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Irvin McDowell was an American army officer. He is best known for his defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run, the first large-scale battle of the American Civil War. In 1862, he was given command of the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He fought unsuccessfully against Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's troops during the Valley Campaign of 1862 and was blamed for contributing to the defeat of United States troops at the Second Battle of Bull Run in August.
Edwin Denison Morgan was the 21st governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War. Morgan was known for his progressive views on education, prison reform, and women's suffrage. He helped to found the Republican Party in New York and was a strong supporter of the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln.
Howell Cobb was an American and later Confederate political figure. A southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives and the speaker of the House from 1849 to 1851. He also served as the 40th governor of Georgia (1851–1853) and as a secretary of the treasury under President James Buchanan (1857–1860).
Włodzimierz Bonawentura Krzyżanowski was a Polish-American engineer, politician, and brigadier general in the Union Army.
Edwin Vose Sumner was a career United States Army officer who became a Union Army general and the oldest field commander of any Army Corps on either side during the American Civil War. His nicknames "Bull" or "Bull Head" came both from his great booming voice and a legend that a musket ball once bounced off his head.
John Alexander McClernand was an American lawyer, politician, and a Union Army general in the American Civil War. He was a prominent Democratic politician in Illinois and a member of the United States House of Representatives before the war. McClernand was firmly dedicated to the principles of Jacksonian democracy and supported the Compromise of 1850.
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Lorenzo Thomas was an American officer in the United States Army who was Adjutant General of the Army at the beginning of the American Civil War. After the war, he was appointed temporary Secretary of War by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, precipitating Johnson's impeachment.
John James Peck was a United States soldier who fought in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War.
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Thomas Hart Taylor was a Confederate States Army colonel, brigade commander, provost marshal and last Confederate post commander at Mobile, Alabama, during the American Civil War. His appointment as a brigadier general was refused by the Confederate Senate after Confederate President Jefferson Davis failed to nominate Taylor, apparently following Davis's appointment of Taylor to the rank. Nonetheless, Taylor's name is frequently found on lists and in sketches of Confederate generals. He was often referred to as a general both during the Civil War and the years following it. Before the Civil War, Taylor served as a first lieutenant in the 3rd Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Mexican–American War. After that war, he was a cattle driver, farmer and lawyer. After the Civil War, he was engaged in business in Mobile, Alabama for five years, and after returning to Kentucky, was a Deputy U.S. Marshal for five years and was chief of police at Louisville, Kentucky, for eleven years.
John Dix | |
---|---|
![]() | |
24th Governor of New York | |
In office January 1, 1873 –December 31, 1874 | |
Lieutenant | John C. Robinson |
Preceded by | John T. Hoffman |
Succeeded by | Samuel J. Tilden |
United States Minister to France | |
In office December 23,1866 –May 23,1869 | |
President | Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant |
Preceded by | John Bigelow |
Succeeded by | Elihu B. Washburne |
24th United States Secretary of the Treasury | |
In office January 15,1861 –March 6,1861 | |
President | James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln |
Preceded by | Philip Thomas |
Succeeded by | Salmon P. Chase |
United States Senator from New York | |
In office January 27,1845 –March 3,1849 | |
Preceded by | Henry A. Foster |
Succeeded by | William H. Seward |
16th Secretary of State of New York | |
In office January 15,1833 –February 4,1839 | |
Governor | William L. Marcy William H. Seward |
Preceded by | Azariah C. Flagg |
Succeeded by | John Spencer |
Personal details | |
Born | Boscawen,New Hampshire,U.S. | July 24,1798
Died | April 21,1879 80) New York City,U.S. | (aged
Political party | Democratic (Before 1872) Republican (1872–1879) |
Other political affiliations | Free Soil (1848–1849) |
Spouse | Catherine Morgan |
Children | Morgan |
Signature | ![]() |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Army Union Army |
Years of service | 1813–1828 1861–1865 |
Rank | Major General |
Commands | Department of Virginia |
Battles/wars | American Civil War |
John Adams Dix (July 24,1798 –April 21,1879) was an American politician and military officer who was Secretary of the Treasury,Governor of New York and Union major general during the Civil War. He was notable for arresting the pro-Southern Maryland General Assembly,preventing that divided border state from seceding,and for arranging a system for prisoner exchange via the Dix–Hill Cartel,concluded in partnership with Confederate Major General Daniel Harvey Hill.
