List of stars with resolved images

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The following is a list of stars with resolved images, that is, stars whose images have been resolved beyond a point source. Aside from the Sun, observed from Earth, stars are exceedingly small in apparent size, requiring the use of special high-resolution equipment and techniques to image. For example, Betelgeuse, the first star other than the Sun to be resolved, has an angular diameter of only 50  milliarcseconds (mas). [1]

Contents

List

List of stars with resolved images
Star ImageDiameterDistance
(ly)		First imagerYearNotes
Angular (mas)Geometric (Sun = 1)
Sun Sun white.jpg 200000010.0000158 Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault [2] 1845
Altair
α Aql		 Altair PR image6 (white).jpg 3.21.66±0.01 (polar)
2.02±0.01 (equator)		16.77±0.08 CHARA array – MIRC [3] 2006
Rasalhague
α Oph A		1.62±0.032.39±0.01 (polar)
2.87±0.02 (equator)		48.6±0.8 CHARA array – MIRC [4] 2006
Alderamin
α Cep		1.35±0.02 (polar)
1.75±0.03 (equator)		2.20±0.04 (polar)
2.74±0.04 (equator)		48.8±0.36 CHARA array – MIRC [4] 2006
Caph
β Cas		1.70±0.043.1±0.1 (polar)
3.8±0.1 (equator)		54.7±0.3 CHARA array – MIRC [5] 2007
Regulus
α Leo Aa		1.24±0.023.2±0.1 (polar)
4.2±0.1 (equator)		79.3±0.7 CHARA array – MIRC [5] 2008
Algol
β Per Aa1		 Algol AB movie imaged with the CHARA interferometer - labeled.gif
Algol triple star system imaged with the CHARA interferometer.jpg 		0.88±0.054.1393±2 CHARA array – MIRC [6] 2006stationary object in the animation
β Per Aa21.12±0.073orbiting object in the animation
β Per Ab0.56±0.100.9Observed radius of Algol Ab is an instrumental artifact, caused by bandwidth smearing.
Actual radius is 1.73 ± 0.33 R☉.
Alkaid
η UMa		0.834±0.0602.86±0.21103.9±0.8 CHARA array [7] 2012
Markab
α Peg		1.052±0.0664.62±0.29133±1 CHARA array [7] 2012
Elnath
β Tau		1.09±0.0764.82±0.34134±2 CHARA array [7] 2012
SU Per 3.53±0.09 [8] 1044+31
−21–1139+34
−23 [9] 		7,250+470
−420 [10] 		CHARA array [8] 2015
σ Gem A2.42510.1±0.4126±2 CHARA array/MIRC [11] 2011The star contains starspots on its surface
ζ And Aa2.502±0.00815.0±0.8 (polar)189±3 CFHT [12] [13] 1996First direct imaging of starspots on a star outside the Solar System.
R Dor
Detailed images of the surface of the star R Doradus (no annotations) (eso2412b).jpg
57±5370±50204±9 New Technology Telescope [14] 19932nd largest known star by apparent diameter in Earth's sky, after the Sun.
Mira
ο Cet A		 Mira 1997.jpg 28.9–34.9 [15] 332–402 [15] 420 Hubble – FOC [16] 1997
Polaris
α UMi Aa
Polaris surface image.png
3.143±0.02746.27±0.42446±1 CHARA array [17] 2024
T Lep T Leporis.jpg 5.8
15 for molecular layer		100500 Very Large Telescope – VLTI [18] /AMBER [19] 2009
π1 Gru The surface of the red giant star p1 Gruis from PIONIER on the VLT.jpg 21 [20] 370 [20] 535 [20] Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER [21] 2017First directly observed granulation patterns on a star's surface outside the Solar System.
Antares
α Sco A		 VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares.jpg 41.3±0.1680 [22] 553 [23] Very Large Telescope – VLTI/AMBER [24] [25] 2017
Betelgeuse
α Ori		 Betelgeuse captured by ALMA.jpg 50640 [26] –764 [27] 643±146 Hubble – GHRS [1] 1995First star with a resolved image outside the Solar System.
