Technosignature

Last updated
Illustration of various types of technosignatures. Technosignatures.jpg
Illustration of various types of technosignatures.

Technosignature or technomarker is any measurable property or effect that provides scientific evidence of past or present technology. [1] [2] Technosignatures are analogous to biosignatures, which signal the presence of life, whether intelligent or not. [1] [3] Some authors prefer to exclude radio transmissions from the definition, [4] but such restrictive usage is not widespread. Jill Tarter has proposed that the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) be renamed "the search for technosignatures". [1] Various types of technosignatures, such as radiation leakage from megascale astroengineering installations such as Dyson spheres, the light from an extraterrestrial ecumenopolis, or Shkadov thrusters with the power to alter the orbits of stars around the Galactic Center, may be detectable with hypertelescopes. Some examples of technosignatures are described in Paul Davies's 2010 book The Eerie Silence , although the terms "technosignature" and "technomarker" do not appear in the book.

Contents

In February 2023, astronomers reported, after scanning 820 stars, the detection of 8 possible technosignatures for follow-up studies. [5]

Astroengineering projects

A Dyson sphere, one of the best-known speculative technologies that may generate a technosignature Dyson Sphere Render.png
A Dyson sphere, one of the best-known speculative technologies that may generate a technosignature

A Dyson sphere, constructed by life forms dwelling in proximity to a Sun-like star, would cause an increase in the amount of infrared radiation in the star system's emitted spectrum. Hence, Freeman Dyson selected the title "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" for his 1960 paper on the subject. [6] SETI has adopted these assumptions in its search, looking for such "infrared heavy" spectra from solar analogs. Since 2005, Fermilab has conducted an ongoing survey for such spectra, analyzing data from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite. [7] [8]

Identifying one of the many infra-red sources as a Dyson sphere would require improved techniques for discriminating between a Dyson sphere and natural sources. [9] Fermilab discovered 17 "ambiguous" candidates, of which four have been named "amusing but still questionable". [10] Other searches also resulted in several candidates, which remain unconfirmed. [7] In October 2012, astronomer Geoff Marcy, one of the pioneers of the search for extrasolar planets, was given a research grant to search data from the Kepler telescope, with the aim of detecting possible signs of Dyson spheres. [11]

Orbital paths, transit signatures, stellar activity and star-system composition

Shkadov thrusters, with the hypothetical ability to change the orbital paths of stars in order to avoid various dangers to life such as cold molecular clouds or cometary impacts, would also be detectable in a similar fashion to the transiting extrasolar planets searched by Kepler. Unlike planets, though, the thrusters would appear to abruptly stop over the surface of a star rather than crossing it completely, revealing their technological origin. [12] In addition, evidence of targeted extrasolar asteroid mining may also reveal extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). [13] Furthermore, it has been suggested that information could be hidden within the transit signatures of other planets. [14] Advanced civilizations could "cloak their presence, or deliberately broadcast it, through controlled laser emission". [15] Other characteristics proposed as potential technosignatures (or starting points for detection of clearer signatures) include peculiar orbital periods such as arranging planets in prime number patterns. [16] [17] [18] Coronal and chromospheric activity on stars might be altered. [19] Extraterrestrial civilizations may use free-floating planets (rogue planets) for interstellar transportation with a number of proposed possible technosignatures. [20]

Communication networks

A study suggests that if ETs exist, they may have established communications network(s) and may already have probes in the solar system whose communication may be detectable. [21] Studies by John Gertz suggest flyby (scout) [22] probes might intermittently surveil nascent solar systems and permanent probes would communicate with a home base, potentially using triggers and conditions such as detection of electromagnetic leakage or biosignatures. [23] They also suggest several strategies to detecting local ET probes [24] such as detecting emitted optical messages. [25] He also finds that due to interstellar networks of communications nodes, the search for deliberate interstellar signals – as is common in SETI [26] – may be futile. [27] The architecture may consist of nodes separated by sub-light-year distances and strung out between neighboring stars. [28] It may also contain pulsars as beacons [29] or nodes whose beams are modulated by mechanisms that could be searched for. [30] Moreover, a study suggests prior searches wouldn't have detected cost-effective electromagnetic signal beacons. [31]

Planetary analysis

Artificial heat and light

Lights from cities and infrastructure on Earth at night from space Earth's City Lights by DMSP, 1994-1995 (large).jpg
Lights from cities and infrastructure on Earth at night from space

Various astronomers, including Avi Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Edwin L. Turner of Princeton University have proposed that artificial light from extraterrestrial planets, such as that originating from cities, industries, and transport networks, could be detected and signal the presence of an advanced civilization. Such approaches, though, make the assumption that the radiant energy generated by civilization would be relatively clustered and can therefore be detected easily. [32] [33]

