List of potentially habitable exoplanets

The following list includes some of the potentially habitable exoplanets discovered so far. It is mostly based on estimates of habitability by the Habitable Worlds Catalog (HWC), and data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive. The HWC is maintained by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. ^[1] There is also a speculative list being developed of superhabitable planets.

Surface planetary habitability is thought to require an orbit at the right distance from the host star for liquid surface water to be present, in addition to various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, atmospheric density, radiation type and intensity, and the host star's plasma environment. ^[2]

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of confirmed exoplanets within the circumstellar habitable zone that are either under 10 Earth masses or smaller than 2.5 Earth radii, and thus have a chance of being rocky. ^{[3] [1]} Note that inclusion on this list does not guarantee habitability, and in particular the larger planets are more unlikely to have a rocky composition. ^[4] Earth is included for both comparison and reference, while Venus and Mars are included for reference only.

Note that mass and radius values prefixed with "~" have not been measured, but are estimated from the mass-radius relationship.

Object	Star	Star type	Mass (M⊕)	Radius (R⊕)	Density (g/cm3)	Flux (F⊕)	Teq (K)	Period (days)	Distance (ly)	Refs/Notes
Earth (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	1.00	1.00	5.514	1.00	255	365.25	0	Only planet confirmed to support life.
Venus (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	0.815	0.950	5.243	1.911	244.261	224.70	0.0000042	[5]
Mars (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	0.107	0.533	3.934	0.431	209.8	686.98	0.0000058 - 0.000042	[6]
Gliese 12 b	Gliese 12	M4V	0.88+0.39 −0.26	1.03±0.11	4.44	1.6±0.2	315	12.7	40	[7]
Gliese 163 c	Gliese 163	M3V	≥6.80	—	—	1.25	277	25.6	49	[1]
Gliese 180 d	Gliese 180	M2V	≥7.56	—	—	0.26		106.3	39	[1]
Gliese 229 Ac	Gliese 229 A	M1V	≥8.57	—	—	0.44	216	121.9	18.8
Gliese 357 d	Gliese 357	M2V	≥6.10	—	—	0.38	200	55.7	31
Gliese 433 d	Gliese 433	M2V	≥5.22	—	—	1.06		36.1	29.6	[1]
Gliese 514 b	Gliese 514	M1V	≥5.20	—	—	0.28+0.51 −0.166	202	140.4	25	Highly eccentric [8]
Gliese 555 b	Gliese 555	M4V	≥5.46	—	—	0.5	214 [9]	36.2	20.4	Probably a mini-Neptune or an ocean planet [10]
Gliese 625 b	Gliese 625	M2V	≥2.82	—	—			14.628	21.1	Only in HZ if very optimistic models used [11] [12] [13]
Gliese 667 Cc	Gliese 667 C	M1V	≥3.81	~1.54	—	0.88	277	28.1	23.62	[14] [1]
Gliese 1002 b	Gliese 1002	M5V	≥1.08	~1.03	—	0.67	231	10.3	15.8	[15]
Gliese 1002 c	Gliese 1002	M5V	≥1.36	1.1	—	0.26	182	21.2	15.8	[15] [16]
GJ 1061 c	GJ 1061	M5V	≥1.74	~1.18	—	1.45	275	6.7	12
GJ 1061 d	GJ 1061	M5V	≥1.64	~1.16	—	0.69	218	13.0	12
GJ 3293 d	GJ 3293	M2V	≥7.60	—	—	0.59	223	48.1	66	[1]
GJ 3998 d	GJ 3998	M1V	≥6.07	—	—			41.8	58	[17]
HD 20794 d	HD 20794	G8V	≥5.82	—	—			647.6	19.7	Highly eccentric orbit and could also be a mini-Neptune [18] [19]
HD 216520 c	HD 216520	K0V	≥9.44	—	—	1.28		154.4	64	[1]
HIP 38594 b	HIP 38594	M0V	≥8.10	—	—	1.34		60.7	58	[1]
K2-9b	K2-9	M2V	—	2.25	—	1.45	279	18.4	270	[1] [20]
K2-72e	K2-72	M?V	~2.21	1.29	—	1.30	261	24.2	217	[21]
K2-332b	K2-332	M?V	—	2.20	—	1.17		17.7	402	[1]
K2-288Bb	K2-288 B	M3V	4.27	1.91	—	0.44	207	31.4	214	[22]
Kepler-22b	Kepler-22	G5V	—	2.38	—	1.10	261	289.9	635	[1] [23]
