Europa Clipper

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Europa Clipper
Europa Clipper spacecraft model.png
Artist's rendering of the Europa Clipper spacecraft
NamesEuropa Multiple Flyby Mission
Mission type Europa reconnaissance
Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 2024-182A OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
SATCAT no. 61507 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Website europa.nasa.gov
Mission durationCruise: 5.5 years [1] [2]
Science phase: 4 years
Elapsed: 1 month, 28 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Launch mass6,065 kg (13,371 lb), [3] [4] [5] including 2,750 kg (6,060 lb) propellant [6]
Dry mass3,241 kg (7,145 lb) [7]
Payload mass352 kg (776 lb)
DimensionsHeight: 6 m (20 ft)
Solar panel span: 22 m (72 ft) [4]
Power600 watts from solar panels [8]
Start of mission
Launch dateOctober 14, 2024, 16:06:00 (2024-10-14UTC16:06Z)  UTC (12:06 p.m.  EDT)
Rocket Falcon Heavy Block 5 [9]
Launch site Kennedy, LC-39A
Contractor SpaceX
Flyby of Mars (gravity assist)
Closest approachMarch 1, 2025 [10]

The probe contains multiple antennas, including the high-gain antenna, which has a 3.1-meter (10-foot) diameter. The high-gain antenna operates on X-band frequencies of 7.2 and 8.4 gigahertz, and a Ka-band frequency of 32 gigahertz (12 times that of a typical cell phone).The antennas will be used to research gravity and radio science, allowing researchers to learn more about Europa's gravity [88] It was designed and constructed by a team led by Matt Bray at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, before being tested at Langley Research Center and Goddard Space Flight Center in the spring and summer of 2022. [61]

Scientific equipment

The Europa Clipper mission is equipped with nine scientific instruments. [89] The nine science instruments for the orbiter, announced in May 2015, have a planned total mass of 82 kg (181 lb).[ needs update ] [90]

Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS)

The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System will provide high spatial resolution as well as multi-spectral imaging of the surface of Europa in the mid to far infrared bands to help detect heat which would suggest geologically active sites and areas, such as potential vents erupting plumes of water into space. [91]

The principal investigator is Philip Christensen of Arizona State University. This instrument is derived from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter, also developed by Philip Christensen. [92]

Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)

The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa instrument Europa Clipper's Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa.jpg
The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa instrument

The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa is an imaging near infrared spectrometer to probe the surface composition of Europa, identifying and mapping the distributions of organics (including amino acids and tholins [93] [94] ), salts, acid hydrates, water ice phases, and other materials. [94] [95]

The principal investigator is Diana Blaney of Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the instrument was built in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).

Europa Imaging System (EIS)

The Europa Imaging System consists of visible spectrum cameras to map Europa's surface and study smaller areas in high resolution, as low as 0.5 m (20 in) per pixel. It consists of two cameras, both of which use 2048x4096 pixel CMOS detectors: [96] [97]

The principal investigator is Elizabeth Turtle of the Applied Physics Laboratory.

Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS)

The Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph instrument will be able to detect small erupting plumes, and will provide valuable data about the composition and dynamics of the moon's exosphere. [77]

The principal investigator is Kurt Retherford of Southwest Research Institute. Retherford was previously a member of the group that discovered plumes erupting from Europa while using the Hubble Space Telescope in the UV spectrum. [98]

Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)

The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) [99] [100] is a dual-frequency ice penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) instrument that is designed to sound Europa's ice crust from the near-surface to the ocean, revealing the hidden structure of Europa's ice shell and potential water pockets within. REASON will probe the exosphere, surface and near-surface and the full depth of the ice shell to the ice-ocean interface up to 30 km. [94] [99]

The principal investigator is Donald Blankenship of the University of Texas at Austin. [101] This instrument was built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM)

The Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) will be used to analyze the magnetic field around Europa. The instrument consists of three flux gates placed along an 8.5m (25ft) boom, which were stowed during launch and deployed afterwards. [102] The magnetic field of Jupiter is thought to induce electric current in a salty ocean beneath Europa’s ice, which in turn leads Europa to produce its own magnetic field, therefore by studying the strength and orientation of Europa's magnetic field over multiple flybys, scientists hope to be able to confirm the existence of Europa's subsurface ocean, as well as characterize the thickness of its icy crust and estimate the water's depth and salinity. [76]

The instrument team leader is Margaret Kivelson, University of Michigan. [103]

ECM replaced the proposed Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG) instrument, which was canceled due to cost overruns. [104] ECM is a simpler and cheaper magnetometer than ICEMAG would have been. [105]

Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS)

Two of the Faraday cup sensors for the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) instrument. Left is the final flight configuration and right is at an earlier testing stage. Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS).tif
Two of the Faraday cup sensors for the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) instrument. Left is the final flight configuration and right is at an earlier testing stage.

The Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) measures the plasma surrounding Europa to characterize the magnetic fields generated by plasma currents. These plasma currents mask the magnetic induction response of Europa's subsurface ocean. In conjunction with a magnetometer, it is key to determining Europa's ice shell thickness, ocean depth, and salinity. PIMS will also probe the mechanisms responsible for weathering and releasing material from Europa's surface into the atmosphere and ionosphere and understanding how Europa influences its local space environment and Jupiter's magnetosphere. [106] [107]

The principal investigator is Joseph Westlake of the Applied Physics Laboratory.

Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX)

The Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX) will determine the composition of the surface and subsurface ocean by measuring Europa's extremely tenuous atmosphere and any surface materials ejected into space. [108] [109]

Jack Waite, who led development of MASPEX, was also Science Team Lead of the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) on the Cassini spacecraft. The principal investigator is Jim Burch of Southwest Research Institute, who was previously the leader of the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission.

Surface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)

Europa Clipper's Dust Analyzer sensor head Europa Clipper's Dust Analyzer sensor head.jpg
Europa Clipper's Dust Analyzer sensor head

The SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA) [14] is a mass spectrometer that will measure the composition of small solid particles ejected from Europa, providing the opportunity to directly sample the surface and potential plumes on low-altitude flybys. The instrument is capable of identifying traces of organic and inorganic compounds in the ice of ejecta, [110] and is sensitive enough to detect signatures of life even if the sample contains less than a single bacterial cell in a collected ice grain. [111]

The principal investigator is Sascha Kempf of the University of Colorado Boulder.

Gravity & Radio Science

Although it was designed primarily for communications, the high-gain radio antenna will be used to perform additional radio observations and investigate Europa's gravitational field, acting as a radio science subsystem. Measuring the Doppler shift in the radio signals between the spacecraft and Earth will allow the spacecraft's motion to be determined in detail. As the spacecraft performs each of its 45 Europa flybys, its trajectory will be altered by the moon's gravitational field. The Doppler data will be used to determine the higher order coefficients of that gravity field, to determine the moon's interior structure, and to examine how Europa is deformed by tidal forces. [112]

The instrument team leader is Erwan Mazarico of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. [113]

Launch and trajectory

Falcon Heavy lifts off with Europa Clipper from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024; 12:06 pm. EDT NASA's SpaceX Europa Clipper Launch (KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01 0022) (cropped).jpg
Falcon Heavy lifts off with Europa Clipper from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024; 12:06 pm. EDT
Europa Clipper separates from Falcon Heavy's Second Stage after deployment

Congress had originally mandated that Europa Clipper be launched on NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) super heavy-lift launch vehicle, but NASA had requested that other vehicles be allowed to launch the spacecraft due to a foreseen lack of available SLS vehicles. [114] The United States Congress's 2021 omnibus spending bill directed the NASA Administrator to conduct a full and open competition to select a commercial launch vehicle if the conditions to launch the probe on a SLS rocket cannot be met. [115]

On January 25, 2021, NASA's Planetary Missions Program Office formally directed the mission team to "immediately cease efforts to maintain SLS compatibility" and move forward with a commercial launch vehicle. [16]

On February 10, 2021, it was announced that the mission would use a 5.5-year trajectory to the Jovian system, with gravity-assist maneuvers involving Mars (March 1, 2025) and Earth (December 3, 2026). Launch was targeted for a 21-day period between October 10 and 30, 2024, giving an arrival date in April 2030, and backup launch dates were identified in 2025 and 2026. [16]

The SLS option would have entailed a direct trajectory to Jupiter taking less than three years. [51] [52] [2] One alternative to the direct trajectory was identified as using a commercial rocket, with a longer 6-year cruise time involving gravity assist maneuvers at Venus, Earth and/or Mars. Additionally, a launch on a Delta IV Heavy with a gravity assist at Venus was considered. [116]

In July 2021 the decision was announced to launch on a Falcon Heavy rocket, in fully expendable configuration. [9] Three reasons were given: reasonable launch cost (ca. $178 million), questionable SLS availability, and possible damage to the payload due to strong vibrations caused by the solid boosters attached to the SLS launcher. [116] The move to Falcon Heavy saved an estimated US$2 billion in launch costs alone. [117] [118] NASA was not sure an SLS would be available for the mission since the Artemis program would use SLS rockets extensively, and the SLS's use of solid rocket boosters (SRBs) generates more vibrations in the payload than a launcher that does not use SRBs. The cost to redesign Europa Clipper for the SLS vibratory environment was estimated at US$1 billion.