Light and heat detected from planets must be distinguished from natural sources to conclusively prove the existence of intelligent life on a planet. [4] For example, NASA's 2012 Black Marble experiment showed that significant stable light and heat sources on Earth, such as chronic wildfires in arid Western Australia, originate from uninhabited areas and are naturally occurring. [34] The proposed LUVOIR A may be able to detect city lights twelve times those of Earth on Proxima b in 300 hours. [35]

Atmospheric analysis

Artist's illustration of an advanced ET civilization with industrial pollution Artist's illustration of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization with industrial pollution, a possible "technosignature".jpg
Artist's illustration of an advanced ET civilization with industrial pollution

Atmospheric analysis of planetary atmospheres, as is already done on various Solar System bodies and in a rudimentary fashion on several hot Jupiter extrasolar planets, may reveal the presence of chemicals produced by technological civilizations. [37] [38] For example, atmospheric emissions from human technology use on Earth, including nitrogen dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons, are detectable from space. [39] Artificial air pollution may therefore be detectable on extrasolar planets and on Earth via "atmospheric SETI" – including NO2 pollution levels and with telescopic technology close to today. [40] [41] [42] [43] Such technosignatures may consist not of the detection of the level of one specific chemical but simultaneous detections of levels of multiple specific chemicals in atmospheres. [44]

However, there remains a possibility of mis-detection; for example, the atmosphere of Titan has detectable signatures of complex chemicals that are similar to what on Earth are industrial pollutants, though not the byproduct of civilisation. [45] Some SETI scientists have proposed searching for artificial atmospheres created by planetary engineering to produce habitable environments for colonisation by an ETI. [38]

Extraterrestrial artifacts, influence and spacecraft

Spacecraft

The IKAROS light sail of 2010 IKAROS solar sail.jpg
The IKAROS light sail of 2010

Interstellar spacecraft may be detectable from hundreds to thousands of light-years away through various forms of radiation, such as the photons emitted by an antimatter rocket or cyclotron radiation from the interaction of a magnetic sail with the interstellar medium. Such a signal would be easily distinguishable from a natural signal and could hence firmly establish the existence of extraterrestrial life, were it to be detected. [46] In addition, smaller Bracewell probes within the Solar System itself may also be detectable by means of optical or radio searches. [47] [48] Self-replicating spacecraft or their communications networks could potentially be detectable within our Solar system or in nearby star-based systems, [49] if they are located there. [50] Such technologies or their footprints could be in Earth's orbit, on the Moon or on the Earth.

Satellites

A less advanced technology, and one closer to humanity's current technological level, is the Clarke Exobelt proposed by Astrophysicist Hector Socas-Navarro of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. [51] This hypothetical belt would be formed by all the artificial satellites occupying geostationary/geosynchronous orbits around an exoplanet. From early simulations it appeared that a very dense satellite belt, requiring only a moderately more-advanced civilization than ours, would be detectable with existing technology in the light curves from transiting exoplanets, [52] but subsequent analysis has questioned this result, suggesting that exobelts detectable by current and upcoming missions will be very rare. [53]

Extraterrestrial influence or activity on Earth

It has been suggested that once extraterrestrials arrive "at a new home, such life will almost certainly create technosignatures (because it used technology to get there), and some fraction of them may also eventually give rise to a new biosphere". [54] Microorganism DNA may have been used for self-replicating messages. [55] [ additional citation(s) needed ] See also: DNA digital data storage

On exoplanets

Low- or high-albedo installations such as solar panels may also be detectable, albeit distinguishing artificial megastructures from high- and low-albedo natural environments (e.g., bright ice caps) may make it unfeasible. [26]

Scientific projects searching for technosignatures

Major technosignatures as outlined in a 2021 scientific review. Technosignatures chart (labelled).png
Major technosignatures as outlined in a 2021 scientific review.

One of the first attempts to search for Dyson Spheres was made by Vyacheslav Slysh from the Russian Space Research Institute in Moscow in 1985 using data from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). [57]

Another search for technosignatures, c. 2001, involved an analysis of data from the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory for traces of anti-matter, which, besides one "intriguing spectrum probably not related to SETI", came up empty. [58]

In 2005, Fermilab had an ongoing survey for such spectra by analyzing data from IRAS. [59] [60] Identifying one of the many infra-red sources as a Dyson Sphere would require improved techniques for discriminating between a Dyson Sphere and natural sources. [61] Fermilab discovered 17 potential "ambiguous" candidates of which four have been named "amusing but still questionable". [10] Other searches also resulted in several candidates, which are, however, unconfirmed. [62]

In a 2005 paper, Luc Arnold proposed a means of detecting planetary-sized artifacts from their distinctive transit light curve signature. He showed that such technosignature was within the reach of space missions aimed at detecting exoplanets by the transit method, as were Corot or Kepler projects at that time. [63] The principle of the detection remains applicable for future exoplanets missions. [64] [65] [66]

