List of coolest stars

Last updated

This is a list of coolest stars and brown dwarfs discovered, arranged by decreasing temperature. The stars with temperatures lower than 2,000 K are included.

Contents

Coolest main sequence stars

Include stars with temperatures lower than 2,500 Kelvin.

Star nameTemperature

(K)

 Spectral type Distance (light years)Notes
CWISE J1249+3621 1,715–2,320 [1] sdL1408
2MASS J0523-1403 1,939 [2] L2.5V41.62The coolest main sequence star known as of 2023.

Coolest giant stars

Include giants with temperatures lower than 2,000 Kelvin.

Star nameTemperature

(K)

 Spectral type Distance (light years)Notes
S Cassiopeiae 1,800 [3] S3,4–S5,83,100±300
LL Pegasi 1,800 [4] C4,200
RW Leonis Minoris 1,800 [5] C4,3 [6] 1,053 [7]
V Coronae Borealis 1,800 [8] C6,2e_MS3 [9] 2,100 [8]
V384 Persei 1,820 [10] N
T Draconis 1,850 [10] [11] C6,2e
V346 Puppis 1,875 [10] C
Leo A 221,900 [12] C2,600,000
S Aurigae 1,940 [10] C-N5+
V1426 Cygni 1,975 [10] C7,2e
Sextans A 202,000 [12] C4,310,000
Leo A 2262,000 [12] C2,600,000
Sextans A 1002,000 [12] C4,310,000
IRC +30374 2,000 [4] C3,900
IRC +60144 2,000 [4] C3,400
CZ Hydrae 2,000 [13] C7,200
SS Virginis 2,000 [13] C-N4.52,100

Coolest brown dwarfs

Include brown dwarfs with temperatures lower than 500 Kelvin.

Star nameTemperature

(K)

