In 1971,Republican President Richard Nixon appointed Connally as his Treasury Secretary. In this position,Connally presided over the removal of the U.S. dollar from the gold standard,an event known as the Nixon shock. Connally stepped down from the Cabinet in 1972 to lead the Democrats for Nixon organization,which campaigned for Nixon's re-election. He was a candidate to replace Vice President Spiro Agnew after the latter resigned in 1973,but Nixon chose Gerald Ford instead. He sought the Republican nomination for president in the 1980 election,but withdrew from the race after the first set of primaries. Connally did not seek public office again after 1980 and died of pulmonary fibrosis in 1993.
Early life and education
Connally was born on February 27,1917,into a large family in Floresville,the seat of Wilson County,southeast of San Antonio. He was one of seven children born to Lela (née Wright) and John Bowden Connally,a dairy and tenant farmer.[1] His six siblings included four brothers:Golfrey,Merrill,Wayne and Stanford,and sisters Carmen and Blanche.[2] Connally attended Floresville High School and was one of the few graduates who attended college. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin,where he was the student body president and a member of the Friar Society. It was at the University of Texas where he met his future wife Nellie Connally. He subsequently graduated from the University of Texas School of Law and was admitted to the bar by examination.
On his release from the navy,Connally practiced law in the Alvin Wirtz law firm,until Lyndon Baines Johnson,then a newly elected senator,persuaded him to return to Washington,D.C. to serve as a key aide. He had close ties with Johnson before his navy days and maintained them until the former president's death in 1973.
Two of Connally's principal legal clients were the Texas oiltycoonSid W. Richardson and Perry Bass,Richardson's nephew and partner,both of Fort Worth. Richardson's empire in the 1950s was estimated at $200 million to $1 billion. Under Richardson's tutelage,Connally gained experience in a variety of enterprises and received tips on real estate purchases. The work required the Connallys to relocate to Fort Worth. When Richardson died in 1959,Connally was named to the lucrative position of co-executor of the estate.[4]
Connally was also involved in a reported clandestine deal to place the Texas Democrat Robert Anderson on the 1956 Republican ticket as vice president. Although the idea fell through when Dwight Eisenhower retained Richard Nixon in the second slot,Anderson received a million dollars for his efforts and a subsequent appointment as U.S. Treasury Secretary.[4]
At Johnson's request,in 1961 President Kennedy named Connally Secretary of the Navy. Connally resigned eleven months later to run for the Texas governorship. During Connally's secretaryship,the Navy had a budget of $14 billion and more than 1.2 million workers–600,000 in uniform and 650,000 civilian–stationed at 222 bases in the United States and 53 abroad.[7]
Connally fought hard to protect the Navy's role in the national space program,having vigorously opposed assigning most space research to the Air Force. Time termed Connally's year as Navy Secretary "a first-rate appointment." Critics noted,however,that the brevity of Connally's tenure precluded any sustained or comprehensive achievements.[9]
Running for governor
Connally announced two weeks before Christmas of 1961 that he was leaving the position of Secretary of the Navy to seek the Democratic nomination for the 1962 Texas gubernatorial election. He would have to compete against the incumbent Marion Price Daniel,Sr.,who was running for a fourth consecutive two-year term. Daniel was in political trouble following the enactment of a two-cent state sales tax in 1961,which had soured many voters on his administration. Another opponent,Don Yarborough,was a liberal attorney from Houston favored by organized labor. Former state Attorney GeneralWill Wilson also entered the campaign,criticizing Johnson,who he claimed had engineered Connally's candidacy.[10]
Connally ran as a conservative Democrat. Connally waged the most active campaign of any of the Democrats,traveling more than 22,000 miles across the state. He made 43 major speeches and appeared on multiple statewide and local telecasts. Biographer Charles Ashman called Connally a "total professional" when it came to campaigning.[11] During the campaign,Connally courted crowds and travelled with aides to make for a more noticeable entrance when he arrived at events. Ashman claimed that Connally would have aides telephone airports ask to page him for an urgent message,in order to give the impression that he was much in demand.[11]
Eventually he was placed in a primary runoff election against Yarborough,which he won by a close vote.[12] Connally's Republican opponent for the governor's office was conservative Republican Jack Cox,also of Houston. Connally received 847,036 ballots (54%) to Cox's 715,025 (45.6%).[citation needed] In the campaign,Connally made an issue of Cox having switched to the Republican party the previous year;eleven years later,Connally made the same switch.[13]
Governor of Texas
Connally as governor
Connally served as governor from 1963 until 1969. In the campaigns of 1964 and 1966,Connally defeated weak Republican challenges offered by Jack Crichton,a Dallas oil industrialist,and Thomas Everton Kennerly Sr. (1903–2000),of Houston,respectively. He prevailed with margins of 73.8 percent and 72.8 percent,respectively,giving him greater influence with the nearly all-Democratic legislature.[14]
