List of directly imaged exoplanets

Last updated
Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets HR 8799 Orbiting Exoplanets.gif
Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

Contents

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The lightest, coldest, and oldest planet directly imaged is Proxima Centauri c, which has seven times Earth's mass, an effective temperature of 39 K, and an age of about 4.8 Ga. This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identities of Candidate 1, FW Tau b, LkCa 15 b, LkCa 15 c, and HD 100546 b are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.   †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star Exoplanet Image Mass (MJ) Radius (RJ) Period (yr)Observed separation (AU) Eccentricity Distance to Earth (ly)Year of discoveryImaging techniqueRef(s).
WISE J0336-0143 WISE J0336-0143 B†4-12.55-90.97+0.05
−0.09		332023source substraction [1]
Alpha Centauri Candidate 1 (?) Candidate1 Discovery.png 0.11±0.050.459±0.17~11.14.372021
CFBDSIR J145829+101343 CFBDSIR J145829+101343 b Brown Dwarf Binary CFBDSIR 1458+10.tif 10.5±4.527.5±7.52.6±0.32011Direct imaging
HD 206893 HD 206893 c12.7+1.2
−1.0		1.46+0.18
−0.06		5.73.53+0.08
−0.06		0.41±0.031332023interferometry [2]
HD 206893 B†28.0+2.2
−2.1		1.25±0.02269.6+0.4
−0.3		0.14±0.052017ADI, PCA [3] [2]
WISE 1217+1626 WISE 1217+1626 A b22±20.934±0.0298.0±1.32012Direct imaging
AF Leporis AF Lep b Potw2308a(1).jpg 2-5.520.680.47872023Direct imaging [4] [5] [6]
Beta Pictoris Beta Pictoris b Beta Pictoris b orbit animated (2013-2018).gif 12.7±0.31.5±0.222.47+3.77
−2.26		90.08+0.09
−0.05		63.4±0.12008RSDI [7] [8] [9] [10]
51 Eridani 51 Eridani b 51 Eridani b orbit animated (2014-2018).gif 2.61.0 ?13 ?962014ADI, KLIP [11]
HR 8799 HR 8799 e HR 8799 Orbiting Exoplanets.gif 7.01.34914.50.141282010ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 d 7.01.310024.50.091282008ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 c 7.01.318937.40.241282008ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 b 5.01.247469.20.171282008ADI, LOCI
LkCa 15 LkCa 15 b14.7±2.12015Direct imaging
LkCa 15 c18.6±2.52015Direct imaging
2M J044144 2M J044144 b† Brown dwarf 2M J044144 and planet.jpg 5–10154562010Direct imaging
29 Cygni HIP 99770 b HIP 99770 b.png 13.9-16.11.0551.016.90.25130.92022ALOCI [12]
HIP 21152HIP 21152 b24+6
−4		60.317+5
−4		0.36+0.37
−0.25		2022Direct imaging
HR 2562 HR 2562 b 30±151.11±0.1120.3±0.32016Direct imaging
PDS 70 PDS 70 b PDS 70.jpg  ? ?213702018ADI, TLOCI
PDS 70 c PDS 70 - eso2111b (cropped).jpg  ? ?353702019SDI
HIP 81208 C HIP 81208 Cb† New planetary-mass object found in quadruple system (potw2338a).jpg 14.8±0.4~285234852023 [13]
