United States Institute of Peace

Last updated
United States Institute of Peace
AbbreviationUSIP
Formation1984
Headquarters United States Institute of Peace Headquarters
2301 Constitution Avenue NW
Location
President
 George Moose (acting)
Chair of the Board of Directors
 George Moose
Budget
$55 million (2023) [1]
Website www.usip.org OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

The United States Institute of Peace (USIP) is an American federal institution tasked with promoting conflict resolution and prevention worldwide. It provides research, analysis, and training to individuals in diplomacy, mediation, and other peace-building measures.

Contents

Following years of proposals for a national peace academy, USIP was established in 1984 by congressional legislation signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. It is officially nonpartisan and independent, receiving funding only through a congressional appropriation to prevent outside influence. The institute is governed by a bipartisan board of directors with 15 members, which must include the secretary of defense, the secretary of state, and the president of the National Defense University. The remaining 12 members are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

The institute's headquarters is in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. at the northwest corner of the National Mall near the Lincoln Memorial and Vietnam Veterans Memorial. It currently employs around 300 personnel and has trained more than 65,000 professionals since its inception.[ citation needed ]

Mission

The United States Institute of Peace Act, passed in 1984, calls for the institute to "serve the people and the government through the widest possible range of education and training, basic and applied research opportunities, and peace information services on the means to promote international peace and the resolution of conflicts among the nations and peoples of the world without recourse to violence." [2]

The institute carries out this mission by operating programs in conflict zones, conducting research and analysis, operating a training academy [3] and public education center, [4] providing grants for research and fieldwork, convening conferences and workshops, [5] and building the academic and policy fields of international conflict management and peacebuilding. [6] On many of its projects, the institute works in partnership with non-governmental organizations, higher and secondary educational institutions, international organizations, local organizations, and U.S. government agencies, including the State Department and the Department of Defense. [7]

History

Nancy Lindborg, former president of USIP Nancy Lindborg, president, United States Institute of Peace.jpg
Nancy Lindborg, former president of USIP

President Ronald Reagan signed the United States Institute of Peace Act in 1984. [2]

Spurred by a grassroots movement in the 1970s and 1980s,[ citation needed ] Senator Jennings Randolph joined senators Mark Hatfield and Spark Matsunaga and Representative Dan Glickman in an effort to form a national peace academy akin to the national military academies. [8] The 1984 act creating USIP followed from a 1981 recommendation of a commission formed to examine the peace academy issue appointed by President Jimmy Carter and chaired by Matsunaga.

Robert F. Turner was the institute's first president and CEO, holding that position from 1986 to 1987. He was followed by Ambassador Samuel W. Lewis (1987–1992), Ambassador Richard H. Solomon (1992–2012), and former congressman Jim Marshall (2012–2013). Kristin Lord served as acting president (2013–2014). Nancy Lindborg was sworn in as president on February 2, 2015 and served until 2020. Lise Grande was named the new president in October, 2020. [9] In its early years, the institute sought to strengthen international conflict management and peacebuilding. In a 2011 letter of support for USIP, the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs stated that this analytical work has "helped to build the conflict management and resolution field, both as an area of study and as an applied science". [6]

Under Solomon's leadership, the institute expanded its operations in conflict zones and its training programs, initially in the Balkans and, after September 11, 2001, in Afghanistan and Iraq. [10] It also became the home of several congressionally mandated blue-ribbon commissions, including the Iraq Study Group, the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, and the Quadrennial Defense Review Independent Panel. Today, the institute conducts active programs in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Sudan, South Sudan, and elsewhere. [5]

In 1996, Congress authorized the Navy to transfer jurisdiction of the federal land—a portion of its Potomac Annex facility on what has been known as Navy Hill—to become the site of the permanent USIP headquarters, across the street from the National Mall at 23rd Street and Constitution Avenue NW, in Washington, D.C. [11] Prior to its construction, the institute leased office space in downtown Washington. Construction of the headquarters building concluded in 2011.