 Spectral type Distance (light years)Notes
WISE 0855–0714 276Y47.426±0.039 [14] [15]
JADES-GS-BD-5 301 - 306 [16] >Y1209One of the most distant Y-type brown dwarfs. Discovered by JWST.
WISE 0336-0143B [17] 295±10 [18] - 308±20 [15] Y1?32.7 [19] spectral type is not yet published, but should be around Y1 if we assume MIRI F480M is similar to W2 and by using Figure 13 from Kirkpatrick et al. 2012 [20] Might be a later spectral type.
Bullet-BD1296 - 324 [21] Y522 - 783Discovered by JWST and originally identified as a candidate high-redshift galaxy.
WISE 1935-15 B325+20
−34 [15] 		>Y147.06A binary system consisting of two Y-type dwarfs.
MEAD 62 B299±20 [15] - 343+7
−11 [22] 		Y66.8A candidate secondary companion in a binary with a white dwarf.
JADES-GS-BD-21340 - 347 [23] Y2413 - 2935Discovered by JWST.
WISE J2354+0240 [19] 347+13
−11		Y124.97
SMDET-1~349 [24] >Y0.8?<24.14A nearby Y-type dwarf candidate which went undetected due to being hidden in front of a backround star.
WISE J0830+2837 300 - 350 [25] >Y1 [19] 26.87 [19] uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
Capotauro 350 KY1 ± 0.52380±360This object discovered by JWST was initially considered the possible most distant galaxy known with a redshift of 32, later determined to be a Y-type brown dwarf after the discovery of proper motion. [26]
CWISEP J1446−2317 [19] 351+16
−13		>Y137.75uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
WISE 2209+2711 355+13
−11		Y0:20.17
WD 0806-661B [27] 357±3Y162.80spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0238-1332 367±79 [19] >Y158.66uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0402-2651 367±79 [19] >Y139.53uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
WISEU 0503-5648 [19] 367±79>Y133.18spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0940+5233 [19] 367±79>Y143.49uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 1257+7153 [19] 367±79>Y154.18spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 1930-2059 [19] 367±79>Y130.67spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 1935-1546 [19] 367±79>Y147.06spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 2230+2549 [19] 367±79>Y152.44uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 2256+4002 [19] 367±79>Y132.04spectral type is an estimate
WISE 0825+2805 [19] 387±15 [15] Y0.521.37
WISE 1828+2650 387±22 [15] Y2V [28] 32.5Temperature could be lower. If it is a binary, its components could be as cold as about 275–350 K. [29]
WISE 0350-5658 [19] 388±88Y118.49
WISE 1405+5534 392+16
−15		Y0.5(pec?) [19] 20.62
WISE 0647-6232 [19] 393±88Y132.78
CWISEP J1047+5457 395+23
−21 [15] 		Y043.37spectral type is an estimate
WISE 1935-15 A404±20 [15] Y47.06A binary system of two Y-type brown dwarfs.
WISEPA 1541-2250 [19] 411+18
−17		Y119.54
CWISEP 0321+6932 [19] 412±79Y0.547.61spectral type is an estimate
WISE 1639-6847 [19] 412±88Y0pec14.85
CWISEP 2356-4814 [19] 412±79Y0.556.62spectral type is an estimate
WISE 0336-0143A [17] 440±24 [18] Y0 [19] 32.7 [19]
JADES-GN-BD-5398 - 448 [23] Y2707 - 2837Discovered by JWST.
JADES-GN-BD-8400 - 450 [23] Y1076 - 1990Discovered by JWST.
JADES-GN-BD-9441 - 450 [23] Y2740 - 3881Discovered by JWST.
WISEPA 1738+2732 [19] 450±88Y024.92
WISEPA 0410+1502 [19] 451±88Y021.56
WISE 2220-3628 [19] 452±88Y034.15
WISE 1534-1043 453±77 [30] sdY?53possibly halo brown dwarf
WISE 0146+4234B [19] 460±79Y063.09
WISEA 0302-5817 [19] 460±79Y0:54.45
CWISEP 0634+5049 [19] 460±79Y052.61spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0859+5349 [19] 460±79Y060.62spectral type is an estimate
CWISE 0925-4720 [19] 460±79Y034.96spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0938+0634 [19] 460±79Y061.31uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISE 1121-6232 [19] 460±79Y033.69spectral type is an estimate
WISEA J1141−3326 [19] 460±79Y031.36
WISE 1217+1626 B 460±79 [19] Y0-0.533
CWISE 1531-3306 [19] 460±79Y055.37spectral type is an estimate
WISENF 1936+0408 [19] 460±79Y028.64spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 2011-4812 [19] 460±79Y045.94spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 2243-1458 [19] 460±79Y047,75spectral type is an estimate
WISE 1112-3857 [19] 461±88T931.79
WISE 0713-2917 [19] 464±88Y029.84
WISE J0304−2705 [19] 465±88Y0~pec44.62
WISE 0734-7157 [19] 466+28
−23		Y043.78
WISE 0359-5401 443+23
−19 [15] - 467+16
−18 [31] 		Y0 [19] 44.31 [19]
WISE 0943+3607 [19] 468±88T9.533.59
WISE J1206+8401 472+26
−30 [15] 		Y038.51
WISE 0833+0052 [19] 472±88(sd)T940.92possible subdwarf
WISE 1542+2230 [19] 472±88T9.538.69
WISE 0811-8051 [19] 479±88T9.5:32.91
WISEPA 2134-7137 [19] 481±88T9~pec29.73possible subdwarf
WISEPC 2056+1459 481+26
−20 [15] 		Y023.16
JADES-GS-BD-8 [23] 404 - 486Y1500 - 3000Discovered by JWST.
WISE 2212-6931 [19] 487±88T940.47Discovered by JWST.
WISEPA 0751-7634 [19] 492±88T933.32
WISE 0335+4310 [19] 492±88T938.46
WISE 0535-7500 [19] 495+28
−23 [15] 		>=Y1:47.48
WISE 04305+4633495+28
−23 [15] 		T834.08
JADES-GS-BD-4 [23] 483 - 498Y3500 - 4175Discovered by JWST.
PANO-GS-BD-18 [23] 487 - 498Y1174 - 1435Discovered by JWST.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Burgasser, Adam (2024). "Discovery of a Hypervelocity L Subdwarf at the Star/Brown Dwarf Mass Limit". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 971 (1): L25. arXiv: 2407.08578 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...971L..25B. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad6607 .
  2. ↑ Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Cruz, Kelle L.; Van Gordon, Mollie M.; Looper, Dagny L. (2015-09-10). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 158. arXiv: 1508.01767 . Bibcode:2015ApJ...810..158F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158. ISSN   1538-4357.