Sheliak
β Lyr Aa		 Beta Lyrae - CHARA.gif 0.466960±50 CHARA array – MIRC [28] 2007Both Aa1 and Aa2 are visible in the animation.
θ1 Ori C GRAVITY discovers new double star in Orion Trapezium Cluster.jpg 0.210.6±1.51400 Very Large Telescope – AMBER [29] 2009In the image, the right inset is θ1 Ori C and the left inset is θ1 Ori F.
θ1 Ori F Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY [30] 2016
ε Aur 2.22±0.10 [31] 143–358 [31] 2000–4800 [31] CHARA array – MIRC [32] 2009Supergiant with an eclipsing companion surrounded by a massive, opaque debris disk
AZ Cyg AZ Cyg CHARA array.jpg 4.05±0.01911+57
−50		6820+420
−380		 CHARA array – MIRC [33] 2011 [a]
ρ Cas
RhoCas image.png
2.09±0.02564-7008150±1630 CHARA array [34] 2024
RW Cep RW Cep CHARA array.png 2.451100±44 [35] 11000+4600
−2600–22000+5200
−3300		 CHARA array – MIRC-X and MYSTIC [36] 2022Hypergiant star currently undergoing a great dimming event
HR 5171 Aa HR 5171 A potw1740a.png 4.1±0.81060–1160 [37] 11740±1630 Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER [38] 2014 Eclipsing and potential contact binary yellow hypergiant
WOH G64 WOH G64 VLTI.jpg 800 [39] ca. 160 000 Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY [40] 2024Star is in the Large Magellanic Cloud. First resolved image of star outside of the Milky Way.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ First peer-reviewed publication in 2021, based on observations from 2011-2016

References

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  2. ↑ "NASA – Sun–Earth Day – Technology Through Time". NASA . 2006. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  3. ↑ J.D. Monnier; et al. (2007). "Imaging the Surface of Altair". Science. 317 (5836): 342–5. arXiv: 0706.0867 . Bibcode:2007Sci...317..342M. doi:10.1126/science.1143205. PMID   17540860. S2CID   4615273.
  4. 1 2 M. Zhao; et al. (2009). "Imaging And Modeling Rapidly Rotating Stars: Alpha Cephei And Alpha Ophiuchi". The Astrophysical Journal. 701 (1): 209–224. arXiv: 0906.2241 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...701..209Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/209. S2CID   554145.
  5. 1 2 X. Che; et al. (2011). "Colder And Hotter: Interferometric Imaging Of Beta Cassiopeiae And ?lpha Leonis". The Astrophysical Journal. 732 (2): 68. arXiv: 1105.0740 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...732...68C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/68. S2CID   14330106.
  6. ↑ Baron, F.; Monnier, J.; Pedretti, E.; Zhao, M.; Schaefer, G.; Parks, R.; Che, X.; Thureau, N.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; Farrington, C.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. (2012). "Imaging the Algol Triple System in the H Band with the CHARA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (1): 20. arXiv: 1205.0754 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...20B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/20. S2CID   11110989.
  7. 1 2 3 Gordon, Kathryn D.; Gies, Douglas R.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Huber, Daniel; Ireland, Michael (7 March 2019). "Angular Sizes, Radii, and Effective Temperatures of B-type Stars from Optical Interferometry with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (1): 91. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873...91G. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b2 . eISSN   1538-4357. S2CID   125181833.
  8. 1 2 Norris, Ryan (2023). "Student Science at NMT: Learning Optical Interferometry Through Projects on Evolved Stars" (PDF). CHARA.
  9. ↑ Norris, Ryan (2019). Seeing Stars Like Never Before: A Long-term Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiants (PhD thesis). Georgia State University. doi:10.57709/15009706.
  10. ↑ . Bibcode:2021AJ....161..147B.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) SU Persei's database entry at VizieR.