Budget

A USIP event U4u at USIP.jpg
A USIP event

USIP is funded annually by the U.S. Congress. For fiscal year 2023 Congress provided $55 million. [12] Occasionally, USIP receives funds transferred from government agencies, such as the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of Defense. By law, USIP is prohibited from receiving private gifts and contributions for its program activities. The restriction on private fundraising was lifted for the public-private partnership to construct the USIP headquarters.

Budget debate

An op-ed in the Wall Street Journal on February 16, 2011, by Republican congressman Jason Chaffetz of Utah and former Democratic congressman Anthony Weiner of New York, attacked funding for USIP as part of the broader debate about federal spending. "The USIP is a case study in how government waste thrives," they wrote. "The idea began during the Cold War as a modest proposal with $4 million in seed money. But the organization received government funding year after year essentially because it had been funded the year before—and because it had important allies." [13]

Former U.S. Central Command commander Anthony Zinni wrote an op-ed, published in the New York Times on March 7, 2011, in support of USIP. "Congress would be hard-pressed to find an agency that does more with less. The institute's entire budget would not pay for the Afghan war for three hours, is less than the cost of a fighter plane, and wouldn't sustain even forty American troops in Afghanistan for a year. Within the budget, peace-building is financed as part of national security programs and is recognized as an important adjunct to conventional defense spending and diplomacy. The institute's share of the proposed international affairs budget, $43 million, is minuscule: less than one-tenth of one percent of the State Department's budget, and one-hundredth of one percent of the Pentagon's." [14]

On February 17, 2011, the House of Representatives for the 112th U.S. Congress voted to eliminate all funding for the U.S. Institute of Peace in FY 2011 continuing resolution. [15] [16] Funding for the institute was eventually restored by both the House and Senate on April 14, 2011, through the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act of 2011. [17]

Organization and leadership

The institute's staff of more than 300 [18] is split among its Washington headquarters, field offices, and temporary missions to conflict zones. The institute is active in some 17 countries, [19] and in 2012 maintained field offices in Kabul, Afghanistan, and Baghdad, Iraq, as well as a presence in Islamabad, Pakistan.[ citation needed ] [20]

Organization

USIP building USIP building.jpg
USIP building

USIP coordinates its work through seven main centers:

Leadership

Board of directors

The board of directors is composed of 15 members, 12 of which are appointed by the president of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate. These have appropriate practical or academic experience in peace and conflict resolution efforts of the United States, and may not be officers and employees of the U.S. government. Members are appointed to terms of four years, but they may continue to serve on the board until a successor is confirmed. A member may not be appointed for more than two terms on the board. [21]

In addition to the twelve appointed members, the U.S. Secretary of State and the U.S. Secretary of Defense, or their designees from among their departments' Senate-confirmed officers, as well as the president of the National Defense University or, if designated, the vice president of the NDU, serve as ex officio members of the board. [21]

No more than eight of all members may be affiliated with the same political party. [21]

The board elects a chairperson and a vice chairperson from among its membership. A majority of the members of the board constitutes a quorum. [21]

The board appoints the president of the Institute, for an explicit term of years, who serves as a nonvoting ex officio member of the board. [22]

Current board members

The current board members as of October 28, 2024: [23]

PositionNamePartyAssumed officeTerm expiration
Chair Judy Ansley RepublicanMay 26, 2011September 19, 2015
Vice chair Nancy Zirkin DemocraticJune 4, 2008January 19, 2011
Member Johnathan Burks RepublicanAugust 4, 2022August 4, 2026
Member Joseph L. Falk DemocraticFebruary 2, 2023February 2, 2027
Member Edward M. Gabriel DemocraticAugust 4, 2022August 4, 2026
Member Kerry Kennedy DemocraticJune 4, 2008January 19, 2011
Member Michael Singh RepublicanAugust 4, 2022August 4, 2026
Member John J. Sullivan RepublicanMay 2, 2024May 2, 2028
Member Mary Swig DemocraticAugust 4, 2022August 4, 2026
Member Kathryn Wheelbarger RepublicanAugust 4, 2022August 4, 2026
Member Roger Zakheim RepublicanJanuary 30, 2023January 30, 2027
MemberVacant
Member
(ex officio)		 Uzra Zeya DemocraticJuly 14, 2021—
Member
(ex officio)		 Lloyd Austin DemocraticJanuary 22, 2021—
Member
(ex officio)		 Peter Garvin IndependentOctober 11, 2021—