Kepler-62e	Kepler-62	K2V	4.5+14.2 −2.6	1.61	—	1.15	264	122.4	981	[1] [24]
Kepler-62f	Kepler-62	K2V	2.8±0.4	1.41	—	0.41	204	267.3	981	[1] [25]
Kepler-155c	Kepler-155	M0V	—	2.24	—	1.05		52.7	957	[1]
Kepler-174d	Kepler-174	K3V	—	2.19	—	0.59	206	247.4	1254	[1]
Kepler-186f	Kepler-186	M1V	1.44+2.33 −1.12	1.17	—	0.29	188	129.9	579	[1]
Kepler-283c	Kepler-283	K5V	—	1.82	—	0.89	248	92.7	1526	[1]
Kepler-296e	Kepler-296	K7V	2.96	1.52	—	1.41	276	34.1	737	[1] [26] [27]
Kepler-296f	Kepler-296	K7V	—	1.80	—	0.44	225	63.3	737	[1] [28]
Kepler-442b	Kepler-442	K5V	2.36+5.9 −1.3	1.35	—	0.70	233	112.3	1193	[1]
Kepler-440b	Kepler-440	K6V	—	1.91	—	1.44	273	101.1	981	[1]
Kepler-443b	Kepler-443	K3V	—	2.35	—	0.89	247	177.7	2615	[1]
Kepler-705b	Kepler-705	M?V	—	2.11	—	0.77	243	56.1	903
Kepler-1229b	Kepler-1229	M?V	2.540	1.40	—	0.32	213	86.8	865	[1]
Kepler-1410b	Kepler-1410	K?V	—	1.78	—	1.07	274	60.9	1196
Kepler-1455b	Kepler-1455	K?V	—	2.10	—	1.30		49.3	1280	[29]
Kepler-1540b	Kepler-1540	K?V	—	2.49	—	0.78	250	125.4	799
Kepler-1544 b	Kepler-1544	K2V	—	1.78	—	0.84	248	168.8	1092	[1]
Kepler-1606b	Kepler-1606	G?V	—	2.07	—	1.64	277	196.4	2710	[30]
Kepler-1649c	Kepler-1649	M5V	1.20	1.06	—	0.75	237	19.5	301	[31]
Kepler-1652b	Kepler-1652	M?V	—	1.60	—	0.84	244	38.1	822
Kepler-1653b	Kepler-1653	K?V	—	2.17	—	1.04	258	140.3	2461
Kepler-1701b	Kepler-1701	K?V	—	2.22	—	1.42	275	169.1	1904	[1] [32]
LHS 1140 b	LHS 1140	M4V	5.60	1.73	5.9±0.3	0.43	226	24.7	49	Likely an ocean world with or without an atmosphere [33]
LP 890-9 c	LP 890-9	M6V	—	1.37	—	0.91	272	8.46	105	[34]
Luyten b	Luyten's Star	M3V	≥2.89	~1.35	—	1.06	258	18.65	12.3	[35]
Proxima Centauri b	Proxima Centauri	M5V	≥1.07 [36] : 16	1.17±0.23	—	0.70	228	11.186	4.25	Affected by solar flare, possibly affected by high radiation [37]
Ross 128 b	Ross 128	M4V	≥1.40	~1.80	—	1.48	280	9.87	11.0	[38]
Ross 508 b	Ross 508	M4V	≥4.00	—	—	1.32		10.8	37	[39]
Teegarden's Star b	Teegarden's Star	M7V	≥1.05	~1.02	—	1.15	264	4.91	12.5	Radius is estimated [40] [41]
Teegarden's Star c	Teegarden's Star	M7V	≥1.11	~1.04	—	0.37	199	11.4	12.5	[40]
TOI-700 d	TOI-700	M2V	~1.72	1.14	—	0.87	246	37.4	101
TOI-700 e	TOI-700	M2V	0.82	0.95	—	1.27 [42]	273	27.8	101	[43]
TOI-715 b	TOI-715	M4V	3.02	1.55	—	0.67	234	19.29	137	[44] [45]
TOI-2257 b	TOI-2257	M3V	5.712+4.288 −2.311	2.20	—	0.57+1.68 −0.31	256+61 −17	35.2	188	Highly eccentric [1] [46]
TRAPPIST-1d	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	0.39	0.78	3.39	1.12	258	4.05	41	Confirmed to be rocky [47] [48]
TRAPPIST-1e	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	0.69	0.92	5.65	0.65	230	6.1	41	Confirmed to be rocky [47] [48]
TRAPPIST-1f	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	1.04	1.04	3.3 ± 0.9	0.37	200	9.2	41	Confirmed to be rocky [47] [48]
TRAPPIST-1g	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	1.32	1.13	4.186	0.25	182	12.4	41	Confirmed to be rocky [47] [48]
Wolf 1069 b	Wolf 1069	M5V	≥1.26	~1.08	—	0.65	250	15.6	31.2	[49]
Wolf 1061c	Wolf 1061	M3V	≥3.41	~1.60	—	1.30	271	17.9	13.8	[1]

Current candidates

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

See also: List of Kepler exoplanet candidates in the habitable zone

This is a list of notable exoplanets within the circumstellar habitable zone that are either under 10 Earth masses or smaller than 2.5 Earth radii and have not yet been confirmed. Earth is included for both comparison and reference, while Venus and Mars are included for reference only.