In 2012, a trio of astronomers led by Jason Wright started a two-year search for Dyson Spheres, aided by grants from the Templeton Foundation. [67]

In 2013, Geoff Marcy received funding to use data from the Kepler Telescope to search for Dyson Spheres and interstellar communication using lasers, [68] and Lucianne Walkowicz received funding to detect artificial signatures in stellar photometry. [69]

Starting in 2016, astronomer Jean-Luc Margot of UCLA has been searching for technosignatures with large radio telescopes. [2]

Vanishing stars

In 2016, it was proposed that vanishing stars are a plausible technosignature. [70] A pilot project searching for vanishing stars was carried out, finding one candidate object. In 2019, the Vanishing & Appearing Sources during a Century of Observations (VASCO) project [71] began more general searches for vanishing and appearing stars, and other astrophysical transients [70] They identified 100 red transients of "most likely natural origin", while analyzing 15% of the image data. In 2020, the VASCO collaboration started up a citizen science project, vetting through images of many thousands of candidate objects. [72] The citizen science project is carried out in close collaboration with schools and amateur associations mainly in African countries. [73] The VASCO project has been referred to as "Perhaps the most general artefact search to date". [74] In 2021, VASCO's principal investigator Beatriz Villarroel received a L'Oreal-Unesco prize in Sweden for the project. [75] In June 2021, the collaboration published the discovery of nine light sources seemingly appearing and vanishing simultaneously from archival plates taken in 1950. [76] Villarroel's team also found three 16th magnitude stars which had vanished on plates exposed within one hour of each other on 19 July 1952. [77]

Organization of novel projects

Methods and ancillary benefits of the search for various technosignatures. Table of technosignatures.png
Methods and ancillary benefits of the search for various technosignatures.

In June 2020, NASA was awarded their first SETI-specific grant in three decades. The grant funds the first NASA-funded search for technosignatures from advanced extraterrestrial civilizations other than radio waves, including the creation and population of an online technosignature library. [78] [79] [80] A 2021 scientific review produced by the i.a. NASA-sponsored online workshop TechnoClimes 2020 classified possible optimal mission concepts for the search of technosignatures. It evaluates signatures based on a metric about the distance of humanity to the capacity of developing the signature's required technology – a comparison to contemporary human technology footprints, associated methods of detection and ancillary benefits of their search for other astronomy. The study's conclusions include a robust rationale for organizing missions for searching artifacts – including probes – within the Solar system. [81] [56]

In 2021, astronomers proposed a sequence of "verification checks for narrowband technosignature signals" after concluding that technosignature candidate BLC1 could be the result of a form of local radiofrequency interference. [82]

Capabilities for detecting technosignatures with recent, ongoing, and future missions and facilities. Cells colored green indicate that at least such a signature could be detectable for at least one stellar system and there being at least one peer-reviewed publication that has evaluated detectability of that signature. Capabilities for detecting technosignatures with recent, ongoing, and future missions and facilities.jpg
Capabilities for detecting technosignatures with recent, ongoing, and future missions and facilities. Cells colored green indicate that at least such a signature could be detectable for at least one stellar system and there being at least one peer-reviewed publication that has evaluated detectability of that signature.

It has been suggested that observatories on the Moon could be more successful. [83] [84] In 2022, scientists provided an overview of the capabilities of ongoing, recent, past, planned and proposed missions and observatories for detecting various alien technosignatures. [85] [86]

Implications of detection

Steven J. Dick states that there generally are no principles for dealing with successful SETI detections. Detections of technosignatures may have ethical implications, such as conveying information related to astroethical [87] and related machine ethics ones (e.g., related to machines' applied ethical values), or include information about alien societies or histories or fates, which may vary depending on the type, prevalence and form of the detected signature's technology. Moreover, various types of information about detected technosignatures and their distribution or dissemination may have varying implications that may also depend on time and context.

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

Extraterrestrial life, alien life, or colloquially aliens, is life which does not originate from Earth. No extraterrestrial life has yet been conclusively detected. Such life might range from simple forms such as prokaryotes to intelligent beings, possibly bringing forth civilizations that might be far more advanced than humans. The Drake equation speculates about the existence of sapient life elsewhere in the universe. The science of extraterrestrial life is known as astrobiology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermi paradox</span> Discrepancy between lack of evidence of advanced alien life and apparently high likelihood it exists

The Fermi paradox is the discrepancy between the lack of conclusive evidence of advanced extraterrestrial life and the apparently high likelihood of its existence. As a 2015 article put it, "If life is so easy, someone from somewhere must have come calling by now."

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other planets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kardashev scale</span> Measure of a civilizations evolution

The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy it is capable of harnessing and using. The measure was proposed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev (1932–2019) in 1964 and was named after him.

