2013 Boeing 787 Dreamliner grounding

Last updated

The heavily burned battery from JA829J after it suffered thermal runaway 1-7-12 JAL787 APU Battery.JPG
The heavily burned battery from JA829J after it suffered thermal runaway
The aft electronics bay that held the battery that caught fire Mike Bauer 787 010813.JPG
The aft electronics bay that held the battery that caught fire
The grounded Japan Airlines 787 at Boston Logan Airport Japan Airlines 787.jpg
The grounded Japan Airlines 787 at Boston Logan Airport

In 2013, the second year of service for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a widebody jet airliner, several of the aircraft suffered from electrical system problems stemming from its lithium-ion batteries. Incidents included two electrical fires, one aboard an All Nippon Airways 787 and another on a Japan Airlines 787; the second fire was found by maintenance workers while the aircraft was parked at Boston's Logan International Airport. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered a review of the design and manufacture of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and grounded the entire Boeing 787 fleet, the first such grounding since that of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 1979. [1] The plane has had two major battery thermal runaway events in 52,000 flight hours, neither of which were contained safely; this length of time between failures was substantially less than the 10 million flight hours predicted by Boeing. [2]

Contents

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released a report on December 1, 2014, and assigned blame to several groups: [3]

Timeline

On January 7, 2013, a battery overheated and started a fire in an empty 787 operated by Japan Airlines (JAL) at Boston's Logan International Airport. [4] [5] On January 9, United Airlines reported a problem in one of its six 787s. The wiring was located in the same area as where the battery fire occurred on JAL's airliner; subsequently, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board opened a safety probe. [6]

On January 11, 2013, the FAA announced a comprehensive review of the 787's critical systems, including the aircraft's design, manufacture and assembly. U.S. Department of Transportation secretary Ray LaHood stated the administration was "looking for the root causes" behind the recent issues. The head of the FAA, Michael Huerta, said that nothing found so far "suggests [the 787] is not safe". [7] Japan's transport ministry also launched an investigation in response. [8]

On January 16, 2013, an All Nippon Airways (ANA) 787 made an emergency landing at Takamatsu Airport on Shikoku Island after the flight crew received a computer warning of smoke present inside one of the electrical compartments. [9] [10] ANA said that there was an error message in the cockpit, citing a battery malfunction. Passengers and crew were evacuated using the emergency slides. [11] There are no fire-suppression systems in the electrical compartments holding batteries, only smoke detectors. [12]

After the two battery incidents in 2013, a U.S. Senate committee prepared for a hearing to look into US aviation regulator oversight, safety, and the 2007 FAA certification of the 787. Before the proposed hearing in 2013 an FAA spokesperson defended the 2007 safety certification of the 787 by saying, "the whole aviation system is designed so that if the worst case happens, there are systems in place to prevent that from interfering with other systems on the plane." [13]

On February 12, 2013, the Wall Street Journal reported that "Aviation safety investigators are examining whether the formation of microscopic structures known as dendrites inside the Boeing Co. 787's lithium-ion batteries played a role in twin incidents that prompted the fleet to be grounded nearly a month ago." [14]

In June of 2013, the House held a hearing on aviation safety to address the safety of the 787 and the grounding of the worldwide fleet of fifty 787s. [15] The FAA spokesperson, Peggy Gilligan stated that despite the battery issues the approval process didn't require anymore legislation to ensure aircraft safety. [15]

On July 12, 2013, an Ethiopian Airlines 787 battery caught fire while on the ground at London Heathrow Airport having landed 10 hours prior. This fire was different in that it was caused by lithium-manganese batteries used by the emergency locator transmitter located in the upper rear portion of the aircraft's fuselage. This led to the Air Accident Investigations Branch (AAIB) requesting for the device to either be disconnected or removed from aircraft." [16]

On January 14, 2014, Japan Airlines said a maintenance crew at Narita Airport discovered smoke coming from the main battery of one of its Boeing 787 jets, two hours before the plane was due to fly to Bangkok from Tokyo. Maintenance workers found smoke and unidentified liquid coming from the main battery, and alarms in the cockpit indicated faults with the power pack and its charger. The airline said no other equipment was affected by the incident. The cause was not immediately known, and the airline investigated the incident. [17] [18] [19] [20] Soon after this incident, The Guardian noted that "The [U.S. Federal Aviation Administration] also launched a review of the design, manufacture, and assembly of the 787 in January last year and said its report would be released last summer, but it has so far not released the report and has not responded to questions about when it will be finished." [21]