  11. ↑ Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Monnier, John D.; Korhonen, Heidi; Harmon, Robert O.; Baron, Fabien; Hackman, Thomas; Henry, Gregory W.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Strassmeier, Klaus G.; Weber, Michael; ten Brummelaar, Theo A. (2017-11-01). "Contemporaneous Imaging Comparisons of the Spotted Giant σ Geminorum Using Interferometric, Spectroscopic, and Photometric Data". The Astrophysical Journal. 849 (2): 120. arXiv: 1709.10109 . Bibcode:2017ApJ...849..120R. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8ef7 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  12. ↑ Kővári, Zs.; Bartus, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Oláh, K.; Weber, M.; Rice, J. B.; Washuettl, A. (2007). "Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XXIII. The ellipsoidal K giant binary ζ Andromedae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 463 (3): 1071. arXiv: 1301.0445 . Bibcode:2007A&A...463.1071K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065982.
  13. ↑ Roettenbacher, R.M.; Monnier, J.D.; Korhonen, H.; Aarnio, A.N.; Baron, F.; Che, X.; Harmon, R.O.; Kővári, Zs.; Kraus, S.; Schaefer, G.H.; Torres, G.; Zhao, M.; Ten Brummelaar, T.A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L. (2016). "No Sun-like dynamo on the active star ζ Andromedae from starspot asymmetry". Nature. 533 (7602): 217–220. arXiv: 1709.10107 . Bibcode:2016Natur.533..217R. doi:10.1038/nature17444. PMID   27144357. S2CID   4466687.
  14. ↑ "The Biggest Star in the Sky". ESO. March 11, 1997. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  15. 1 2 Woodruff, H. C.; Eberhardt, M.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K.-H.; et al. (2004). "Interferometric observations of the Mira star o Ceti with the VLTI/VINCI instrument in the near-infrared". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 421 (2): 703–714. arXiv: astro-ph/0404248 . Bibcode:2004A&A...421..703W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035826. S2CID   17009595.
  16. ↑ "Hubble Separates Stars in the Mira Binary System". HubbleSite. 6 August 1997. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  17. ↑ Evans, Nancy Remage; Schaefer, Gail H.; Gallenne, Alexandre; Torres, Guillermo; Horch, Elliott P.; Anderson, Richard I.; Monnier, John D.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Baron, Fabien; Anugu, Narsireddy; Davidson, James W.; Kervella, Pierre; Bras, Garance; Proffitt, Charles; Mérand, Antoine (2024-08-01). "The Orbit and Dynamical Mass of Polaris: Observations with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 971 (2): 190. arXiv: 2407.09641 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...971..190E. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7a . ISSN   0004-637X.
  18. ↑ "Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  19. ↑ J.-B. Le Bouquin, S. Lacour, S. Renard, E. Thiébaut, A. Merand, T. Verhoelst, Pre-maximum spectro-imaging of the Mira star T Leporis with AMBER/VLTI, Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 496, Number 1, March II 2009, L1–L4.
  20. 1 2 3 Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (December 6, 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv: 2312.03467 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN   0004-6361.
  21. ↑ "Giant Bubbles on Red Giant Star's Surface". European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  22. ↑ Ohnaka, K; Hofmann, K.-H; Schertl, D; Weigelt, G; Baffa, C; Chelli, A; Petrov, R; Robbe-Dubois, S (2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv: 1304.4800 . Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. S2CID   56396587.
  23. ↑ van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv: 0708.1752 . Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID   18759600.
  24. ↑ "Astronomers Capture Best-Ever Image of Alien Star". Scientific American. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  25. ↑ "VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares".
  26. ↑ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023-01-01). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: A9. arXiv: 2211.04967 . Bibcode:2023A&A...669A...9M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924. ISSN   0004-6361.
  27. ↑ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken’ichi (2020-10-01). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 63. arXiv: 2006.09837 . Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db . ISSN   0004-637X.
  28. ↑ M. Zhao; et al. (2008). "First Resolved Images Of The Eclipsing And Interacting Binary Beta Lyrae". The Astrophysical Journal. 684 (2): L95 –L98. arXiv: 0808.0932 . Bibcode:2008ApJ...684L..95Z. doi:10.1086/592146. S2CID   17510817.