Xenoarchaeology, a branch of xenology dealing with extraterrestrial cultures, is a hypothetical form of archaeology that exists mainly in works of science fiction. The field is concerned with the study of the material remains to reconstruct and interpret past life-ways of alien civilizations. Xenoarchaeology is not currently practiced by mainstream archaeologists due to the current lack of any material for the discipline to study.

The Great Filter is the idea that, in the development of life from the earliest stages of abiogenesis to reaching the highest levels of development on the Kardashev scale, there is a barrier to development that makes detectable extraterrestrial life exceedingly rare. The Great Filter is one possible resolution of the Fermi paradox.

Jean-Luc Margot is a Belgian-born astronomer and a UCLA professor with expertise in planetary sciences and SETI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avi Loeb</span> Israeli-American theoretical physicist

Abraham "Avi" Loeb is an Israeli-American theoretical physicist who works on astrophysics and cosmology. Loeb is the Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University, where since 2007 he has been Director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Center for Astrophysics. He chaired the Department of Astronomy from 2011 to 2020, and founded the Black Hole Initiative in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 189733 b</span> Hot Jupiter exoplanet in the constellation Vulpecula

HD 189733 b is an exoplanet in the constellation of Vulpecula approximately 64.5 light-years away from the Solar System. Astronomers in France discovered the planet orbiting the star HD 189733 on October 5, 2005, by observing its transit across the star's face. With a mass 11.2% higher than that of Jupiter and a radius 11.4% greater, HD 189733 b orbits its host star once every 2.2 days at an orbital speed of 152.0 kilometers per second, making it a hot Jupiter with poor prospects for extraterrestrial life.

Active SETI is the attempt to send messages to intelligent extraterrestrial life. Active SETI messages are predominantly sent in the form of radio signals. Physical messages like that of the Pioneer plaque may also be considered an active SETI message. Active SETI is also known as METI.

The cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact is the corpus of changes to terrestrial science, technology, religion, politics, and ecosystems resulting from contact with an extraterrestrial civilization. This concept is closely related to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), which attempts to locate intelligent life as opposed to analyzing the implications of contact with that life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breakthrough Listen</span> Initiative to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life

Breakthrough Listen is a project to search for intelligent extraterrestrial communications in the Universe. With $100 million in funding and thousands of hours of dedicated telescope time on state-of-the-art facilities, it is the most comprehensive search for alien communications to date. The project began in January 2016, and is expected to continue for 10 years. It is a component of Yuri Milner's Breakthrough Initiatives program. The science program for Breakthrough Listen is based at Berkeley SETI Research Center, located in the Astronomy Department at the University of California, Berkeley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabetha S. Boyajian</span> American astronomer

Tabetha "Tabby" Suzanne Boyajian is an American astronomer and associate professor at Louisiana State University. She works in of stellar interferometry, stellar spectroscopy, exoplanet research, and high angular resolution astronomy, all particularly at optical and infrared wavelengths. Boyajian was the lead author of the September 2015 paper "Where's the Flux?", which investigated the highly unusual light curve of KIC 8462852; the star is colloquially known as Tabby's Star in her honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 164595</span> Star in the constellation of Hercules

HD 164595 is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Hercules. The primary component of this pair hosts an orbiting exoplanet. The system is located at a distance of 92 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 2.0 km/s. Although it has an absolute magnitude of +4.81, at that distance it is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 7.07. The brighter star can be found with binoculars or a small telescope less than a degree to the east-northeast of Xi Herculis. HD 164595 has a relatively large proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at an angular rate of 0.222″ yr−1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems</span> Detecting Earth as an exoplanet

There are several methods currently used by astronomers to detect distant exoplanets from Earth. Theoretically, some of these methods can be used to detect Earth as an exoplanet from distant star systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BLC1</span> Narrowband radio signal detected in April and May 2019

BLC1 was a candidate SETI radio signal detected and observed during April and May 2019, and first reported on 18 December 2020, spatially coincident with the direction of the Solar System's closest star, Proxima Centauri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alberto Caballero (astronomer)</span> Spanish astronomer (born c. 1991)

Alberto Caballero is a Spanish astronomer and science communicator. He is known for having identified a Sun-like star in the sky region where the Wow! signal came from as one of the possible sources of the radio signal. Caballero is also known for founding and coordinating the Habitable Exoplanet Hunting Project, an international effort consisting of more than 30 observatories searching for nearby potentially habitable exoplanets. Data is collected 24/7 from specific stars by observatories located both in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, and an initial list of exoplanet candidates was made public in 2020.

The Galileo Project is an international scientific research project to search for extraterrestrial intelligence or extraterrestrial technology on and near Earth and to identify the nature of anomalous Unidentified Flying Objects/Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UFOs/UAP).