On November 13, 2017, a lithium-ion battery overheated on a United Airlines Boeing 787 during approach to Charles de Gaulle Airport. A spokesman for Boeing said, "the plane experienced a fault with a single cell", adding that it was not a safety of flight issue. [22]

Groundings

On January 16, 2013, both major Japanese airlines ANA and JAL announced that they were voluntarily grounding or suspending flights for their fleets of 787s after multiple incidents involving different 787s, including emergency landings. These two carriers operated 24 of the 50 Dreamliners delivered to that date. [23] [24] It was estimated the grounding could cost ANA over $1.1 million a day. [25]

On January 16, 2013, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued an emergency airworthiness directive ordering all U.S.-based airlines to ground their Boeing 787s until yet-to-be-determined modifications were made to the electrical system to reduce the risk of the battery overheating or catching fire. [26] This was the first time that the FAA had grounded an airliner type since 1979. [1] The FAA also announced plans to conduct an extensive review of the 787's critical systems. The review's focus was on the safety of the lithium-ion batteries [1] that use lithium cobalt oxide(LiCoO2) as the positive electrode. These electrodes are known for their thermal runaway hazard and provide oxygen for a fire. The 787 battery contract was signed in 2005, [27] when LiCoO2 batteries were the only type of lithium aerospace battery available. Still, since then, newer and safer [28] types (such as LiFePO4) and LiMn2O4 (lithium manganate), which provide less reaction energy during thermal runaway, have become available. [29] [30] The FAA approved a 787 battery in 2007 with nine "special conditions". [31] [32] A battery approved by the FAA (through Mobile Power Solutions) was made by Rose Electronics using Kokam cells, [33] but the batteries installed in the 787 were made by Yuasa. [34]

Three All Nippon Airways 787 aircraft grounded at Tokyo Airport on January 27, 2013 ANA 787s grounded at HND.jpg
Three All Nippon Airways 787 aircraft grounded at Tokyo Airport on January 27, 2013

On January 20, the NTSB declared that overvoltage was not the cause of the Boston incident, as voltage did not exceed the battery limit of 32 V, [35] and the charging unit passed tests. The battery had signs of short-circuiting and thermal runaway. [36] Despite this, on January 24, the NTSB announced that it had not yet pinpointed the cause of the Boston fire; the FAA would not allow U.S.-based Dreamliners to fly again until the problem was found and corrected. In a press briefing that day, NTSB Chairwoman Deborah Hersman said that the NTSB had found evidence of the failure of multiple safety systems designed to prevent these battery problems and stated that fire must never happen on an aircraft. [37] The Japan Transport Safety Board (JTSB) has said on January 23 that the battery in ANA jets in Japan reached a maximum voltage of 31 V (i.e. they were operating within the 32 V limit as the Boston JAL 787 had been), but had a sudden unexplained voltage drop [38] to near zero. [39] All cells had signs of thermal damage before the thermal runaway. [40] ANA and JAL had already replaced several 787 batteries before the fires occurred. [39] As of January 29, 2013, JTSB approved the Yuasa factory quality control [41] [42] [43] while the American NTSB continues to look for defects in the Boston battery. [44]

Industry experts disagreed on the consequences of the grounding: Boeing's competitor Airbus was confident that Boeing would resolve the issue [45] and that no airlines would switch to a different type of aircraft, [46] while other experts saw the problem as "costly" [47] and said it "could take upwards of a year" to resolve. [48]

Only two U.S.-based airlines operated the Dreamliner at the time – United Airlines and American Airlines. [49] Chile's Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGAC) grounded LAN Airlines' three 787s. [50] The Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) directed Air India to ground its six Dreamliners. The Japanese Transport Ministry made the ANA and JAL groundings official and indefinite following the FAA announcement. [51] The European Aviation Safety Agency also followed the FAA's advice and grounded the only two European 787s, operated by LOT Polish Airlines. [52] Qatar Airways announced it was grounding its five Dreamliners. [53] Ethiopian Air was the final operator to announce temporary groundings, of its four Dreamliners. [54]

As of January 17, 2013, all 50 of the aircraft were grounded. [54] [55] [56] On January 18, Boeing announced that it was halting 787 deliveries until the battery problem was resolved. [57] On February 4, 2013, the FAA permitted Boeing to conduct test flights of 787 aircraft to gather additional data. [58]

Solution

NTSB investigative hearing in April 2013 Convening the second day of the Investigative Hearing (8678683620).jpg
NTSB investigative hearing in April 2013

The Federal Aviation Administration decided on April 19, 2013, to allow U.S. Dreamliners to return to service after changes were made to better contain fires within their battery systems. [59] Japanese authorities announced they were doing the same for their airplanes.