Connally was governor during a time of great expansion of higher education in Texas. He signed into law the creation of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. He appointed regents who backed the entry of women into previously all-male Texas A&M University in College Station,having been prompted to take such action by State Senator William T. "Bill" Moore of Bryan,who in 1953 had first proposed the admission of women to the institution.[15]
As governor,Connally promoted HemisFair '68,the world's fair held in San Antonio,which he suggested could net the state an additional $12 million in direct taxes. He also supported turning the fair's Texas Pavilion into a permanent museum,the Institute of Texan Cultures,describing his vision for it as "a dramatic showcase,not only to Texans,but to all the world,of the host of diverse peoples from many lands whose blood and dreams built our state."[16]
There was some talk of Connally being selected as Hubert Humphrey's running mate in 1968,but liberal Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine was chosen instead. Connally publicly endorsed Humphrey,but the relationship was not always smooth. According to then-Representative Ben Barnes,in a private meeting at the 1968 Democratic National Convention,Connally angrily accused Humphrey of being disloyal to President Johnson by trying to soft-pedal Johnson's position regarding Vietnam.[17] Ashman claims that during this time Connally was "privately helping Nixon,recruiting a number of influential Texans,members of both parties,to work for the Republican candidate."[18]
Governor Connally,seated in front of President Kennedy,minutes before the assassination
On November 22,1963,Connally was seriously wounded while riding in President Kennedy's car at Dealey Plaza in Dallas when the president was assassinated. Connally,riding in the middle jump seat of the president's limousine in front of the president,recalled hearing the first shot,which he immediately recognized as a rifle shot. He said that he immediately feared an assassination attempt and turned to his right to look back to see the president. He looked over his right shoulder but did not catch the president out of the corner of his eye,so he said he began to turn back to look to his left when he felt a forceful impact to his back. He later told the Warren Commission:"I said,'My God,they are going to kill us all.'" He looked down and saw that his chest was covered with blood and thought he had been fatally shot. Then he heard the third and final shot,which sprayed blood and brain tissue on the car's passengers.[19] Connally suffered a fracture of the fifth rib,a punctured lung,a shattered wrist,and had a bullet lodged in his leg.[20]
He underwent four hours of surgery after the shooting and recovered from his wounds.[21] In testimony before the Warren Commission Connally said that it had seemed that there were either two or three people involved,or more,in this –or that someone was shooting with an automatic rifle.[22]
Doctor Charles Gregory,who tended to his wrist wound also told the Warren Commission that it went from the upper (dorsal) surface,near the midline,about five cm above the wrist joint,to the under (volar) surface,much closer to the joint,at a distance of about one and a half cm,[23] and the 10-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–64 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by 24-year-old ex-Marine Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone. Connally refused to accept the single-bullet theory,which suggested that one shot passed through President Kennedy's neck and caused all of Connally's wounds. He insisted that all three shots struck occupants of the limousine. Publicly,he agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Oswald acted alone.[24][25] Journalist Doug Thompson claimed that in 1982 he had a private conversation with Connally,and asked him whether he was convinced that Oswald had killed Kennedy. According to Thompson,Connally replied,"Absolutely not. I do not for one second believe the conclusions of the Warren Commission". When Thompson asked him why he did not talk about this,he replied:"I will never speak out publicly about what I believe."[26]
Secretary of the Treasury
Connally's official Treasury Department portrait
In 1971,Republican President Nixon appointed the then Democrat Connally as Treasury Secretary. Before agreeing to take the appointment,however,Connally told Nixon that the president must find a position in the administration for George H. W. Bush,the Republican who had been defeated in November 1970 in a hard-fought U.S. Senate race against Democrat Lloyd M. Bentsen. Connally told Nixon that his taking the Treasury post would embarrass Bush,who had "labored in the vineyards" for Nixon's election as president,while Connally had supported Humphrey.[17] Nixon named Bush as ambassador to the United Nations in order to secure Connally's services at Treasury. Ben Barnes,then the lieutenant governor and originally a Connally ally,claims in his autobiography that Connally's insistence saved Bush's political career,leading to Bush's eventual presidency and indirectly to the presidency of his son,George W. Bush.[17]
Shortly after taking the Treasury post,Connally famously told a group of European finance ministers worried about the export of American inflation that the dollar "is our currency,but your problem."[27]
Connally's signature,as used on American currency