Europa Clipper was launched on October 14, 2024, at 12:06 p.m. EDT from Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. [119] Hurricane Milton caused a launch attempt for October 10 to be scrubbed, [120] resulting in the launch being finalized for October 14.

Animation of Europa Clipper
Animation of Europa Clipper trajectory.gif
Around the Sun
  Europa Clipper ·   Earth ·   Jupiter ·  Sun ·  Mars
Animation of Europa Clipper trajectory around Jupiter.gif
Around Jupiter
  Europa Clipper ·  Europa ·  Callisto ·  Io

The trajectory of Europa Clipper will include a gravity assist from Mars on March 1, 2025, [10] allowing it to speed further away from the Sun, then down towards the Sun and back out, and gain additional kinetic energy from an Earth gravity assist on December 3, 2026. [11] The probe will then arc (reach aphelion) beyond Jupiter's orbit on October 4, 2029 [121] before slowly falling into Jupiter's gravity well and executing its orbital insertion burn in April 2030. [122]

As of 2014, the trajectory in the Jupiter system is planned as follows.[ needs update ] After entry into the Jupiter system, Europa Clipper will perform a flyby of Ganymede at an altitude of 500 km (310 mi), which will reduce the spacecraft velocity by ~400 m/s (890 mph). This will be followed by firing the main engine at a distance of 11 Rj (Jovian radii), to provide a further ~840 m/s (1,900 mph) of delta-V, sufficient to insert the spacecraft into a 202-day orbit around Jupiter. Once the spacecraft reaches the apoapsis of that initial orbit, it will perform another engine burn to provide a ~122 m/s (270 mph) periapsis raise maneuver (PRM). [123] [ needs update ]

The spacecraft's cruise and science phases will overlap with the ESA's JUICE spacecraft, which was launched in April 2023 and will arrive at Jupiter in July 2031. Europa Clipper is due to arrive at Jupiter 15 months prior to JUICE, despite a launch date planned 18 months later, owing to a more powerful launch vehicle and a faster flight plan with fewer gravity assists.

Public outreach

To raise public awareness of the Europa Clipper mission, NASA undertook a "Message In A Bottle" campaign, i.e. an actual "Send Your Name to Europa" campaign on June 1, 2023, through which people around the world were invited to send their names as signatories to a poem called "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" written by the U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón, for the 2.9-billion-kilometer (1.8-billion mi) voyage to Jupiter. The poem connects the two water worlds – Earth, yearning to reach out and understand what makes a world habitable, and Europa, waiting with secrets yet to be explored.

The poem is engraved on Europa Clipper inside a tantalum metal plate, about 7 by 11 inches (18 by 28 centimeters), that seals an opening into the vault. The inward-facing side of the metal plate is engraved with the poem in the poet's own handwriting. The public participants' names are etched onto a microchip attached to the plate, within an artwork of a wine bottle surrounded by the four Galilean moons. After registering their names, participants received a digital ticket with details of the mission's launch and destination. According to NASA, 2,620,861 people signed their names to Europa Clipper's Message in a Bottle, most of whom were from the United States. [124] Other elements etched on the inwards side together with the poem and names are the Drake equation, representations of the spectral lines of atomic hydrogen and the hydroxyl radical, together known as the water hole, and a portrait of planetary scientist Ron Greeley. [125] The outward-facing panel features art that highlights Earth's connection to Europa. Linguists collected recordings of the word "water" spoken in 103 languages, from families of languages around the world. The audio files were converted into waveforms and etched into the plate. The waveforms radiate out from a symbol representing the American Sign Language sign for "water". [126] The research organization METI International gathered the audio files for the words for "water", and its president Douglas Vakoch designed the water hole component of the message. [127] [128]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Europa Clipper Magnetometer</span> Europa Clippers magnetometer instrument

The Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) is a spacecraft magnetometer aboard the planned Europa Clipper mission. It will be used to precisely measure Europa's magnetic field during consecutive fly-bys, allowing scientists to potentially confirm the existence of Europa's hypothesised subsurface ocean. If this ocean exists, the instrument will be able to determine its depth and salinity, as well as the thickness of the moon's icy shell.

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