In 2013, concern remained that the solutions put in place by Boeing will not be able to cover the full range of possible failure modes. These include problems that may arise from poor systems integration between the engine indicating and crew alerting system (EICAS) and the battery management system. [60]

A report adopted November 21, 2014, by the National Transportation Safety Board determined that "the probable cause of this incident was an internal short circuit within a cell [cell 5 or cell 6] of the auxiliary power unit (APU) lithium-ion battery, which led to a thermal runaway that cascaded to adjacent cells, resulting in the release of smoke and fire. The incident resulted from Boeing's failure to incorporate design requirements to mitigate the most severe effects of an internal short circuit within an APU battery cell and the Federal Aviation Administration's failure to identify this design deficiency during the type design certification process." The report also made recommendations to the FAA, Boeing, and the battery manufacturer. [61]

The Japan Civil Aviation Bureau was reported to have called for Boeing to redesign the battery "beyond the recommendations from two previous investigations about the 2013 battery incidents by the Japan Transportation Safety Board (JTSB) and the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)." [62] The enclosure Boeing had to add was 185 lb (84 kg) heavier, negating the weight savings of using a lighter-weight battery. [63]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Transportation Safety Board</span> US government investigative agency for civil transportation accidents

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has four regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Denver, Colorado; Ashburn, Virginia; and Seattle, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.

All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. is a Japanese airline headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ANA operates services to both domestic and international destinations and is Japan's largest airline, ahead of its main rival flag carrier Japan Airlines. As of April 2023, the airline has approximately 12,800 employees. The airline joined as a Star Alliance member in October 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</span> Boeing wide-body jet airliner introduced in 2011

The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. After dropping its unconventional Sonic Cruiser project, Boeing announced the conventional 7E7 on January 29, 2003, which focused largely on efficiency. The program was launched on April 26, 2004, with an order for 50 aircraft from All Nippon Airways (ANA), targeting a 2008 introduction. On July 8, 2007, a prototype 787 without major operating systems was rolled out; subsequently the aircraft experienced multiple delays, until its maiden flight on December 15, 2009. Type certification was received in August 2011, and the first 787-8 was delivered in September 2011 before entering commercial service on October 26, 2011, with ANA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pratt & Whitney PW4000</span> High-bypass turbofan aircraft engine

The Pratt & Whitney PW4000 is a family of dual-spool, axial-flow, high-bypass turbofan aircraft engines produced by Pratt & Whitney as the successor to the JT9D. It was first run in April 1984, was FAA certified in July 1986, and was introduced in June 1987. With thrust ranging from 50,000 to 99,040 lbf, it is used on many wide-body aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General Electric GEnx</span> Turbofan jet engine

The General Electric GEnx is an advanced dual rotor, axial flow, high-bypass turbofan jet engine in production by GE Aerospace for the Boeing 747-8 and 787. The GEnx succeeded the CF6 in GE's product line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GS Yuasa</span> Japanese battery company

GS Yuasa Corporation is a Kyoto-based Japanese company specializing in the development and production of lead acid and lithium-ion batteries, used in automobiles, motorcycles and other areas including aerospace and defense applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing Dreamlifter</span> Outsize cargo conversion of the 747-400

The Boeing Dreamlifter, officially the 747-400 Large Cargo Freighter (LCF), is a wide-body cargo aircraft modified extensively from the Boeing 747-400 airliner. With a volume of 65,000 cubic feet (1,840 m3) it can hold three times that of a 747-400F freighter. The outsized aircraft was designed to transport Boeing 787 Dreamliner parts between Italy, Japan, and the U.S., but has also flown medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

An emergency airworthiness directive (EAD) is an airworthiness directive issued when unsafe conditions require immediate action by an aircraft owner or operator. An EAD is published by a responsible authority such as the FOCA, EASA or FAA related to airworthiness and maintenance of aircraft and aircraft parts. It contains measures which must be accomplished and the related periods to preserve their airworthiness. Technical information is addressed to operators and maintenance organisations of affected aircraft only. EADs become effective upon receipt of notification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 331</span> 2009 aviation accident