Secretary Connally defended a $50 billion increase in the debt ceiling and a $35 to $40 billion budget deficit as an essential "fiscal stimulus" at a time when five million Americans were unemployed.[28] He unveiled Nixon's program of raising the price of gold and formally devaluing the dollar—finally leaving the old gold standard entirely,a process begun in 1934 by Franklin D. Roosevelt.[29] Prices continued to increase during 1971,and Nixon allowed wage and price guidelines,which Congress had authorized on a stand-by basis,to be implemented.[30] Connally later shied away from his role in recommending the failed wage and price controls,and announced guaranteed loans for the ailing Lockheed aircraft company.[31] He also fought a lonely battle against growing balance-of-payment problems with the nation's trading partners,and undertook important foreign diplomatic trips for Nixon through his role as Treasury Secretary.[32]
Historian Bruce Schulman wrote that Nixon was "awed" by the handsome,urbane Texan who was also a tough political fighter. Schulman added that Henry Kissinger,Nixon's National Security Advisor,noted that Connally was the only cabinet member whom Nixon did not disparage behind his back,and that this was high praise indeed.[33]
Connally stepped down as Treasury Secretary in 1972 to head "Democrats for Nixon",a Republican-funded campaign to promote Democratic support for Nixon in the 1972 presidential election. Connally's former mentor,Lyndon B. Johnson,stood behind Democratic presidential nominee George S. McGovern of South Dakota,although McGovern had long opposed Johnson's foreign and defense policies.[34] It was the first time that Connally and Johnson were publicly on opposite sides of a general election campaign,although Connally had privately supported the Republican candidate Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956.[35]
In the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Texas,Connally endorsed Democrat Harold Barefoot Sanders,later a federal judge from Dallas,rather than the Republican incumbent John G. Tower,also of Dallas. Connally had considered running against Tower in 1966,but chose instead to run for a third term as governor.
In January 1973,Johnson died of heart disease. He and Connally had been friends since 1938. Connally eulogized Johnson during interment services at the LBJ Ranch in Gillespie County,along with the Rev. Billy Graham,who officiated at the service.[36]
In May 1973,Connally joined the Republican party. When Vice PresidentSpiro Agnew resigned five months later because of scandal,Connally was among Nixon's potential choices to fill the vacancy. However,Nixon instead tapped House Minority Leader Gerald Ford,because he believed Democrats in Congress were less likely to block Ford's appointment.[37] Prominent Texas Democrat Bob Bullock,who had supported George McGovern in 1972,disapproved strongly and publicly of Connally's switch,stating that "...I got some ideas on Mr. Connally. He ain't never done nothin' but get shot in Dallas."[38]
Indictment,trial and acquittal
In July 1974,Connally was indicted for allegedly pocketing $10,000 for influencing a milk price decision by Texas lawyer Jake Jacobsen.[39] At his April 1975 trial,Connally's defense called as character witnesses former First Ladies Jacqueline Kennedy and Lady Bird Johnson,as well as Texas state senator Barbara Jordan (the first female,black state senator in Texas history),Dean Rusk,Robert McNamara and Billy Graham.[40] According to a November 1979 profile by Paul Burka in Texas Monthly magazine,"The case turned first on whether Connally would simultaneously be tried for perjury—some embarrassing inconsistencies had crept into his pretrial testimony—but his lawyer was able to prevent it,and then the issue came down to whether John Connally or Jake Jacobsen was telling the truth." On the strength of the defense's prominent character witnesses,Connally was acquitted.[41][42]
Connally announced in January 1979 that he would seek the Republican nomination for President in 1980. He was considered a great orator and strong leader and was featured on the cover of Time with the heading "Hot on the Trail",but his wheeler-dealer image remained a liability.[citation needed] Connally drew the backing of Republican state representative Fred Agnich of Dallas.[43] Connally raised more money than any other candidate,but he was never able to overtake the popular conservative front-runner,Ronald Reagan of California.[citation needed] Connally spent his money nationally,while rival candidate George H. W. Bush,also from Houston,targeted his time and money in early states and won the Iowa caucus.[citation needed]
Following his loss in Iowa,Connally focused on South Carolina,an early primary state in which he had the support of U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond.[44][45] He lost there to Reagan 55 to 30 percent and withdrew from the contest. Despite spending $11 million during the campaign,Connally secured the support of only a single delegate,Ada Mills of Clarksville,Arkansas,who became nationally known for a brief time as the "$11 million delegate".[46]
After withdrawing,Connally endorsed Reagan and appeared with the former governor at the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport,fundraisers and other campaign events. During a press conference,Connally was asked if he thought Reagan was the best man to be president. Connally joked,"I think he's the second best man I can think of."[45]
Later years
In 1981,Connally was alleged to be aware of Operation Red Dog,a plot by white supremacists to overthrow the government of Dominica,by Michael Perdue. Connally,along with Ron Paul,was found to have no connection to the plot and was not subpoenaed as part of the trial.[47]
In 1986,Connally filed for bankruptcy as a result of a string of business losses in Houston.[48] In December 1990,Connally and Oscar Wyatt,chairman of the Coastal Oil Corporation,met with President Saddam Hussein of Iraq. Hussein had been holding foreigners as hostages (or "guests" as Hussein called them) at strategic military sites in Iraq. After the meeting,Hussein agreed to release the hostages.