<i>Rendezvous with the Future</i> 2022 TV series or program

Rendezvous with the Future is a documentary series commissioned by Bilibili and produced by BBC Studios which explores the science behind the science fiction of author Liu Cixin. The series premiered in China on 16 November 2022 and has been watched by a combined audience of more than 85 million.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "'Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence' Needs a New Name, SETI Pioneer Says". Space.com. 25 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 Williams, Matt (9 February 2018). "Researchers Just Scanned 14 Worlds From the Kepler Mission for "Technosignatures", Evidence of Advanced Civilizations". Universe Today. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  3. ↑ Frank, Adam (31 December 2020). "A new frontier is opening in the search for extraterrestrial life - The reason we haven't found life elsewhere in the universe is simple: We haven't really looked until now". The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  4. 1 2 Almár, Iván (2011). "SETI and astrobiology: The Rio Scale and the London Scale". Acta Astronautica. 69 (9–10): 899–904. Bibcode:2011AcAau..69..899A. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.05.036.(subscription required)
  5. ↑ Ma, Peter Xiangyuan; et al. (30 November 2022). "A deep-learning search for technosignatures of 820 nearby stars" (PDF). Nature Astronomy . Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Freemann J. Dyson (1960). "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infra-Red Radiation". Science . 131 (3414): 1667–1668. Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1667D. doi:10.1126/science.131.3414.1667. PMID   17780673. S2CID   3195432. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  7. 1 2 Carrigan, Dick (2006). "Fermilab Dyson Sphere search program". Archived from the original on 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2006-03-02.
  8. ↑ Shostak, Seth (Spring 2009). "When Will We Find the Extraterrestrials?" (PDF). Engineering & Science. 72 (1): 12–21. ISSN   0013-7812. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-15.
  9. ↑ Carrigan, Richard; Dyson, Freeman J. (15 May 2009). "Dyson sphere at Scholarpedia". Scholarpedia. 4 (5). Scholarpedia.org: 6647. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.6647 .
  10. 1 2 Carrigan, D. (2012). "Fermilab Dyson Sphere search program". Archived from the original on 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  11. ↑ Sanders, Robert (5 October 2012). "Grants help scientists explore boundary between science & science fiction". Newscenter.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  12. ↑ Villard, Ray (2013). "Alien 'Star Engine' Detectable in Exoplanet Data?". Discovery News. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
  13. ↑ Duncan Forgan; Martin Elvis (2011). "Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv: 1103.5369 . Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID   119111392.
  14. ↑ Kipping, David (April 19, 2016). "Here's how we could hide Earth from aliens if we had to". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  15. ↑ Kipping, David M.; Teachey, Alex (21 June 2016). "A cloaking device for transiting planets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 459 (2): 1233–1241. arXiv: 1603.08928 . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw672 .
  16. ↑ Davenport, James R. A. (9 July 2019). "SETI in the Spatio-Temporal Survey Domain". arXiv: 1907.04443 [astro-ph.IM].
  17. ↑ Clement, Matthew S.; Raymond, Sean N.; Veras, Dimitri; Kipping, David (23 May 2022). "Mathematical encoding within multi-resonant planetary systems as SETI beacons". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 513 (4): 4945–4950. arXiv: 2204.14259 . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac1234 .
  18. ↑ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (9 May 2022). "Aliens could say hello by arranging planets in prime number pattern". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  19. ↑ Scharf, Caleb A. (March 7, 2018). "The Technosignature Challenge". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  20. ↑ Romanovskaya, Irina K. (June 2022). "Migrating extraterrestrial civilizations and interstellar colonization: implications for SETI and SETA". International Journal of Astrobiology. 21 (3): 163–187. Bibcode:2022IJAsB..21..163R. doi: 10.1017/S1473550422000143 . ISSN   1473-5504.
  21. ↑ Gillon, Michael; Burdanov, Artem; Wright, Jason T. (2022). "Search for an Alien Message to a Nearby Star". The Astronomical Journal. 164 (5): 221. arXiv: 2111.05334 . Bibcode:2022AJ....164..221G. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac9610 . S2CID   253182278.
  22. ↑ Gertz, John (8 June 2021). "Oumuamua and Scout ET Probes". arXiv: 1904.04914 [physics.pop-ph].
  23. ↑ Gertz, John. "Maybe the Aliens Really Are Here". Scientific American. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  24. ↑ Gertz, John (4 December 2020). "Strategies for the Detection of ET Probes Within Our Own Solar System". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 74 (2): 47. arXiv: 2011.12446 . Bibcode:2021JBIS...74...47G.