On 22 December 2009, an American Airlines Boeing 737-800, operating American Airlines Flight 331 and carrying 148 passengers and 6 crew, overran runway 12 on landing at Kingston in poor weather. The plane continued on the ground outside the airport perimeter and broke apart on the beach, causing injuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UPS Airlines Flight 6</span> 2010 aviation accident in Dubai

UPS Airlines Flight 6 was a scheduled international cargo flight operated by UPS. On September 3, 2010, the Boeing 747-400F flying the route between Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and Cologne, Germany, developed an in-flight fire, which caused the aircraft to crash, killing both crew members, the only people on board. It was the first fatal air crash for UPS Airlines. The accident prompted a re-evaluation of safety procedures protecting airliners from cockpit smoke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing South Carolina</span> Airplane assembly facility in North Charleston, South Carolina

Boeing South Carolina is an airplane assembly facility built by Boeing in North Charleston, South Carolina, United States. Located on the grounds of the joint-use Charleston Air Force Base and Charleston International Airport, the site is the final assembly and delivery point for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Boeing opened the site in July 2011, after purchasing the facilities of suppliers Vought and Global Aeronautica in 2008 and 2009. The final assembly building covers 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) and opened on November 12, 2011. As of September 28, 2017, the site employs 6,943 workers and contractors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwest Airlines Flight 812</span> Non-fatal inflight emergency landing in Yuma, Arizona

Southwest Airlines Flight 812 was a Boeing 737-300 passenger jet that on April 1, 2011, suffered rapid depressurization while cruising at 34,000 ft (10,000 m) near Yuma, Arizona, leading to an emergency landing at Yuma International Airport. Two of the 122 people on board suffered minor injuries. The aircraft was operating Southwest Airlines' domestic scheduled service from Phoenix, Arizona, to Sacramento, California.

Norwegian Long Haul AS was a division of Norwegian Air Shuttle that operated long-haul flights between Europe, Asia, and North America with an all-Boeing 787 Dreamliner fleet.

FlyersRights.org is a United States–based not-for-profit organization that advocates for the rights and interests of airline passengers. It maintains a staffed office in Washington, D.C. for advocacy before all three branches of the US Federal Government. It operates a toll-free telephone Hotline, an email helpline for individual air travelers and a website with a 'Know Your Rights' online guide. It issues research and policy papers, conducts surveys, sponsors online petitions, maintains an active website and social media presence, provides expert advice on aviation consumer issues to public policy makers and opinion leaders and engages in public education activities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing 737 MAX groundings</span> 2019–20 worldwide grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX

The Boeing 737 MAX passenger airliner was grounded worldwide between March 2019 and December 2020 and again in 2024 – after 346 people died in two similar crashes in less than five months: Lion Air Flight 610 on October 29, 2018, and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 on March 10, 2019. The Federal Aviation Administration initially affirmed the MAX's continued airworthiness, claiming to have insufficient evidence of accident similarities. By March 13, the FAA followed behind 51 concerned regulators in deciding to ground the aircraft. All 387 aircraft delivered to airlines were grounded by March 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organization Designation Authorization</span>

The Organization Designation Authorization (ODA) program was established by FAA Order 8100.15 . The ODA, in conjunction with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), grants airworthiness designee authority to organizations or companies. The regulations addressing the ODA program are found in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations part 183, subpart D, sections 183.41 through 813.67.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Airlines Flight 328</span> February 2021 Boeing 777 engine failure over Broomfield, Colorado

On February 20, 2021, United Airlines Flight 328 (UA328/UAL328), a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight from Denver to Honolulu, suffered what was technically ruled a contained engine failure despite shedding large pieces of debris, approximately four minutes after takeoff from Denver International Airport (DEN). Parts departing from the engine cowling of the Boeing 777-222 aircraft resulted in a debris field at least 1 mile (1.6 km) long over suburban residential areas of Broomfield, Colorado. Falling debris was recorded by eyewitnesses using smartphone cameras and a dash cam. Debris fell through the roof of a private home and significantly damaged a parked vehicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LATAM Airlines Flight 800</span> 2024 aviation accident over Tasman Sea