In one of his last political acts,Connally endorsed Republican congressman Jack Fields of Houston in the special election called in May 1993 to fill the vacancy left by U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Houston.[citation needed]
When Connally died,forensic pathologist Dr. Cyril Wecht and the Assassination Archives and Research Center petitioned Attorney GeneralJanet Reno to recover the remaining bullet fragments from Connally's body,contending that the fragments would disprove the Warren Commission's single-bullet,single-gunman conclusion. The Justice Department replied that it "...would have no legal authority to recover the fragments unless Connally's family gave it permission." Connally's family refused permission.[50][51][52]
His funeral was held on June 17,1993 at the First United Methodist Church of Austin where he and his wife,Nellie Connally,had been members since 1963. Former President Nixon was in attendance.[53] Connally's wife Nellie died in 2006;they are interred together at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.[citation needed]
In January 1964,Connally donated the suit he wore on November 22,1963,to the Texas State Library and Archives Commission (TSLAC). The suit was displayed to the public until March 1964. In 2000,TSLAC loaned the suit to the National Archives and Records Administration for examination purposes.[54] From October 2013 to February 2014,the suit was featured as part of an exhibit at the TSLAC to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination.[55]
Quotes
"In the early sixties,we were strong,we were virulent."
"When you're out of office,you can be a statesman."
"In politics,something is always wrong:the year,the opponent,the issues. Think of how few people actually run for President ... For most,it is like a romance that is never in sync;one of the parties is always free when the other is married."
"Neither monumental buildings,nor winning football teams,nor spacious dormitories,nor expansive campuses,nor anxious administrators,nor ambitious plans ever taught a college student. Faculties teach. Books on the shelves and elaborate research projects concerned with esoteric subjects enrich the student mind only indirectly. Teachers teach." [56][57]
The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. In a closely contested election, Democratic United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated the incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican Party nominee. This was the first election in which fifty states participated, and the last in which the District of Columbia did not, marking the first participation of Alaska and Hawaii. This made it the only presidential election where the threshold for victory was 269 electoral votes. It was also the first election in which an incumbent president was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment. This is the most recent election in which three of the four major party nominees for President and Vice-President were eventually elected President of the United States. Kennedy won the election, but was murdered in 1963 and succeeded by Johnson, who won re-election in 1964. Then, Nixon won the 1968 election to succeed Johnson who decided not to run for re-election that year. Of the four candidates, only Vice Presidential nominee Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. failed to succeed to the presidency. The election saw the first time that a candidate won the presidency while carrying fewer states than the other candidate, something that would not occur again until 1976.
The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former vice president Richard Nixon, defeated the Democratic nominee, incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey, and the American Independent Party nominee, former Alabama governor George Wallace.
The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson through Executive Order 11130 on November 29, 1963, to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963. The U.S. Congress passed Senate Joint Resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, mandating the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial and have been both challenged and supported by later studies.
Thomas Hale Boggs Sr. was an American Democratic politician and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Orleans, Louisiana. He was the House majority leader and a member of the Warren Commission.
John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife, Nellie, when he was fatally shot from the nearby Texas School Book Depository by Lee Harvey Oswald, a former US Marine. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where Kennedy was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally recovered.
Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. was an American politician who was a four-term United States Senator (1971–1993) from Texas and the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket. He also served as the 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton.