Object	Star	Star type	Mass (M⊕)	Radius (R⊕)	Density (g/cm3)	Flux (F⊕)	Teq (K)	Period (days)	Distance (ly)	Refs/Notes
Earth (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	1.00	1.00	5.514	1.00	255	365.25	0	Only planet confirmed to support life.
Venus (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	0.815	0.950	5.243	1.911	244.261	224.70	0.0000042	[50]
Mars (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	0.107	0.533	3.934	0.431	209.8	686.98	0.0000058 - 0.000042	[51]
Gliese 180 c	Gliese 180	M2V	≥6.40	—	—	0.78	239	24.3	39	[1] [52]
HD 40307 g	HD 40307	K2V	≥7.09	—	—	0.67	226	197.8	42	[1] [53]
Kepler-452b	Kepler-452	G2V	~5	1.63	—	1.11	261	384.8	1799	[1] [54] [55] [56] [57]
KOI-4878b	KOI-4878	F8V	~1.9+1.1 −0.5	1.05	—	1.04+1.1 −0.34	257	449.0	1075	[58] [59]
L 98-59 f	L 98-59	M3V	≥2.46	—	—	>1	~280	23.15	34.6	[60]
Lacaille 9352 d	Lacaille 9352	M0V	≥8.3	—	—			50.7	10.7	[61]
LTT 1445 Ad	LTT 1445A	M2V	≥2.72	—	—			24.3	22.4	[62]
Tau Ceti f	Tau Ceti	G8V	≥3.93	—	—	0.27	190	642	11.9	Has been only in HZ for less than 1 Gya [63] [64] [65]
(unnamed planet)	WD 1054–226	DAZ	~1	—	—			1.04	118	[66] [67]

Previous candidates

Some exoplanet candidates detected by radial velocity that were originally thought to be potentially habitable were later found to most likely be artifacts of stellar activity. These include Gliese 581 d & g, ^{[68] [69] [70]} Gliese 667 Ce & f, ^{[14] [71]} Gliese 682 b & c, ^[52] Kapteyn b, ^{[72] [73]} and Gliese 832 c. ^[74]

HD 85512 b was initially estimated to be potentially habitable, ^{[75] [76]} but updated models for the boundaries of the habitable zone placed the planet interior to the HZ, ^{[77] [78]} and it is now considered non-habitable. ^[1] Kepler-69c has gone through a similar process; though initially estimated to be potentially habitable, ^[79] it was quickly realized that the planet is more likely to be similar to Venus, ^[80] and is thus no longer considered habitable. ^[1] Several other planets, such as Gliese 180 b, also appear to be examples of planets once considered potentially habitable but later found to be interior to the habitable zone. ^[1]

Similarly, Tau Ceti e was thought to be likely habitable, ^[81] but with improved models of the circumstellar habitable zone, as of 2022 PHL does not consider it potentially habitable. ^{[1] [ failed verification ]} Kepler-438b was also initially considered potentially habitable; however, it was later found to be a subject of powerful flares that can strip a planet of its atmosphere, so it is now considered non-habitable. ^[1]

K2-3d and K2-18b were originally considered potentially habitable, and the latter remains listed in the HEC, ^[1] but recent studies have shown them to be gaseous sub-Neptunes rather than being the Hycean planets and thus unlikely to be habitable. ^{[82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]}

Kepler-1638b was thought to be a possibly habitable planet with a radius smaller than 2  R_🜨 after the validation. However based on the later measurement of host star parallax by Gaia, the radius of the planet was revised upward to 3.226+0.201
−0.315  R_🜨 , resulting in it being a ice giant like Neptune with poor prospect for habitability. ^{[88] [89]}

KOI-1686.01 was also considered a potentially habitable exoplanet after its detection in 2011, until proven a false positive by NASA in 2015. ^[90] Several other KOIs, like Kepler-577b and Kepler-1649b, were considered potentially habitable prior to confirmation, but with new data are no longer considered habitable.

See also

• Astrobiology
• Carbon planet
• Comparative planetary science
• Earth analog
• Earth Similarity Index
• Extraterrestrial atmosphere
• Extraterrestrial life
• Extraterrestrial liquid water
• Galactic habitable zone
• Goldilocks principle
• Habitable zone - Habitable zone for complex life
• Habitability of binary star systems
• Habitability of orange dwarf systems
• Habitability of natural satellites
• Habitability of red dwarf systems
• Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
• Hypothetical types of biochemistry
• List of multiplanetary systems
• List of nearest stars
• List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
• List of potentially habitable moons
• Lists of planets
• Ocean world
• Planetary habitability
• Rare Earth hypothesis
• Solar analog
• Space colonization
• Super-Earth
• Superhabitable planet
• Terrestrial planet
• Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys

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External links

• "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog" (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
• Habitable Exoplanets Catalogue ranks alien worlds on suitability for life