James Andrew Wynn Jr. is an American jurist. He serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and formerly served on both the North Carolina Court of Appeals and the North Carolina Supreme Court.
James Harvie Wilkinson III is an American jurist who serves as a United States circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. His name has been raised at several junctures in the past as a possible nominee to the United States Supreme Court.
Gloucester High School is an accredited public high school located four miles from Gloucester Courthouse in Gloucester County,Virginia,United States. It is operated by Gloucester County Public Schools,a Virginia public school division.
Ronald Murray Gould is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a U.S. circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit since 1999.
Roger Lee Gregory is an American lawyer who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
George Steven Agee is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and a former justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia.
Gloucester County Public Schools is a Virginia public school division serving Gloucester County,Virginia.
James Leon Dennis is an American lawyer,jurist,and former politician serving as a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit,with chambers in New Orleans,Louisiana.
Robert George Doumar was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
Henry Franklin Floyd is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
In the United States,the rights of transgender people vary considerably by jurisdiction. In recent decades,there has been an expansion of federal,state,and local laws and rulings to protect transgender Americans;however,many rights remain unprotected,and some rights are being eroded. Since 2020,there has been a national movement by conservative and right-wing politicians and organizations against transgender rights. There has been a steady increase in the number of anti-transgender bills introduced each year,especially in Republican-led states.
Wal-Mart v. Dukes,564 U.S. 338 (2011),was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a group of roughly 1.5 million women could not be certified as a valid class of plaintiffs in a class-action lawsuit for employment discrimination against Walmart. Lead plaintiff Betty Dukes,a Walmart employee,and others alleged gender discrimination in pay and promotion policies and practices in Walmart stores.
Lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,and queer (LGBTQ) people in the U.S. state of Virginia enjoy the same rights as non-LGBTQ people. LGBTQ rights in the state are a relatively recent occurrence;with most improvements in LGBT rights occurring in the 2000s and 2010s. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Virginia since October 6,2014,when the U.S. Supreme Court refused to consider an appeal in the case of Bostic v. Rainey. Effective July 1,2020,there is a state-wide law protecting LGBTQ persons from discrimination in employment,housing,public accommodations,and credit. The state's hate crime laws also now explicitly include both sexual orientation and gender identity.
A bathroom bill is the common name for legislation or a statute that denies access to public toilets by gender or transgender identity. Bathroom bills affect access to sex-segregated public facilities for an individual based on a determination of their sex as defined in some specific way,such as their sex as assigned at birth,their sex as listed on their birth certificate,or the sex that corresponds to their gender identity. A bathroom bill can either be inclusive or exclusive of transgender individuals,depending on the aforementioned definition of their sex.
Title IX of the United States Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination "on the basis of sex" in educational programs and activities that receive financial assistance from the federal government. The Obama administration interpreted Title IX to cover discrimination on the basis of assigned sex,gender identity,and transgender status. The Trump administration determined that the question of access to sex-segregated facilities should be left to the states and local school districts to decide. The validity of the executive's position is being tested in the federal courts.
G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board was a court case dealing with transgender rights in the United States. The case involved a transgender boy attending a Virginia high school,who sued the local school board after he was forced to use girls' restrooms based on his assigned gender under the school board's policy. While the Fourth Circuit ruled in favor of the student based on Obama administration policy related to Title IX protections,the election of Donald Trump changed the underlying policy. A pending hearing before the Supreme Court of the United States was vacated and the case was sent back to the Fourth Circuit.
International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump,883 F. 3d 233,was a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit,sitting en banc,upholding an injunction against enforcement of Proclamation No. 9645,titled "Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats",a presidential proclamation signed by President Donald Trump on September 24,2017. The proclamation indefinitely suspends the entry into the U.S. of some or all immigrant and non-immigrant travelers from eight countries. It is a successor to Executive Order 13769,entitled "Protection of the Nation from Terrorist Entry into the United States," which were also enjoined by the District Court of Maryland and the Fourth Circuit in a case decided in 2017 by the same name of International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump,857 F.3d 554.
The legal and regulatory history of transgender and transsexual people in the United States begins in the 1960s. Such legislation covers federal,state,municipal,and local levels,as well as military justice. It reflects broader societal attitudes which have shifted significantly over time and have impacted legislative and judicial outcomes.
Julius Ness "Jay" Richardson is an American judge and lawyer who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He was formerly an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina.
Adamsex rel. Kasper v. School Board of St. Johns County,Florida is a court case from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit addressing whether schools can separate bathrooms on the basis of biological sex,and thus refuse to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identity. The case was filed by Erica Adams Kasper on behalf of Drew Adams,a minor at the time,against the school board of St. Johns County,Florida,in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The lawsuit was filed after Adams was denied access to the boys' bathrooms at Nease High School. Kasper claimed that Adams's rights were being violated on account of discriminated on the basis of sex,which is prohibited by Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972,and a violation of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment.