The single-bullet theory, often derided and discredited by referring to it as the magic-bullet theory, was introduced by the Warren Commission in its investigation of the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy to explain what happened to the bullet that struck Kennedy in the back and exited through his throat. Given the lack of damage to the presidential limousine consistent with it having been struck by a high-velocity bullet, and the fact that Texas Governor John Connally was wounded and was seated on a jumper seat 1+1⁄2 feet in front of and slightly to the left of the president, the Commission concluded they were likely struck by the same bullet.
Ralph Webster Yarborough was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Texas Democratic politician who served in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1971 and was a leader of the progressive wing of his party. Along with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn, but unlike most Southern congressmen, Yarborough refused to support the 1956 Southern Manifesto, which called for resistance to the racial integration of schools and other public places. Yarborough voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court. Yarborough was the only senator from a state that was part of the Confederacy to vote for all five bills.
Winton Malcolm Blount Jr., known as Red Blount, was an American philanthropist and politician who served as the United States Postmaster General from January 22, 1969, to January 1, 1972. He founded and served as the chief executive officer of the large construction company, Blount International, based in Montgomery, Alabama.
Robert Schwarz Strauss was an influential figure in American politics, diplomacy, and law whose service dated back to future President Lyndon Johnson's first congressional campaign in 1937. By the 1950s, he was associated in Texas politics with the faction of the Democratic Party that was led by Johnson and John Connally. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U.S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East. He later served as the Ambassador to Russia under President George H.W. Bush. Strauss also served as the last United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union.
This article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States.
The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California, on July 11–15, 1960. It nominated Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts for president and Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas for vice president.
The 1962 California gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1962. The Democratic incumbent, Pat Brown, ran for re-election against former U.S. vice president and 1960 Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon. In his concession speech, Nixon accused the media of favoring his opponent Brown, stating that it was his "last press conference" and "You won't have Nixon to kick around any more." Six years later, Nixon was elected President of the United States.
Idanell Brill Connally was the First Lady of Texas from 1963 to 1969. She was the wife of John Connally, who served as Governor of Texas and later as Secretary of the Treasury.
John Luke Hill Jr. was an American lawyer, Democratic politician, and judge. He is the only person to have served as Secretary of State of Texas, Texas Attorney General, and Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court.
Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election. The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas, John Connally. Connally, who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury, announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent.
The 1968 presidential campaign of Hubert Humphrey began when Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota decided to seek the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States following President Lyndon B. Johnson's announcement ending his own bid for the nomination. Johnson withdrew after an unexpectedly strong challenge from anti-Vietnam War presidential candidate, Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, in the early Democratic primaries. McCarthy, along with Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, became Humphrey's main opponents for the nomination. Their "new politics" contrasted with Humphrey's "old politics" as the increasingly unpopular Vietnam War intensified.
Clymer Lewis Wright Jr. was a Texas conservative political activist and journalist. He brought term limits to Houston municipal government and encouraged Ronald Reagan to run for president.
The 1972 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 7, 1972, as part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon overwhelmingly won the state of Texas with 66.20% of the vote, to the Democratic Party candidate George McGovern’s 33.24%, thus giving him the state’s 26 electoral votes. This result made Texas 9.8% more Republican than the nation-at-large. This was the first time a Republican won the state of Texas since Texas-born Dwight D. Eisenhower won it in 1956.
The 1964 presidential election in Arkansas was held on November 3, 1964 as part of the 1964 United States presidential election. State voters chose six electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson won the state of Arkansas with 56.06% of the popular vote, which was a substantial increase upon John F. Kennedy's 50.19% from the preceding election, although the Republican vote remained virtually unchanged at 43.41%. Johnson won all but ten of Arkansas' seventy-five counties, and all four congressional districts. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Arkansas voted for a different candidate than neighboring Louisiana. Furthermore, with Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina voting for Goldwater, Arkansas became the last Southern state to have never voted for a Republican candidate since Reconstruction.
↑ Russel Kent, "The Wounding of Governor Connally --- Burying the Single Bullet Theory," The Education Forum, December 17, 2005. retrieved February 25, 2021 at about 3:47 AM EST.
↑ | AUG. 10, 1974 | Connally Pleads Not Guilty to Bribery, Perjury and Conspiracy in the Milk Case | ANTHONY RIPLEY |
↑ | JUNE 1975 | Not Guilty | The jury in John Connally's trial had been the only silent players on the courtroom stage. Now, while everyone else waited, they talked |
↑ Ron Calhoun, "Agnich to head area Connally group," Dallas Times-Herald, October 9, 1979
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