PZ Telescopii PZ Telescopii b NICI image of PZ Tel A and B (geminiann10013a).jpg 27+25
−9		120.527+14
−4		0.52+0.36
−0.32		2010Direct imaging, radial velocity
HD 169142 HD 169142 b Protoplanet HD 169142b.gif 1-437.21152019/2023pseudo-ADI, PDI, ASDI, ADI [14] [15]
2M1207 2M1207b † 2M1207b - First image of an exoplanet.jpg 4.21.5162040.60.371702004Direct imaging
59 Virginis Gliese 504 b† Composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 (no labels).jpg 4+4.5
−1		 ? ?43.5 ?57.272013ADI, LOCI
2MASS J01225093-24395052MASS J01225093-2439505 b24.5±2.51.0522013Direct imaging
KR Muscae HD 100546 b VLT image of the protoplanet around the young star HD 100546.jpg 8.50±4.006.9+2.7
−2.9		53±22014Direct imaging
Kappa Andromedae Kappa Andromedae b HR 8976 exoplanet.jpg 13+12
−2		 ?242–900550.69–0.85168.02013ADI, LOCI
HD 95086 HD 95086 b VLT image of exoplanet HD 95086 b.jpg 5.0 ? ?56 ?2952013ADI, LOCI
2MASS J01033563-5515561(AB) 2MASS J0103 AB b†12-14841542013AO [16]
HIP 65426 HIP 65426 b The unusual exoplanet HIP 65426b -- SPHERE's first.jpg 6-121.5600923632017ADI, TLOCI [17] [18]
AB Aurigae AB Aurigae b Subaru AB Aur b.png 9-122.75 ?930.19-0.605082022ADI/RSDI, ALOCI [19]
MWC 758 MWC 758 c1002023Direct imaging
GQ Lupi GQ Lupi b The Sub-Stellar Companion to GQ Lupi.jpg 31±104.6±1.41002004Direct imaging
VHS 1256-1257 VHS 1256 b † VHS J1256-1257.jpg 11.23900102402015Direct imaging
YSES 2 YSES 2 b YSES2b-exoplanet-SPHERE-VLT-ESO-YSES-2020.jpg 6.3+1.6
−0.9		1153592021reference star image substraction [20]
2MASS J04372171+2651014 2M0437 b 3-51184182021AO [21]
ROXs 42B ROXs 42Bb ROXs 42B MUSE IR.jpg 9±32.51968.3157Un­known440±162013Direct imaging [22]
2MASS J02192210-39252252MASS J02192210-3925225 b13.9±1.11.44±0.031602015Direct imaging
TYC 8998-760-1 TYC 8998-760-1 b † First ever image of a multi-planet system around a Sun-like star.tif 14±31603092020imaging + coronagraph [23]
TYC 8998-760-1 c6±13202020 [24]
CFHTWIR-Oph 98 CFHTWIR-Oph 98 b 7.8+0.7
−0.8		1.86±0.05~22000200±62021Direct imaging
CHXR 73 CHXR 73 b Hubbledwarf.jpg 12.569+8.379
−5.237		2102006Direct imaging
ROXs 12 ROXs 12 b16±42140.832013Direct imaging
2MASS J22362452+4751425 2M2236+4751 b†11-142302052017AO [25]
Mu2 Scorpii Mu2 Scorpii b14.4±0.8242.40.562022Direct imaging
Ophiuchi 11 Ophiuchi 11 b Oph 1622 eso0629b.jpg 21±320,000243±552006Direct imaging
AB Pictoris AB Pictoris b† The Star AB Pictoris and its Companion - Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg 10-142601642005imaging+ coronagraph [26] [27]
GSC 6214-00210 GSC 6214-00210 b† GSC 6214-00210 B MIRI.jpg 14 ± 23203552008 [28]
FW Tauri FW Tauri b† FW Tau Hubble.jpg 10±4

