	1934	1990–2010	—	2010–present	G.H.W. Bush
67	Senior Circuit Judge	Rhesa Barksdale	Jackson, MS	1944	1990–2009	—	2009–present	G.H.W. Bush
73	Senior Circuit Judge	James L. Dennis	New Orleans, LA	1936	1995–2022	—	2022–present	Clinton
74	Senior Circuit Judge	Edith Brown Clement	New Orleans, LA	1948	2001–2018	—	2018–present	G.W. Bush

List of former judges

#	Judge	State	Born–died	Active service	Chief Judge	Senior status	Appointed by	Reason for termination
1	Don Albert Pardee	LA	1837–1919	1891–1919	—	—	Garfield / Operation of law [12]	death
2	Andrew Phelps McCormick	TX	1832–1916	1892–1916	—	—	B. Harrison	death
3	David Davie Shelby	AL	1847–1914	1899–1914	—	—	McKinley	death
4	Richard Wilde Walker Jr.	AL	1857–1936	1914–1930	—	1930–1936	Wilson	death
5	Robert Lynn Batts	TX	1864–1935	1917–1919	—	—	Wilson	resignation
6	Nathan Philemon Bryan	FL	1872–1935	1920–1935	—	—	Wilson	death
7	Alexander Campbell King	GA	1856–1926	1920–1924	—	—	Wilson	resignation
8	Rufus Edward Foster	LA	1871–1942	1925–1942	—	—	Coolidge	death
9	Samuel Hale Sibley	GA	1873–1958	1931–1949	—	1949–1958	Hoover	death
10	Joseph Chappell Hutcheson Jr.	TX	1879–1973	1931–1964	1948–1959	1964–1973	Hoover	death
11	Edwin R. Holmes	MS	1878–1961	1936–1954	—	1954–1961	F. Roosevelt	death
12	Leon Clarence McCord	AL	1878–1952	1938–1951	—	1951–1952	F. Roosevelt	death
13	Curtis L. Waller	FL	1887–1950	1943–1950	—	—	F. Roosevelt	death
14	Elmo Pearce Lee	LA	1882–1949	1943–1949	—	—	F. Roosevelt	death
15	Wayne G. Borah	LA	1891–1966	1949–1956	—	1956–1966	Truman	death
16	Robert Lee Russell	GA	1900–1955	1949–1955	—	—	Truman	death
17	Louie Willard Strum	FL	1890–1954	1950–1954	—	—	Truman	death
18	Richard Rives	AL	1895–1982	1951–1966	1959–1960	1966–1981	Truman	reassignment to 11th Cir.
19	Elbert Tuttle	GA	1897–1996	1954–1968	1960–1967	1968–1981	Eisenhower	reassignment to 11th Cir.
20	Benjamin Franklin Cameron	MS	1890–1964	1955–1964	—	—	Eisenhower	death
21	Warren Leroy Jones	FL	1895–1993	1955–1966	—	1966–1981	Eisenhower	reassignment to 11th Cir.
22	John Robert Brown	TX	1909–1993	1955–1984	1967–1979	1984–1993	Eisenhower	death
23	John Minor Wisdom	LA	1905–1999	1957–1977	—	1977–1999	Eisenhower	death
24	Griffin Bell	GA	1918–2009	1961–1976 [Note 1]	—	—	Kennedy	resignation
25	Walter Pettus Gewin	AL	1908–1981	1961–1976 [Note 1]	—	1976–1981	Kennedy	death
26	Homer Thornberry	TX	1909–1995	1965–1978	—	1978–1995	L. Johnson	death
27	James P. Coleman	MS	1914–1991	1965–1981	1979–1981	1981–1984	L. Johnson	retirement
28	Robert A. Ainsworth Jr.	LA	1910–1981	1966–1981	—	—	L. Johnson	death
29	John Cooper Godbold	AL	1920–2009	1966–1981	1981	—	L. Johnson	reassignment to 11th Cir.
30	Irving Loeb Goldberg	TX	1906–1995	1966–1980	—	1980–1995	L. Johnson	death
31	David W. Dyer	FL	1910–1998	1966–1976	—	1976–1981	L. Johnson	reassignment to 11th Cir.
32	John Milton Bryan Simpson	FL	1903–1987	1966–1975	—	1975–1981	L. Johnson	reassignment to 11th Cir.
33	Claude Feemster Clayton	MS	1909–1969	1967–1969	—	—	L. Johnson	death
34	Lewis Render Morgan	GA	1913–2001	1968–1978	—	1978–1981	L. Johnson	reassignment to 11th Cir.
35	G. Harrold Carswell	FL	1919–1992	1969–1970	—	—	Nixon	resignation
36	Charles Clark	MS	1925–2011	1969–1992	1981–1992	—	Nixon	retirement
37	Joe McDonald Ingraham	TX	1903–1990	1969–1973	—	1973–1990	Nixon	death
38	Paul Hitch Roney	FL	1921–2006	1970–1981	—	—	Nixon	reassignment to 11th Cir.
39	Thomas Gibbs Gee	TX	1925–1994	1973–1991	—	—	Nixon	retirement
40	Gerald Bard Tjoflat	FL	1929–present	1975–1981	—	—	Ford	reassignment to 11th Cir.
41	James Clinkscales Hill	GA	1924–2017	1976–1981	—	—	Ford	reassignment to 11th Cir.
42	Peter T. Fay	FL	1929–2021	1976–1981	—	—	Ford	reassignment to 11th Cir.
43	Alvin Benjamin Rubin	LA	1920–1991	1977–1989	—	1989–1991	Carter	death
44	Robert Smith Vance	AL	1931–1989	1977–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
45	Phyllis A. Kravitch	GA	1920–2017	1979–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
46	Frank Minis Johnson	AL	1918–1999	1979–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
47	R. Lanier Anderson III	GA	1936–present	1979–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
48	Reynaldo Guerra Garza	TX	1915–2004	1979–1982	—	1982–2004	Carter	death
49	Joseph W. Hatchett	FL	1932–2021	1979–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
50	Albert John Henderson	GA	1920–1999	1979–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
52	Henry Anthony Politz	LA	1932–2002	1979–1999	1992–1999	1999–2002	Carter	death
53	Thomas Morrow Reavley	TX	1921–2020	1979–1990	—	1990–2020	Carter	death
54	Samuel D. Johnson Jr.	TX	1920–2002	1979–1991	—	1991–2002	Carter	death
55	Albert Tate Jr.	LA	1920–1986	1979–1986	—	—	Carter	death
56	Thomas Alonzo Clark	FL	1920–2005	1979–1981	—	—	Carter	reassignment to 11th Cir.
57	Jerre Stockton Williams	TX	1916–1993	1980–1990	—	1990–1993	Carter	death
58	William Lockhart Garwood	TX	1931–2011	1981–1997	—	1997–2011	Reagan	death
62	Robert Madden Hill	TX	1928–1987	1984–1987	—	—	Reagan	death
68	Emilio M. Garza	TX	1947–present	1991–2012	—	2012–2015	G.H.W. Bush	retirement
69	Harold R. DeMoss Jr.	TX	1930–2020	1991–2007	—	2007–2015	G.H.W. Bush	retirement
70	Fortunato Benavides	TX	1947–2023	1994–2012	—	2012–2023	Clinton	death
72	Robert Manley Parker	TX	1937–2020	1994–2002	—	—	Clinton	retirement
75	Edward C. Prado	TX	1947–present	2003–2018	—	—	G.W. Bush	retirement
76	Charles W. Pickering	MS	1937–present	2004 [Note 2]	—	—	G.W. Bush	retirement
83	Gregg Costa	TX	1972–present	2014–2022	—	—	Obama	resignation