  29. ↑ "The orbit of Theta1 Orionis C". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  30. ↑ "First Light For Future Black Hole Probe". European Southern Observatory. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  31. 1 2 3 Kloppenborg, B. K.; Stencel, R. E.; Monnier, J. D.; Schaefer, G. H.; Baron, F.; Tycner, C.; Zavala, R. T.; Hutter, D.; Zhao, M.; Che, X.; Ten Brummelaar, T. A.; Farrington, C. D.; Parks, R.; McAlister, H. A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Sallave-Goldfinger, P. J.; Turner, N.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N. (2015). "Interferometry of ɛ Aurigae: Characterization of the Asymmetric Eclipsing Disk". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 14. arXiv: 1508.01909 . Bibcode:2015ApJS..220...14K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/14. S2CID   118575419.
  32. ↑ B. Kloppenborg; et al. (2010). "Infrared images of the transiting disk in the Epsilon Aurigae system". Nature. 464 (7290): 370–2. arXiv: 1004.2464 . Bibcode:2010Natur.464..870K. doi:10.1038/nature08968. PMID   20376144. S2CID   18866716.
  33. ↑ Norris, Ryan P.; Baron, Fabien R.; et al. (October 2021). "Long Term Evolution of Surface Features on the Red Supergiant AZ Cyg". The Astrophysical Journal . 919 (2): 124. arXiv: 2106.15636 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...919..124N. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac0c7e .
  34. ↑ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; et al. (October 2024). "CHARA Near-infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star ρ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope". The Astrophysical Journal . 974 (1): 113. arXiv: 2408.02756 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...974..113A. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad6b2b .
  35. ↑ Anugu, Narsireddy; Gies, Douglas R.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Monnier, John D.; Montargés, Miguel; Mérand, Antoine; Baron, Fabien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; Kraus, Stefan; Anderson, Matthew D.; Codron, Isabelle; Gardner, Tyler; Gutierrez, Mayra; Köhler, Rainer (September 2024). "Time Evolution Images of the Hypergiant RW Cephei during the Rebrightening Phase Following the Great Dimming". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 973 (1): L5. arXiv: 2408.11906 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...973L...5A. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad736c . ISSN   2041-8205.
  36. ↑ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Gies, Douglas R.; Lanthermann, Cyprien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; ten Brummelaar, Theo; Monnier, John D.; Kraus, Stefan; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Davies, Claire L.; Ennis, Jacob; Gardner, Tyler; Labdon, Aaron; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Setterholm, Benjamin R.; Vollmann, Wolfgang; Sigismondi, Constantino (July 2023). "The Great Dimming of the hypergiant star RW Cephei: CHARA Array images and spectral analysis". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (2): 78. arXiv: 2307.04926 . Bibcode:2023AJ....166...78A. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ace59d . S2CID   259766495.
  37. ↑ van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; de Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019-11-01). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv: 1910.02460 . Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. ISSN   0004-6361.
  38. ↑ Wittkowski, M; Abellan, F. J; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K.-H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (28 September 2017). "Multi-epoch VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the supergiant V766 Cen: Image of the close companion in front of the primary". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1709: L1. arXiv: 1709.09430 . Bibcode:2017A&A...606L...1W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731569. S2CID   54740936.
  39. ↑ Munoz-Sanchez, G.; Kalitsounaki, M.; Wit, S. de; Antoniadis, K.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Zapartas, E.; Boutsia, K.; Christodoulou, E.; Maravelias, G. (2024-12-02), The dramatic transition of the extreme Red Supergiant WOH G64 to a Yellow Hypergiant, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2411.19329 , retrieved 2024-12-08
  40. ↑ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Weigelt, G.; Loon, J. Th van; Schertl, D.; Goldman, S. R. (2024-11-01). "Imaging the innermost circumstellar environment of the red supergiant WOH G64 in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 691: L15. arXiv: 2412.01921 . doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451820 . ISSN   0004-6361.
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