On 11 March 2024, a LATAM Airlines Boeing 787-9 operating as LATAM Airlines Flight 800, flying a scheduled international passenger flight from Sydney, Australia to Santiago, Chile, with a stopover at Auckland, New Zealand, experienced an in-flight upset around two hours into the first leg of the flight. Of the 272 people on board, 50 were injured, with 12 taken to the hospital after landing in Auckland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing manufacturing and design issues</span>

A number of significant oversights have occurred in the manufacturing of aircraft produced by Boeing. Such oversights have been reported in the news as far back as 1987. Scrutiny over Boeing's process of addressing manufacturing issues began increasing in the aftermath of two fatal crashes involving the Boeing 737 MAX—Lion Air Flight 610 in late 2018 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 in early 2019.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Dreamliner: Boeing 787 planes grounded on safety fears". BBC News. January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Accident: ANA B788 near Takamatsu on Jan 16th 2013, battery problem and burning smell on board". The Aviation Herald . Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  3. ↑ Mouawad, Jad (December 1, 2014). "Report on Boeing 787 Dreamliner Batteries Assigns Some Blame for Flaws". The New York Times . Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  4. ↑ "Fire aboard empty 787 Dreamliner prompts investigation". CNN. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Second faulty Boeing Dreamliner in Boston". BBC. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  6. ↑ "U.S. Opens Dreamliner Safety Probe". The Wall Street Journal . January 9, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  7. ↑ Topham, Gwyn (January 11, 2013). "Boeing 787 Dreamliner to be investigated by US authorities". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  8. ↑ Mukai, Anna (January 15, 2013). "Japan to Investigate Boeing 787 Fuel Leak as FAA Reviews". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  9. ↑ "全日空Ｂ７８７型機から煙 乗客避難・高松空港". NHK. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Top Japan airlines ground Boeing 787s after emergency". BBC. January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  11. ↑ "A Boeing 787 plane makes an emergency landing in Japan". BBC. January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  12. ↑ Iain Thomson (January 25, 2013). "Boeing 787 fleet grounded indefinitely as investigators stumped". The Register. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Boeing 787's battery woes put US approval under scrutiny". Business Standard . January 23, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  14. ↑ Ostrower, Jon (February 11, 2013). "Microscopic 'Dendrites' a Focus in Boeing Dreamliner Probe". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  15. 1 2 Jansen, Bart. "FAA, Boeing tell Congress that Dreamliner is safe". USA TODAY. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  16. ↑ Ziegler, Chris (July 18, 2013). "UK investigators blame a new kind of battery for Ethiopian Airlines 787 fire". The Verge. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Japan Airlines: Smoke seen coming from Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery". CBS News. January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Boeing 787 aircraft grounded after battery problem in Japan". BBC News. January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  19. ↑ "No damage to JAL 787 in battery incident". Flight International. January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  20. ↑ Boeing bent over for new probe as 787 batteries vent fluid, start to MELT Iain Thomson. The Register 16 Jan 2014 at 02:29
  21. ↑ "Japan Airlines Boeing 787 grounded after battery leaks and lets off smoke". The Guardian. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
  22. ↑ Christine Negroni Boeing Dreamliner's Lithium-Ion Battery Fails On United Flight To Paris. Forbes, Dec 1, 2017.
  23. ↑ "Japanese airlines ground Boeing 787s after emergency landing". Reuters. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  24. ↑ McCurry, Justin (January 16, 2013). "787 emergency landing: Japan grounds entire Boeing Dreamliner fleet". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Boeing Dreamliners grounded worldwide on battery checks". Reuters. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  26. ↑ "FAA Press Release". Federal Aviation Administration. January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Thales selects GS Yuasa for Lithium ion battery system in Boeing's 787 Dreamliner" (PDF). GS Yuasa . Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  28. ↑ Dudley, Brier (January 17, 2013). "Lithium-ion batteries pack a lot of energy — and challenges". The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 24, 2013. iron phosphate 'has been known to sort of be safer.'
  29. ↑ Dalløkken, Per Erlien (January 17, 2013). "Her er Dreamliner-problemet" (in Norwegian). Teknisk Ukeblad. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  30. ↑ "Energy storage technologies - Lithium". Securaplane. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Special Conditions: Boeing Model 787– 8 Airplane; Lithium Ion Battery Installation" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration / Federal Register. October 11, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2013. NM375 Special Conditions No. 25–359–SC