1. Recess appointment, confirmed by the United States Senate at a later date.
2. Recess appointment, never confirmed or rejected by the United States Senate.

Chief judges

Chief Judge
Hutcheson, Jr.	1948–1959
Rives	1959–1960
Tuttle	1960–1967
Brown	1967–1979
Coleman	1979–1981
Godbold	1981
C. Clark	1981–1992
Politz	1992–1999
C. King	1999–2006
Jones	2006–2012
Stewart	2012–2019
Richman	2019–2024
Elrod	2024–present

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges.

To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge. ^[13]

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. ^[14]

Succession of seats

The court has had 29 seats for active judges. Twelve of these seats were reassigned to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit , leaving a seventeen-seat court. The seats are numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats.

Seat 1 Established on December 10, 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Fifth Circuit Reassigned on June 16, 1891 to the newly formed United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Pardee LA 1891–1919 A. King GA 1920–1924 Foster LA 1925–1942 Lee LA 1943–1949 Borah LA 1949–1956 Wisdom LA 1957–1977 Rubin LA 1977–1989 Barksdale MS 1990–2009 Graves, Jr. MS 2011–present

Seat 2 Established on June 16, 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891 McCormick TX 1892–1916 Batts TX 1917–1919 Bryan FL 1920–1935 Holmes MS 1936–1954 Cameron MS 1955–1964 Coleman MS 1965–1981 Jolly MS 1982–2017 Wilson MS 2020–present

Seat 3 Established on January 25, 1899 by 30 Stat. 803 Shelby AL 1899–1914 Walker, Jr. AL 1914–1930 Sibley GA 1931–1949 Russell GA 1949–1955 Brown TX 1955–1984 R. Hill TX 1984–1987 Wiener, Jr. LA 1990–2010 Higginson LA 2011–present

Seat 4 Established on June 10, 1930 by 46 Stat. 538 Hutcheson, Jr. TX 1931–1964 Thornberry TX 1965–1978 R. Garza TX 1979–1982 Higginbotham TX 1982–2006 Elrod TX 2007–present