Projects

PeaceTech Lab

The PeaceTech Lab is a 501(c)(3) spun out of the United States Institute of Peace in 2014. It created the lab as a separate entity to further advance its core mission to prevent, mitigate, and reduce violent conflict around the world. The lab continues USIP's work developing technology and media tools for peacebuilding. In real terms, the lab brings together engineers, technologists, and data scientists from industry and academia, along with experts in peacebuilding from USIP, other government agencies, NGOs, and the conflict zones. These experts collaborate to design, develop, and deploy new and existing technology tools for conflict management and peacebuilding. [24]

PeaceTech Lab CEO and founder Sheldon Himelfarb has proposed that an Intergovernmental Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE) be established along the lines of the IPCC to report on, among other things, how best to address the fake news crisis. [25]

Convened tribes in Iraq

In Iraq in 2007, USIP helped broker the initial peace agreement that is seen as the turning point in the war there. USIP experts were asked to assist the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division in the reconciliation effort in Mahmoudiya, located in what was known as "the Triangle of Death" in Iraq's western Al Anbar Governorate. USIP was seen[ by whom? ] as a neutral player that was able to convene Sunni tribal leaders, Iraq's Shiite government leaders, and senior members of the U.S. military. Soon after the meeting, attacks and casualties declined significantly. The agreement led to a reduction of the U.S. military presence there from a brigade-level unit of about 3,500 soldiers to a battalion-level unit of about 650. General David Petraeus, the senior commander in Iraq, noted that the turnabout was "striking". Petraeus also said that USIP "is a great asset in developing stronger unity of effort between civilian and military elements of government". [26]

Iraq Study Group

The U.S. government used USIP to help convene the bipartisan Iraq Study Group in 2006 that studied the conflict in Iraq and recommended ways forward. USIP facilitated the group's trip to Iraq and hosted several meetings of the group. According to USIP, the group's political neutrality made it an appropriate entity to host the group's sensitive deliberations. The effort was undertaken at the urging of several members of Congress with agreement of the White House. A final report was released to Congress, the White House, and the public on December 6, 2006. [27]

Genocide Prevention Task Force

In Fall 2008, U.S. Institute of Peace, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the American Academy of Diplomacy jointly convened the Genocide Prevention Task Force to "spotlight genocide prevention as a national priority and to develop practical policy recommendations to enhance the capacity of the U.S. government to respond to emerging threats of genocide and mass atrocities". [28]

The 14-member task force, [29] co-chaired by former secretary of state Madeleine Albright and former defense secretary William Cohen, outlined "a national blueprint to prevent genocide and mass atrocities". [30] In December 2008, the task force released its report "Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers" [31] detailing its recommendations and guidelines. The Economist praised it as a "report steeped in good sense". [32]

On August 4, 2011, U.S. president Barack Obama announced a proclamation suspending U.S. entry to individuals active in "serious human rights and humanitarian law violations" [33] and called for the creation of an Atrocities Prevention Board to review, coordinate and develop an atrocity prevention and response policy, and incorporate recommendations provided by the Genocide Prevention Task Force. [34]

Preventing electoral violence in Sudan

Ahead of Sudan's April 2010 national elections (the first since 1986) and January 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum, USIP staff traveled to some of the more unstable regions to help prepare people for the elections. Amid heightened tensions, USIP experts focused on improving cultural awareness, citizenship skills, and training Sudanese on electoral violence triggers—all critical steps to ensure that the polls did not turn violent. The elections and referendum were held with relatively no bloodshed and were widely deemed a success. Building upon USIP's successful electoral violence prevention training, USIP is implementing a series of violence prevention workshops throughout the country post-election and post-referendum.