  25. ↑ Gillon, Michael; Burdanov, Artem; Wright, Jason T. (2022). "Search for an Alien Message to a Nearby Star". The Astronomical Journal. 164 (5): 221. arXiv: 2111.05334 . Bibcode:2022AJ....164..221G. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac9610 . S2CID   253182278.
  26. 1 2 Berdyugina, S. V.; Kuhn, J. R. (25 November 2019). "Surface Imaging of Proxima b and Other Exoplanets: Albedo Maps, Biosignatures, and Technosignatures". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (6): 246. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..246B. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab2df3 . ISSN   1538-3881. S2CID   213585876.
  27. ↑ Gertz, John (21 October 2021). "The Search for Deliberate Interstellar SETI Signals May Be Futile". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 74 (11): 414. arXiv: 2110.11502 . Bibcode:2021JBIS...74..414G.
  28. ↑ Gertz, John; Marcy, Geoffrey (27 April 2022). "Engineering an Interstellar Communications Network by Deploying Relay Probes". arXiv: 2204.08296 [physics.pop-ph].
  29. ↑ LaViolette, Paul A. (1999). "Evidence that Radio Pulsars may be Artificial Beacons of ETI Origin".
  30. ↑ Haliki, Emir (October 2019). "Broadcast network model of pulsars as beacons of extraterrestrial civilizations". International Journal of Astrobiology. 18 (5): 455–462. Bibcode:2019IJAsB..18..455H. doi:10.1017/S1473550418000459. ISSN   1473-5504. S2CID   126214354.
  31. ↑ "Stingy aliens may call us on cheap rates only". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  32. ↑ "SETI search urged to look for city lights". UPI.com. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  33. ↑ Extrasolar Planets: Formation, Detection and Dynamics Rudolf Dvorak, page 14 John Wiley & Sons, 2007
  34. ↑ "Wildfires Light Up Western Australia". Nasa.gov. 2012-12-07. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  35. ↑ Beatty, Thomas G. (6 May 2022). "The Detectability of Nightside City Lights on Exoplanets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 513 (2): 2652–2662. arXiv: 2105.09990 . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac469 .
  36. ↑ Steigerwald, Bill (22 January 2021). "Find an Extraterrestrial Civilization Using Its Pollution". NASA. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  37. ↑ Gertner, Jon (15 September 2022). "The Search for Intelligent Life Is About to Get a Lot More Interesting - There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in the universe, home to an unimaginable abundance of planets. And now there are new ways to spot signs of life on them". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  38. 1 2 Choi, Charles Q. (2012-11-26). "Alien Hairspray May Help Us Find E.T." Space.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  39. ↑ "Satellite sniffs out chemical traces of atmospheric pollution / Observing the Earth / Our Activities / ESA". Esa.int. 2000-12-18. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  40. ↑ "Pollution on other planets could help us find aliens, Nasa says" . The Independent. 12 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  41. ↑ Herbst, Meghan (March 4, 2021). "Can Alien Smog Lead Us to Extraterrestrial Civilizations?". Wired. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  42. ↑ Kopparapu, Ravi; Arney, Giada; Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob; Villanueva, Geronimo (22 February 2021). "Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution as a Signature of Extraterrestrial Technology". The Astrophysical Journal. 908 (2): 164. arXiv: 2102.05027 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...908..164K. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd7f7 . S2CID   231855390.
  43. ↑ Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Kopparapu, Ravi; Fauchez, Thomas J.; Frank, Adam; Wright, Jason T.; Lingam1, Manasvi (1 March 2022). "Detectability of Chlorofluorocarbons in the Atmospheres of Habitable M-dwarf Planets". The Planetary Science Journal. 3 (3): 60. arXiv: 2202.05858 . Bibcode:2022PSJ.....3...60H. doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ac5404 . S2CID   246824041.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Fauchez, Thomas J.; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Kopparapu, Ravi (1 April 2022). "Disruption of a Planetary Nitrogen Cycle as Evidence of Extraterrestrial Agriculture". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 929 (2): L28. arXiv: 2204.05360 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...929L..28H. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac65ff . S2CID   248119062.
  45. ↑ "Haze on Saturn's Moon Titan Is Similar to Earth's Pollution". Space.com. June 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  46. ↑ Zubrin, Robert (1995). "Detection of Extraterrestrial Civilizations via the Spectral Signature of Advanced Interstellar Spacecraft". In Shostak, Seth (ed.). Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 487–496. Bibcode:1995ASPC...74..487Z.