  3. ↑ Ramstedt, S.; Olofsson, H. (2014-06-01). "The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type - Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566: A145. arXiv: 1405.6404 . doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423721 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  4. 1 2 3 Massalkhi, Sarah (2019). "Study of CS, SiO, and SiS abundances in carbon star envelopes: Assessing their role as gas-phase precursors of dust". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 628: A62. arXiv: 1906.09461 . Bibcode:2019A&A...628A..62M. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935069 . PMC   6739229 . PMID   31511746.
  5. ↑ Ramstedt, S.; Olofsson, H. (2014-06-01). "The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type - Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566: A145. arXiv: 1405.6404 . doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423721 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  6. ↑ Cohen, M. (1979-03-01). "Circumstellar envelopes and the evolution of carbon stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 186 (4): 837–852. Bibcode:1979MNRAS.186..837C. doi: 10.1093/mnras/186.4.837 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  7. ↑ Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Rybizki, J.; Fouesneau, M.; Demleitner, M.; Andrae, R. (2021-03-01). "Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (3): 147. arXiv: 2012.05220 . Bibcode:2021AJ....161..147B. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abd806 . ISSN   0004-6256. Data about this star can be seen here.
  8. 1 2 Danilovich, T.; Teyssier, D.; Justtanont, K.; Olofsson, H.; Cerrigone, L.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Castro-Carrizo, A.; García-Lario, P.; Marston, A. (2015-09-01). "New observations and models of circumstellar CO line emission of AGB stars in the Herschel SUCCESS programme". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581: A60. arXiv: 1506.09065 . Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..60D. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526705 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  9. ↑ "V CrB". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Bergeat, J.; Chevallier, L. (2005). "The mass loss of C-rich giants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 429: 235–246. arXiv: astro-ph/0601366 . Bibcode:2005A&A...429..235B. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20041280 . S2CID   56424665.
  11. ↑ Tatarnikov, A. M.; Zheltoukhov, S. G.; Shenavrin, V. I.; Sergeenkova, I. V.; Vakhonin, A. A. (2024). "Study of the Carbon Star T Draconis". Astronomy Letters. 50 (1): 53–61. Bibcode:2024AstL...50...53T. doi:10.1134/S1063773724600176.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Jones, Olivia (2017). "Near-infrared Stellar Populations in the Metal-poor, Dwarf Irregular Galaxies Sextans a and Leo A". The Astrophysical Journal. 854 (2): 117. arXiv: 1712.06594 . doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa542 .
  13. 1 2 Siderud, Emelie (2020). "Dust emission modeling of AGB stars" (PDF). Uppsala University. Uppsala, Sweden. Retrieved 2025-03-31.
  14. ↑ Luhman, K. L.; Tremblin, P.; Alves de Oliveira, C.; Birkmann, S. M.; Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Manjavacas, E.; Parker, R. J.; Valenti, J. (2023-12-05). "JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf*". The Astronomical Journal. 167 (1): 5. arXiv: 2311.17316 . Bibcode:2024AJ....167....5L. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad0b72 . ISSN   0004-6256.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Leggett, S. K. (2026-05-01). "The Coldest Known Y Dwarfs: Estimates of Their Effective Temperatures". The Astrophysical Journal. 1002 (1): 113. arXiv: 2603.24740 . Bibcode:2026ApJ..1002..113L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae5814 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  16. ↑ Liu, Feng-Yuan Frey; McLeod, Derek J.; Chen, Xueqing; Sutlieff, Ben J.; Leung, Ho-Hin; Fontanive, Clémence; Dunlop, James S.; McLure, Ross J.; Dupuy, Trent J. (2026-11-05), The cold substellar frontier in JWST Extragalactic surveys: a robust parallax measurement yields the most distant known ultra-cold Y dwarf, arXiv: 2611.08346 , retrieved 2026-11-06
  17. 1 2 Calissendorff, Per; De Furio, Matthew; Meyer, Michael; Albert, Loïc; Aganze, Christian; Ali-Dib, Mohamad; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Baron, Frederique; Beichman, Charles A.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Cushing, Michael C.; Faherty, Jacqueline Kelly; Fontanive, Clémence; Gelino, Christopher R.; Gizis, John E. (2023-04-01). "JWST/NIRCam Discovery of the First Y+Y Brown Dwarf Binary: WISE J033605.05-014350.4". The Astrophysical Journal. 947 (2): L30. arXiv: 2303.16923 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...947L..30C. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acc86d . ISSN   0004-637X.
  18. 1 2 Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, Pascal (25 Sep 2023). "The First Y Dwarf Data From JWST Show That Dynamic and Diabatic Processes Regulate Cold Brown Dwarf Atmospheres". The Astrophysical Journal. 959 (2): 86. arXiv: 2309.14567 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...959...86L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acfdad .
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Schneider, Adam C.; Marocco, Federico; Cayago, Alfred J.; Smart, R. L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Wright, Edward L.; Cushing, Michael C.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Gagliuffi, Daniella C. Bardalez (2021-03-01). "The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 253 (1): 7. arXiv: 2011.11616 . Bibcode:2021ApJS..253....7K. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/abd107 . ISSN   0067-0049. S2CID   227126954.