Publication of The Iran Primer

The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy "offers a comprehensive but concise overview of Iran's politics, economy, military, foreign policy, and nuclear program". It convenes 50 experts to discuss Iran's evolving relationship with the West and "chronicles U.S.-Iran relations under six American presidents and probes five options for dealing with Iran". The Iran Primer is edited by USIP staff member Robin Wright. [35]

Additional work

The institute has also served U.S. government officials and policymakers.

Headquarters

United States Institute of Peace headquarters in Washington, D.C. USIP headquarters.jpg
United States Institute of Peace headquarters in Washington, D.C.

In March 2011, USIP moved into its permanent headquarters facility at the northwest corner of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Designed by Moshe Safdie Architects and Buro Happold, the LEED-certified building aims to serve as a symbol of America's commitment to peacebuilding. The building houses offices and staff support facilities, a library, a conference center, auditorium, classrooms, and a public education center. [37] Officials broke ground for the new headquarters in June 2008 at a ceremony that included President George W. Bush, Senate majority leader Harry Reid, and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. [38]

Publications

USIP publishes a variety of topical newsletters, briefs, reports, guides, studies, testimony, and books related to peacebuilding and conflict management topics. It also maintains digital collections of peace agreements, oral histories, and information about truth commissions. The USIP headquarters is home to a public library that houses a collection of items related to peacebuilding, conflict management, and diplomacy. Its materials can be used on-site or requested through interlibrary loan. [39]

In an interview with the politically progressive [40] [41] news website Truthout, Noam Chomsky described USIP's decision to release the Trump administration's 2018 National Defense Strategy on its website as a case where "lacking a sense of irony, the bureaucracy is quite happy to caricature Orwell." [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

A peace process is the set of sociopolitical negotiations, agreements and actions that aim to solve a specific armed conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq Study Group</span>

The Iraq Study Group (ISG), also known as the Baker-Hamilton Commission, was a ten-person bipartisan panel appointed on March 15, 2006, by the United States Congress, that was charged with assessing the situation in Iraq and the US-led Iraq War and making policy recommendations. The panel was led by former Secretary of State James Baker and former Democratic congressman from Indiana Lee H. Hamilton and was first proposed by Virginia Republican Representative Frank Wolf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peacebuilding</span> Nonviolent intervention to prevent conflict

Peacebuilding is an activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict. It revolves around developing constructive personal, group, and political relationships across ethnic, religious, class, national, and racial boundaries. The process includes violence prevention; conflict management, resolution, or transformation; and post-conflict reconciliation or trauma healing before, during, and after any given case of violence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fund for Peace</span>

The Fund for Peace is an American non-profit, non-governmental research and educational institution. Founded in 1957, FFP "works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rick Barton (diplomat)</span> American diplomat, educator, and author

Frederick "Rick" Barton is a United States diplomat, educator, and author. He served as the founding Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations at the U.S. Department of State until September 2014. Currently a lecturer at Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs, he is also the co-director of the university's Scholars in the Nation's Service Initiative (SINSI) with his wife, Kit Lunney.

Matthew Levinger is an American historian. He is Research Professor of International Affairs and Director of the National Security Studies Program at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs.

Ted Robert Gurr was an American author and professor of political science who most notably wrote about political conflict and instability. His widely translated book Why Men Rebel (1970) emphasized the importance of social psychological factors and ideology as root sources of political violence. He was Distinguished University Professor emeritus at the University of Maryland and consulted on projects he established there. He died in November 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Institute of Peace Headquarters</span>

The United States Institute of Peace Headquarters houses staff offices and other facilities for the government-funded think tank focused on peacemaking and conflict avoidance. The building is the first permanent home for the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), established in 1984. The headquarters is sited on a prominent location near the National Mall and Potomac River in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The environmentally friendly building, noted for its unique roof, was designed by architect Moshe Safdie and completed in 2011. Critics' reviews of the building's design have been mixed.

Hrach Gregorian is an American political consultant, educator, and writer. His work in both the private and public sectors has been mainly focused in the field of international conflict management and post-conflict peacebuilding. Gregorian holds academic appointments in universities in the United States and Canada, and writes extensively on such subjects as terrorism, conflict management, peacebuilding, national security, and conflict hot spots throughout the world. His work as a consultant, conflict management specialist, and trainer has taken him to Angola, Argentina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cambodia, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Ethiopia, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Singapore, Thailand, and Ukraine. Gregorian regularly provides professional skills training, seminars, and workshops for United Nations agency and mission staff, United States and Latin American military personnel, senior civilian officials, and academic and corporate leaders in the U.S. and throughout the world.