  47. ↑ Freitas, Robert (November 1983). "The Case for Interstellar Probes". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 36: 490–495. Bibcode:1983JBIS...36..490F.
  48. ↑ Tough, Allen (1998). "Small Smart Interstellar Probes" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 51: 167–174.
  49. ↑ Gillon, Michaël (February 2014). "A novel SETI strategy targeting the solar focal regions of the most nearby stars". Acta Astronautica. 94 (2): 629–633. arXiv: 1309.7586 . Bibcode:2014AcAau..94..629G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.09.009. S2CID   53990678.
  50. ↑ Edwards, Lin (July 19, 2013). "Self-replicating alien probes could already be here". Phys.org. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  51. ↑ Dorminey, Bruce (February 24, 2018). "NASA's TESS Telescope May Spot Alien Geo-Satellites, Say Astronomers". Forbes. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  52. ↑ Hector Socas-Navarro (2018-02-21). "Possible Photometric Signatures of Moderately Advanced Civilizations: The Clarke Exobelt". The Astrophysical Journal. 855 (2): 110. arXiv: 1802.07723 . Bibcode:2018ApJ...855..110S. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaae66 . S2CID   55234856.
  53. ↑ Shauna Sallmen; Eric J. Korpela; Kaisa Crawford-Taylor (2019-11-02). "Improved Analysis of Clarke Exobelt Detectability". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (6): 258. arXiv: 1909.10061 . Bibcode:2019AJ....158..258S. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab5300 . S2CID   202719280.
  54. ↑ Wright, Jason T.; Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Frank, Adam; Kopparapu, Ravi; Lingam, Manasvi; Sheikh, Sofia Z. (1 March 2022). "The Case for Technosignatures: Why They May Be Abundant, Long-lived, Highly Detectable, and Unambiguous". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 927 (2): L30. arXiv: 2203.10899 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...927L..30W. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac5824 . ISSN   2041-8205. S2CID   247448627.
  55. ↑ Ellery, Alex (2022). "Self-replicating probes are imminent – implications for SETI". International Journal of Astrobiology. 21 (4): 212–242. Bibcode:2022IJAsB..21..212E. doi: 10.1017/S1473550422000234 . ISSN   1473-5504. S2CID   250398136.
  56. 1 2 3 Socas-Navarro, Hector; Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Wright, Jason T.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Benford, James; Davis, Ross; TechnoClimes 2020 workshop participants (1 May 2021). "Concepts for future missions to search for technosignatures". Acta Astronautica. 182: 446–453. arXiv: 2103.01536 . Bibcode:2021AcAau.182..446S. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.02.029. ISSN   0094-5765. S2CID   232092198 . Retrieved 17 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CC-BY icon.svg Available under CC BY 4.0 on arXiv.
  57. ↑ Battersby, Stephen (3 April 2013). "Alien megaprojects: The hunt has begun". New Scientist. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  58. ↑ Harris, Michael J. (2002). "Limits from CGRO/EGRET Data on the Use of Antimatter as a Power Source by Extraterrestrial Civilizations". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 55: 383. arXiv: astro-ph/0112490 . Bibcode:2002JBIS...55..383H.
  59. ↑ Carrigan, D. (2006). "Fermilab Dyson Sphere search program". Archived from the original on 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2006-03-02.
  60. ↑ Shostak, Seth (Spring 2009). "When Will We Find the Extraterrestrials?" (PDF). Engineering & Science. 72 (1): 12–21. ISSN   0013-7812. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-15.
  61. ↑ Dyson sphere at Scholarpedia
  62. ↑ Dick Carrigan (2010-12-16). "Dyson Sphere Searches". Home.fnal.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  63. ↑ Arnold, Luc F. A. (July 2005). "Transit Light-Curve Signatures of Artificial Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 627 (1): 534–539. arXiv: astro-ph/0503580 . Bibcode:2005ApJ...627..534A. doi:10.1086/430437. S2CID   15396488.
  64. ↑ Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite TESS. NASA.
  65. ↑ "CHEOPS CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite".
  66. ↑ PLATO PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars. ESA.
  67. ↑ Hammonds, Markus (24 May 2013). "Hunting for Alien Megastructures". Universe Today. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  68. ↑ Brannen, Peter (24 July 2013). "Hunt for alien spacecraft begins, as planet-spotting scientist Geoff Marcy gets funding". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  69. ↑ "New Frontiers in Astronomy: The research grant winners | ScienceBlogs". Archived from the original on 2013-10-22.
  70. 1 2 Villarroel, Beatriz; Imaz, Inigo; Bergstedt, Josefine (6 September 2016). "Our sky now and then: searches for lost stars and impossible effects as probes of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 76. arXiv: 1606.08992 . Bibcode:2016AJ....152...76V. doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/76 . S2CID   118514910.