  32. ↑ Alwyn Scott and Mari Saito. "FAA approval of Boeing 787 battery under scrutiny". NBC News / Reuters . Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  33. ↑ Supko / Iverson (2011). "Li battery UN test report applicability" (PDF). NextGov . Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  34. ↑ Brewin, Bob (January 22, 2013). "A 2006 Battery Fire Destroyed Boeing 787 Supplier's Facility". NextGov . Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  35. ↑ Nantel, Kelly (January 20, 2013). "NTSB Provides Third Investigative Update on Boeing 787 Battery Fire in Boston". NTSB. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.
  36. ↑ "NTSB Press Release". NTSB. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013.
  37. ↑ Matthew Wald; Jad Mouwad (January 25, 2013). "Protracted Fire Inquiry Keeping 787 on Ground". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  38. ↑ Mitra-Thakur, Sofia (January 23, 2013). "Japan says 787 battery was not overcharged". Engineering & Technology . Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  39. 1 2 Christopher Drew, Hiroko Tabuchi and Jad Mouawad (January 29, 2013). "Boeing 787 Battery Was a Concern Before Failure". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  40. ↑ Hradecky, Simon (February 5, 2013). "ANA B788 near Takamatsu on Jan 16th 2013, battery problem and burning smell on board". The Aviation Herald. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  41. ↑ "JTSB report JA804A" (Archive). Japan Transport Safety Board - See Japanese version (Archive) (The Japanese version is the version of record, and it prevails in case of any differences between it and the English version) and "航空重大インシデント調査報告書説明資料" (Archive).
  42. ↑ Tabuchi, Hiroko (January 28, 2013). "No Quality Problems Found at Battery Maker for 787". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  43. ↑ Chris Cooper and Kiyotaka Matsuda (January 28, 2013). "GS Yuasa Shares Surge as Japan Ends Company Inspections". BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on August 23, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  44. ↑ Knudson, Peter (January 29, 2013). "NTSB issues sixth update on JAL Boeing 787 battery fire investigation". NTSB . Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  45. ↑ "Airbus CEO 'Confident' Boeing Will Find Fix for 787" Bloomberg, January 17, 2013.
  46. ↑ Robert Wall & Andrea Rothman (January 17, 2013). "Airbus Says A350 Design Is 'Lower Risk' Than Troubled 787". Bloomberg . Retrieved January 17, 2013. 'I don't believe that anyone's going to switch from one airplane type to another because there's a maintenance issue,' Leahy said. 'Boeing will get this sorted out.'
  47. ↑ "'Big Cost' Seen for Boeing Dreamliner Grounding" Bloomberg, January 17, 2013.
  48. ↑ White, Martha C. (January 17, 2013). "Is the Dreamliner Becoming a Financial Nightmare for Boeing?" Time .
  49. ↑ "FAA grounding all Boeing 787s". KIRO TV. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  50. ↑ "LAN suspende de forma temporal la operación de flota Boeing 787 Dreamliner". La Tercera. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  51. ↑ "DGCA directs Air India to ground all six Boeing Dreamliners on safety concerns". The Economic Times . January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  52. ↑ "European safety agency to ground 787 in line with FAA". Reuters. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Qatar Airways grounds Boeing Dreamliner fleet". Reuters. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  54. 1 2 "U.S., others ground Boeing Dreamliner indefinitely". Reuters. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  55. ↑ "Boeing's 787 Dreamliner". Reuters. January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  56. ↑ Boeing 787 Dreamliner: The impact of safety concerns. BBC News. January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  57. ↑ "Dreamliner crisis: Boeing halts 787 jet deliveries". BBC. January 1, 1970. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  58. ↑ "FAA approves test flights for Boeing 787". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  59. ↑ Drew, Christopher; Mouawad, Jad (April 19, 2013). "Boeing Fix for Battery Is Approved by F.A.A." The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  60. ↑ Williard, He, Hendricks, Pecht, "Lessons Learned from the 787 Dreamliner Issue on Lithium-Ion Battery Reliability" Energies 2013, 6, 4682–4695; doi:10.3390/en6094682
  61. ↑ "Accident Investigation DCA13IA037 - Boeing 787 Battery Fire". NTSB website. National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  62. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (December 29, 2014), "Japan presses Boeing to redesign 787 battery", Flightglobal , Reed Business Information, archived from the original on December 30, 2014, retrieved December 30, 2014
  63. ↑ Thierry Dubois (June 27, 2017). "Lithium-ion Batteries Prove Value On A350". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.