Mohammed Abu-Nimer is an American expert on conflict resolution and dialogue for peace. He is a full professor at the American University School of International Service in International Peace and Conflict Resolution in Washington, DC, the largest school of international relations in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurie S. Fulton</span> American diplomat (born 1949)

Laurie Susan Fulton is an American attorney, diplomat and the former United States Ambassador to Denmark. She was sworn in on July 15, 2009, and presented her credentials to the Queen of Denmark on August 3, 2009. She resigned effective February 15, 2013. In March 2013, she returned to Williams & Connolly LLP until July 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karuna Center for Peacebuilding</span> US-based non-profit organization

Karuna Center for Peacebuilding (KCP) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Amherst, Massachusetts. The stated mission of KCP is to empower people divided by conflict to develop mutual understanding and to create sustainable peace. The organization was named for the Sanskrit word for compassion. The organization's efforts in facilitating "post-conflict reconciliation" have led to active programs in more than 30 countries. KCP has co-implemented programs with the United States Agency for International Development, United States Department of State, United States Institute of Peace, and Fund for Peace, among others.

Confronting the Truth is a documentary film by Steve York about truth and reconciliation commissions and how they work. The film focuses on the past commissions in South Africa, Peru, East Timor, and Morocco. The film was produced for the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) and includes interviews with a number of people involved in transitional justice, the process of fairly confronting the legacy of past crimes committed during armed conflict, including Nobel Peace Prize winners Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Jose Ramos Horta.

Janie L. Leatherman is an international relations scholar from the United States. She is a Professor of Politics and International Studies at Fairfield University. Her publications encompass conflict early warning and prevention, conflict transformation, and peace building, which work is cited in the development of the international principle and doctrine on the Responsibility to Protect. In addition, her scholarship has contributed to the normative understanding of peace building, and the exercise of discipline and punitive power in international affairs, including in the global political economy of sexual violence and armed conflict, and its gendered dimensions.

The International Peace and Security Institute or IPSI is a division of Creative Learning an international nonprofit organization with 501(c)(3) status headquartered in Washington, D.C. Founded in 2009, IPSI was acquired by Creative Learning in November 2016. The Institute's objective is to train young peacebuilding and International Justice leaders in the skills needed to effectively intervene in violent conflict scenarios in pursuit of sustainable peace.

Daniel P. Serwer is a professor of Practice of Conflict Management as well as director of the Conflict Management and American Foreign Policy programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Serwer is also a research scholar at the Middle East Institute in Washington D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali Gohar</span> Pakistani scholar

Ali Gohar is a Pakistani noted scholar and restorative justice expert and the founder and executive director of Just Peace Initiatives.

The Atrocities Prevention Board (APB) is an interagency committee consisting of U.S. officials from the National Security Council, the Departments of State, Defense, Justice, and Treasury, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the U.S. Intelligence Community. The board meets monthly to assess the long-term risks of atrocities around the world.

Afghanistan Institute of Peace (AFGIP) is an independent think-tank headquartered in Kabul, Afghanistan. A non-governmental organization (NGO) and a non-for-profit organization, it advocates for positive community change and peacebuilding initiatives in Afghanistan.

Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir includes confidence-building measures at a nation-state level between the governments of India and Pakistan, track two diplomacy, as well as initiatives by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), institutes and individuals. The purpose of peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir include conflict prevention and reduction of hostilities in the Kashmir Valley. Many countries such as Russia, United States and China have also played a de-escalatory role with regard to tensions in the region.