Seat 5 Established on May 31, 1938 by 52 Stat. 584 McCord AL 1938–1951 Rives AL 1951–1966 Godbold AL 1966–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 6 Established on December 14, 1942 by 56 Stat. 1050 Waller FL 1943–1950 Strum FL 1950–1954 W. Jones FL 1955–1966 Dyer FL 1966–1976 Fay FL 1976–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 7 Established on February 10, 1954 by 68 Stat. 8 Tuttle GA 1954–1968 Morgan GA 1968–1978 Kravitch GA 1979–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 8 Established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 Gewin AL 1961–1976 Vance AL 1977–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 9 Established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 Bell GA 1961–1976 J. Hill GA 1976–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 10 Established as a temporary judgeship on March 18, 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 Made permanent on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Goldberg TX 1966–1980 Williams TX 1980–1990 DeMoss, Jr. TX 1991–2007 Haynes TX 2008–present

Seat 11 Established as a temporary judgeship on March 18, 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 Made permanent on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Ainsworth Jr. LA 1966–1981 Davis LA 1983–2016 Duncan LA 2018–present

Seat 12 Established as a temporary judgeship on March 18, 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 Made permanent on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Simpson FL 1966–1975 Tjoflat FL 1975–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 13 Established as a temporary judgeship on March 18, 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 Made permanent on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Clayton MS 1967–1969 C. Clark MS 1969–1992 Dennis LA 1995–2022 Douglas LA 2022–present

Seat 14 Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Carswell FL 1969–1970 Roney FL 1970–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 15 Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Ingraham TX 1969–1973 Gee TX 1973–1991 Benavides TX 1994–2012 Costa TX 2014–2022 Ramirez TX 2023–present

Seat 16 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 F. Johnson AL 1979–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 17 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Henderson GA 1979–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 18 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Anderson III GA 1979–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 19 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 C. King TX 1979–2013 Ho TX 2018–present

Seat 20 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Politz LA 1979–1999 Pickering MS 2004 Southwick MS 2007–present

Seat 21 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Hatchett FL 1979–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 22 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Reavley TX 1979–1990 E. Garza TX 1991–2012 Willett TX 2018–present

Seat 23 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Tate, Jr. LA 1979–1986 Duhé Jr. LA 1988–1999 Clement LA 2001–2018 Engelhardt LA 2018–present

Seat 24 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 S. Johnson, Jr. TX 1979–1991 Parker TX 1994–2002 Prado TX 2003–2018 Oldham TX 2018–present

Seat 25 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 T. Clark FL 1979–1981 Reassigned on October 1, 1981 to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit by 94 Stat. 1994

Seat 26 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Garwood TX 1981–1997 Richman TX 2005–present

Seat 27 Established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 E. Jones TX 1985–present

Seat 28 Established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Smith TX 1987–present

Seat 29 Established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 Stewart LA 1994–present

See also

• Courts of Louisiana
• Courts of Mississippi
• Courts of Texas
• Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts § Fifth Circuit
• List of current United States circuit judges

References

1. "Practitioner's Guide to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
2. "That Fascinating and Frenetic Fifth", Time Magazine, 1964-12-04.
3. Scarcella, Mike "Conservative 5th Circuit judge takes helm at key US appeals court" Reuters, October 4, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
4. Millhiser, Ian (December 27, 2022). "The Trumpiest court in America". Vox. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
5. Vladeck, Stephen I. (2023-11-28). "Why the Fifth Circuit Keeps Making Such Outlandish Decisions". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
6. Klibanoff, Eleanor (2024-07-02). "Again and again, U.S. Supreme Court slaps down 5th Circuit". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
7. Schonfeld, Zach (2024-07-13). "Supreme Court pushes back on 5th Circuit's conservative breeding ground". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
8. Gerstein, Josh (June 21, 2024). "Clarence Thomas was snubbed in the Supreme Court's gun ruling. So were a few other people". Politico. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
9. "Supreme Court preserves access to abortion pill". SCOTUSblog. 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
10. "Supreme Court upholds bar on guns under domestic-violence restraining orders". SCOTUSblog. 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
11. Feldman, Adam (December 11, 2023). "Supreme Court Eyeing Fifth Circuit, But Too Early to Decipher Why". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
12. Pardee was appointed as a circuit judge for the Fifth Circuit in 1881 by James A. Garfield. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
13. 28 U.S.C.   § 45
14. 62  Stat.   871, 72  Stat.   497, 96  Stat.   51

• Bass, Jack (1990). Unlikely Heroes. University of Alabama Press. ISBN   0-8173-0491-6.

External links

• United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
• Recent Fifth Circuit opinions from FindLaw
• Criminal law opinions from the Fifth Circuit
• Business litigation opinions from the Fifth Circuit