Dix was born in Boscawen,New Hampshire on July 24,1798,the son of Timothy Dix and Abigail Wilkins,and brother of composer Marion Dix Sullivan. [1] He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy,and joined the US Army as an ensign in May 1813,serving under his father until the latter's death a few months later. He attained the rank of captain in August 1825 and resigned from the Army in December 1828. [2]
In 1826,Dix married Catherine Morgan,the adopted daughter of Congressman John J. Morgan,who gave Dix a job overseeing his upstate New York land holdings in Cooperstown. Dix and his wife moved to Cooperstown in 1828,and he practiced law in addition to overseeing the land holdings. In 1830,he was appointed by Governor Enos T. Throop as Adjutant General of New York,and moved to Albany,New York. He was Secretary of State of New York from 1833 to 1839,and a member of the New York State Assembly (Albany Co.) in 1842.
Dix was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Wright,Jr.,and held office from 1845 to 1849. In November 1848,he was the Barnburner/Free-Soil candidate for Governor of New York,but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish. In February 1849,he ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate as the Barnburners' candidate,but the Whig majority of the State Legislature elected William H. Seward.
In 1853 Dix was president of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. He was appointed Postmaster of New York City and served from 1860 to 1861.
In addition to his military and public duties,Dix was the president of the Union Pacific from 1863 to 1868 during construction of the First transcontinental railroad. He was the figurehead for rail baron Thomas C. Durant,in both of his railroad presidencies. He was also briefly president of the Erie Railroad in 1872.
Dix was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President James Buchanan in January 1861 for the remainder of the lame duck president's term,ending on March 4. At the outbreak of the Civil War,he sent a telegram to the Treasury agents in New Orleans ordering that:"If any one attempts to haul down the American flag,shoot him on the spot." Although the telegram was intercepted by Confederates,and was never delivered to the Treasury agents,the text found its way to the press,and Dix became one of the first heroes of the North during the Civil War. The saying is found on many Civil War tokens minted during the war,although the wording is slightly modified.
At the start of the American Civil War,Dix was appointed a major general in the New York Militia. With George Opdyke and Richard Milford Blatchford,he formed the Union Defense Committee,empowered by President Abraham Lincoln to spend public money during the initial raising and equipping of the Union Army. [3] [4] He joined the Union Army as the highest ranking major general of volunteers during the war,effective May 16,1861;also appointed on that day were Nathaniel P. Banks and Benjamin Franklin Butler,but Dix's name appeared first on the promotion list,meaning that he had seniority over all major generals of volunteers. [5] In the summer of 1861,he commanded the Department of Maryland and the Department of Pennsylvania. His importance at the beginning of the Civil War was in arresting six members of the Maryland General Assembly and thereby preventing the legislature from meeting. [6] This prevented Maryland from seceding,and earned him President Lincoln's gratitude. That winter,he commanded a regional organization known as "Dix's Command" within Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Department of the Potomac. [7] Dix commanded the Department of Virginia from June 1862 until July 1863,and the Department of the East from July 1863 until April 1865.
On July 22,1862,Dix and Confederate Major General Daniel Harvey Hill concluded an agreement for the general exchange of prisoners between the Union and Confederate armies. [8] This agreement became known as the Dix-Hill Cartel. It established a scale of equivalents,where an officer would be exchanged for a fixed number of enlisted men,and also allowed for the parole of prisoners,who would undertake not to serve in a military capacity until officially exchanged. (The cartel worked well for a few months,but broke down when Confederates insisted on treating black prisoners as fugitive slaves and returning them to their previous owners.)
On October 10,1862,Lincoln's Secretary of the Navy,Gideon Welles wrote that "a scheme for permits,special favors,Treasury agents,and improper management" existed and was arranged by Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase for General John A. Dix. The motive of Chase appeared to be for political influence and not for financial gain. [9]
Dix was considered too old for field command. Some believe that his most distinguished contribution to the war was the suppression of the New York City draft riots in July 1863,although the rioting had already subsided by the time he replaced General John E. Wool. [10] He was also active in the defense of Suffolk,which was part of his department. He served as the temporary chairman of the 1866 National Union Convention.
He was United States Minister to France from 1866 to 1869.
He was Governor of New York from 1873 to 1874,elected on the Republican ticket in November 1872,but was defeated for re-election by Samuel J. Tilden in November 1874. He suffered another defeat when he ran for the Mayor of New York City in 1876.
Dix died on April 21,1879,in New York City at age 80 and was buried at the Trinity Church Cemetery in Lower Manhattan. [11]