References

  1. ↑ "H.R.2617 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023". U.S. Congress. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  2. 1 2 "United States Institute of Peace Act (22 USC Ch 56, sect. 4601-4611)". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-18. See also PDF Archived 2013-04-05 at the Wayback Machine on USIP website.
  3. ↑ "Education and Training at USIP Archived 2018-01-25 at the Wayback Machine ". United States Institute of Peace. usip.org. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  4. ↑ "Global Peacebuilding Center Archived 2019-02-10 at the Wayback Machine ". United States Institute of Peace. usip.org. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  5. 1 2 Coleman, Michael (2012-05-31). "USIP Keeping the Peace, One Conflict at a Time". The Washington Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  6. 1 2 "APSIA Letter of Support for the United States Institute of Peace" (PDF). 28 February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  7. ↑ "Quasi-Official Agencies: United States Institute of Peace". The United States Government Manual. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  8. ↑ "Below the Radar: A Federal Peace Agency". The New York Times. 2008-06-12. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  9. ↑ "Lise Grande Named New President and CEO of the U.S. Institute of Peace". United States Institute of Peace. PR Newswire. 2020-10-01. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  10. ↑ "Leon Panetta Dean Acheson Lecture: "Building Partnership in the 21st Century"". 28 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  11. ↑ "Peace institute approved to begin construction on National Mall". Associated Press. 2007-06-09. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09.
  12. ↑ "H.R.2617 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023". Congress.gov. U.S. Congress. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  13. ↑ Chaffetz, Jason; Weiner, Anthony (2011-02-16). "Small Budget Cuts Add Up". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  14. ↑ Zinni, Anthony C. (2011-03-07). "Why Congress Should Keep Financing the U.S. Institute of Peace". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  15. ↑ Dolan, Eric (2011-02-17). "House votes to cut all funding for US Institute of Peace". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  16. ↑ Ornstein, Norman (2011-06-01). "U.S. Institute of Peace is Target in Spending War". Roll Call. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  17. ↑ "H.R.1473 -- Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011". 14 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  18. ↑ "About USIP" Archived 2021-02-11 at the Wayback Machine . United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Regions & Countries" Archived 2021-01-03 at the Wayback Machine . United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
  20. ↑ "Centers".
  21. 1 2 3 4 22 U.S.C.   § 4605
  22. ↑ 22 U.S.C.   § 4606
  23. ↑ "Board of Directors". usip.org. The United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  24. ↑ "The Peace Tech Lab: Areas of Focus". Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  25. ↑ Lawton, Graham (5 June 2021). "We need to set up an international body to fight fake news". New Scientist (3337): 24. ISSN   0262-4079. Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2021-06-19. Metadata for the hardcopy and web-based versions differ slightly.
  26. ↑ Mortenson, Darrin (2007-10-19). "A Local Peace Accord: Cause for Hope?". Time . Archived from the original on July 24, 2008.
  27. ↑ "The Iraq Study Group". U.S. Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
  28. ↑ "Genocide Prevention Task Force". U.S. Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  29. ↑ "Genocide Prevention Task Force". U.S. Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  30. ↑ "Never again, for real". The New York Times. 2011-12-11. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  31. ↑ Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers (PDF). Genocide (Report). Genocide Prevention Task Force. December 8, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Preventing genocide". The Economist. 2008-12-11. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  33. ↑ "Presidential Proclamation". whitehouse.gov . 2011-08-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-02– via National Archives.
  34. ↑ "Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies". Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. Archived from the original on 17 July 2002. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  35. ↑ The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy Archived 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine . United States Institute of Peace.
  36. ↑ "Cross-Cultural Negotiation Books". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 2013-01-31. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  37. ↑ Lewis, Roger (2012-02-24). "At U.S. Institute of Peace, building's provocative design doesn't entirely succeed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
  38. ↑ Abramowitz, Michael (2008-06-06). "At Peace Institute Groundbreaking, War Dominates the Proceedings". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
  39. ↑ "Library" Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine . United States Institute of Peace.
  40. ↑ "Truthout.org". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  41. ↑ "About Truthout". Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  42. ↑ Polychroniou, CJ (21 November 2018). "Noam Chomsky: Moral Depravity Defines US Politics". Truthout . Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.

38°53′34″N77°03′02″W / 38.8927572°N 77.0506905°W / 38.8927572; -77.0506905

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.