  71. ↑ Villarroel, Beatriz; Soodla, Johan; Comerón, Sébastien; Mattsson, Lars; Pelckmans, Kristiaan; López-Corredoira, Martín; Krisciunas, Kevin; Guerras, Eduardo; Kochukhov, Oleg; Bergstedt, Josefine; Buelens, Bart; Bär, Rudolf E.; Cubo, Rubén; Enriquez, J. Emilio; Gupta, Alok C.; Imaz, Iñigo; Karlsson, Torgny; Prieto, M. Almudena; Shlyapnikov, Aleksey A.; de Souza, Rafael S.; Vavilova, Irina B.; Ward, Martin J. (12 December 2019). "The Vanishing and Appearing Sources during a Century of Observations Project. I. USNO Objects Missing in Modern Sky Surveys and Follow-up Observations of a "Missing Star"". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (1): 8. arXiv: 1911.05068 . doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab570f . ISSN   1538-3881. S2CID   207863387.
  72. ↑ "Look to the sky and help researchers in a new citizen science project - Stockholm University".
  73. ↑ Villarroel, Beatriz; Pelckmans, Kristiaan; Solano, Enrique; Laaksoharju, Mikael; Souza, Abel; Dom, Onyeuwaoma Nnaemeka; Laggoune, Khaoula; Mimouni, Jamal; Mattsson, Lars; Soodla, Johan; Castillo, Diego; Shultz, Matthew E.; Aworka, Rubby; Comerón, Sébastien; Geier, Stefan; Marcy, Geoffrey; Gupta, Alok C.; Bergstedt, Josefine; Bär, Rudolf E.; Buelens, Bart; Prieto, M. Almudena; Ramos-Almeida, Cristina; Wamalwa, Dismas Simiyu; Ward, Martin J. (2022). "Launching the VASCO Citizen Science Project". Universe. 8 (11): 561. arXiv: 2009.10813 . Bibcode:2022Univ....8..561V. doi: 10.3390/universe8110561 .
  74. ↑ Shostak, Seth (December 2020). "SETI: the argument for artefact searches". International Journal of Astrobiology. 19 (6): 456–461. Bibcode:2020IJAsB..19..456S. doi:10.1017/S1473550420000233. S2CID   225252511.
  75. ↑ "Prize to promising astrophysicist - Stockholm University".
  76. ↑ Villarroel, Beatriz; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Geier, Stefan; Streblyanska, Alina; Solano, Enrique; Andruk, Vitaly N.; Shultz, Matthew E.; Gupta, Alok C.; Mattsson, Lars (17 June 2021). "Exploring nine simultaneously occurring transients on April 12th 1950". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 12794. arXiv: 2106.11780 . Bibcode:2021NatSR..1112794V. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92162-7. PMC   8211679 . PMID   34140604.
  77. ↑ Solano, Enrique; Marcy, Geoffery; Villarroel, Beatriz; Geier, Stefan; Streblyanska, Alina; Lombardi, Gianluka; Rudolf, Bar; Androk, Vitaly (January 2024). "A bright triple transient that vanished within 50 min". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 527 (3): 6312. arXiv: 2310.09035 . Bibcode:2024MNRAS.527.6312S. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3422 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024– via academic.oup.
  78. ↑ Irving, Michael (23 June 2020). "NASA funds SETI study to scan exoplanets for alien "technosignatures"". New Atlas. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  79. ↑ Rice, Doyle (June 20, 2020). "Scientists are searching the universe for signs of alien civilizations: 'Now we know where to look'". USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  80. ↑ University of Rochester (June 19, 2020). "Does intelligent life exist on other planets? Technosignatures may hold new clues". Phys.org. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  81. ↑ Carter, Jamie (March 22, 2021). "Revealed: Why We Should Look For Ancient Alien Spacecraft On The Moon, Mars And Mercury According To NASA Scientists". Forbes. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  82. ↑ Sheikh, Sofia Z.; Smith, Shane; Price, Danny C.; DeBoer, David; Lacki, Brian C.; Czech, Daniel J.; Croft, Steve; Gajjar, Vishal; Isaacson, Howard; Lebofsky, Matt; MacMahon, David H. E.; Ng, Cherry; Perez, Karen I.; Siemion, Andrew P. V.; Webb, Claire Isabel; Zic, Andrew; Drew, Jamie; Worden, S. Pete (November 2021). "Analysis of the Breakthrough Listen signal of interest blc1 with a technosignature verification framework". Nature Astronomy. 5 (11): 1153–1162. arXiv: 2111.06350 . Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1153S. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01508-8. ISSN   2397-3366. S2CID   239906760.
  83. ↑ "Why Astronomers Want to Build a SETI Observatory on the Moon". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  84. ↑ Williams, Matt. "The moon is the perfect spot for SETI". Universe Today. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  85. ↑ Axe, David (11 June 2022). "The Alien Hunter's Playbook Is Getting a Cutting-Edge Rewrite". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  86. ↑ Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Socas-Navarro, Hector; Kopparapu, Ravi; Angerhausen, Daniel; Beatty, Thomas G.; Berdyugina, Svetlana; Felton, Ryan; Sharma, Siddhant; De la Torre, Gabriel G.; Apai, Dániel (1 September 2022). "Searching for technosignatures in exoplanetary systems with current and future missions". Acta Astronautica. 198: 194–207. arXiv: 2206.00030 . Bibcode:2022AcAau.198..194H. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.05.040. ISSN   0094-5765. S2CID   249240495.
  87. ↑ Dick, Steven J. (August 8, 2018). "Astroethics and Cosmocentrism". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.