  20. ↑ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Mainzer, Amanda K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Tinney, C. G.; Parker, Stephen; Salter, Graeme (2012-07-01). "Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (2): 156. arXiv: 1205.2122 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...753..156K. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  21. ↑ Bradač, Maruša; Willott, Chris; Asada, Yoshihisa; Albert, Loïc; Rihtaršič, Gregor; Harshan, Anishya; Judež, Jon; Martis, Nicholas S.; Ferrara, Andrea (2026-07-20), Two Exciting High-redshift Galaxy Candidates Turn Out to Be Two Exciting Ultra-cool Brown Dwarfs, arXiv: 2604.23668 , retrieved 2026-11-06
  22. ↑ Albert, Loïc; Poulsen, Sabrina R.; Bourdais, Érika Le; Debes, John H.; Boucher, Samuel; Kilic, Mukremin; Reach, William; Mullally, Susan E.; Cracraft, Misty (2025-10-14), "The MIRI Excesses around Degenerates (MEAD) Survey I: A candidate cold brown dwarf in orbit around the nearby white dwarf 2MASS J09424023-4637176", The Astronomical Journal, 171 (6): 357, arXiv: 2510.12601 , Bibcode:2026AJ....171..357A , retrieved 2026-11-06
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hainline, Kevin N.; Helton, Jakob M.; Miles, Brittany E.; Leisenring, Jarron; Marley, Mark S.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Wogan, Nicholas F.; Bunker, Andrew J.; Johnson, Benjamin D. (2026-05-19), "JADES: An Abundance of Ultra-Distant T- and Y-Dwarfs in Deep Extragalactic Data", The Astrophysical Journal, 1004 (2): 223, arXiv: 2510.00111 , Bibcode:2026ApJ..1004..223H , retrieved 2026-11-01
  24. ↑ Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Marocco, Federico; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gagné, Jonathan; Schneider, Adam C.; Beiler, Samuel A.; Fajardo-Acosta, Sergio B.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Metchev, Stanimir A.; Barber, Sam; Kuchner, Marc J.; Bickle, Thomas P.; Rustamkulov, Zafar; Collaboration, The Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 (August 2026). "SMDET-1: A Nearby Y-dwarf Candidate". The Astronomical Journal. 172 (3). The American Astronomical Society: 154. arXiv: 2608.00046 . Bibcode:2026AJ....172..154M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae8e73 . ISSN   1538-3881.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron; Caselden, Dan; Colin, Guillaume; Goodman, Sam; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc; Gagné, Jonathan; Logsdon, Sarah E.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Allers, Katelyn; Debes, John; Wisniewski, John (2020-06-01). "WISEA J083011.95+283716.0: A Missing Link Planetary-mass Object". The Astrophysical Journal. 895 (2): 145. arXiv: 2004.12829 . Bibcode:2020ApJ...895..145B. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8d25 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  26. ↑ Liu, F.-Y. F.; McLeod, D. J.; Sutlieff, B. J.; Dupuy, T. J.; Dunlop, J. S.; Chen, X.; McLure, R. J.; Leung, H.-H.; Antonogiannaki, S. (2026-08-07), A clear detection of proper motion confirms that the claimed z≃32 galaxy candidate, "Capotauro", is a Y-type brown dwarf, arXiv: 2608.07461 , retrieved 2026-11-01
  27. ↑ Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, Pascal (2026-07-10). "The Y Dwarf Companion to the White Dwarf WD 0806-66: Resolving the Discrepancy between Atmospheric and Evolutionary Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 1005 (2): 189. arXiv: 2606.04294 . Bibcode:2026ApJ..1005..189L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae77e3 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  28. ↑ Beichman, Charles A.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Wright, E. L. (2013-01-29). "The Coldest Brown Dwarf (Or Free Floating Planet)?: The Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650". The Astrophysical Journal. 764 (1): 101. arXiv: 1301.1669 . Bibcode:2013ApJ...764..101B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/101. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   118575478.
  29. ↑ Cushing, Michael C.; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Morley, Caroline V.; Marley, Mark S.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Mace, Gregory N.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A. (2021-10-01). "An Improved Near-infrared Spectrum of the Archetype Y Dwarf WISEP J182831.08+265037.8". The Astrophysical Journal. 920 (1): 20. arXiv: 2107.00506 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...920...20C. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac12cb . ISSN   0004-637X.
  30. ↑ Meisner, Aaron M.; Leggett, S. K.; Logsdon, Sarah E.; Schneider, Adam C.; Tremblin, Pascal; Phillips, Mark (2023-08-01). "Exploring the Extremes: Characterizing a New Population of Old and Cold Brown Dwarfs". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (2): 57. arXiv: 2301.09817 . Bibcode:2023AJ....166...57M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/acdb68 . ISSN   0004-6256.
  31. ↑ Beiler, Samuel A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Marley, Mark S. (2023-07-01). "The First JWST Spectral Energy Distribution of a Y Dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal. 951 (2): L48. arXiv: 2306.11807 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...951L..48B. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ace32c . ISSN   0004-637X.
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