or star [29]

 ?~12,000 [30] 330 ?472.93 [31] 2013Direct imaging [32] [33]
DH Tauri DH Tauri b† DH Tauri.jpg 11±32.7±0.83304412005/2014Coronagraph, AO [34] [35]
1RXS J1609 1RXS 1609 b† 1RXS1609B MIRI.jpg 8–141.76518331.10.084702008/2010Direct imaging
HIP 79098 AB HIP 79098 AB b20.5±4.5345±62019Direct imaging
CT Chamaeleontis CT Chamaeleontis b CT Cha B MIRI.jpg 17±62.20+0.81
−0.60		4402007Direct imaging
HD 203030 HD 203030 B Spitzer IRAC HD 203030B.jpg 11+4
−3		4871282006SDI [36]
b Centauri b Centauri b Eso2118b.jpg 10.9±1.65563302021coronagraph+ classical angular differential imaging [37]
HD 106906 HD 106906 b† HD 106906 b imaged by SPHERE.jpg 11±2 ? ?650 ?3002013ADI
USco CTIO 108 USco CTIO 108 b UScoCTIO 108 legacy dr10.jpg 14+2
−8		6702008Direct imaging
HIP 78530HIP 78530 b23±1740±602010Direct imaging
HN Pegasi HN Pegasi b HN Pegasi B.jpg 21.9987±9.428031.05066+0.136197
−0.0583702		773±132006Direct imaging
FU Tauri FU Tauri b FU Tau B.jpg 168002008Direct imaging
SR 12 SR 12(AB) c† SR 12 C.jpg 119803372011 [38]
DT Virginis Ross 458(AB) c† DT Virginis.jpg 8.51.833,0811167.70.1738 [39] 2011Direct imaging
BD+60 1417 BD+60 1417b† Exoplanet BD+60 1417b.jpg 15±51.31±0.061662144±132021Direct imaging [40]
2MASS J0249-0557AB 2MASS J0249-0557c† 2MASS J0249-0557 c.jpg 11.6+1.3
−1.0		19501592018Direct imaging [41]
GU Piscium GU Piscium b† GUPscb GMOSiz WIRCamJ noinset.jpg 11±2163,00020001552014Direct imaging
WD 0806-661 WD 0806-661 B† WD 0806-661 AB.jpg 7–9 ? ?2500 ?622011Direct imaging
USco1621 A USco1621 b16±22880±202019Direct imaging
USco1556 A USco1556 b15±23500±402019Direct imaging
L 34-26 COCONUTS-2b† COCONUTS-2b.jpg 6.3+1.5
−1.9		1.1±0.03~1,100,000647135.51±0.012021/2011Direct imaging [42]
TYC 9486-927-1 2MASS J2126–8140 Image of TYC 9486-927-1 and 2MASS J2126.jpg 13.3±1.7 ?~900,0006684 ?80.72±13.862016/2006Direct imaging [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protoplanet</span> Large planetary embryo

A protoplanet is a large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disk and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant planets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AB Pictoris</span> Star in the constellation Pictor

AB Pictoris is a K-type main-sequence star, located 163.5 light-years away in the southern constellation of Pictor. It has been identified as a member of the young Tucana–Horologium association. The star has been classified as a BY Draconis variable, indicating it has an active chromosphere. It is an X-ray source and displays emission lines in its spectrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VHS J1256–1257</span> Low-mass triple star system in the constellation Corvus

VHS J125601.92–125723.9 is a young triple brown dwarf system located in the constellation Corvus approximately 69.0 light-years from the Sun. The system consists of the equal-mass binary VHS J1256–1257AB and the distant planetary-mass companion VHS 1256–1257 b. In 2022, a continuous radio emission from the radiation belts surrounding VHS J1256–1257 was detected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LkCa 15</span> Star system in the constellation Taurus

LkCa 15 is a T Tauri star in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. These types of stars are relatively young pre-main-sequence stars that show irregular variations in brightness. It has a mass that is about 97% of the Sun, an effective temperature of 4370 K, and is slightly cooler than the Sun. Its apparent magnitude is 11.91, meaning it is not visible to the naked eye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 36112</span> Star in the constellation Taurus

HD 36112, also known as MWC 758, is a young Herbig Ae star located in the constellation Taurus, surrounded by irregular rings of cosmic dust. The system is about 3.5 million years old. The disk has a cavity at 50 astronomical units and two spiral arms at 30-75 au that are seen in near-infrared scattered light, but only one spiral arm is seen in ALMA images.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circumplanetary disk</span> Accumulation of matter around a planet

A circumplanetary disk is a torus, pancake or ring-shaped accumulation of matter composed of gas, dust, planetesimals, asteroids or collision fragments in orbit around a planet. They are reservoirs of material out of which moons may form. Such a disk can manifest itself in various ways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DH Tauri</span> Star in the constellation Taurus

DH Tauri, also known as DH Tau, is a type M star, located 140 parsecs away. It forms a binary system with DI Tauri 15″ away, and has a substellar companion, either a brown dwarf or massive exoplanet.

HD 7449 is a binary star system about 126 light-years way. The primary star, HD 7449 A, is a main-sequence star belonging to the spectral class F9.5. It is younger than the Sun. The primary star is slightly depleted of heavy elements, having 80% of solar abundance.

HD 121056, or HIP 67851, is an aging giant star with a pair of orbiting exoplanets located in the southern constellation of Centaurus. This star is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.17. It is located at a distance of 209 light years from the Sun, based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 5.6 km/s.

References

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