List of supernovae

Last updated

SN 1054 remnant (Crab Nebula) Crab Nebula.jpg
SN 1054 remnant
( Crab Nebula )

A supernova is an event in which a star destroys itself in an explosion which can briefly become as luminous as an entire galaxy. This list of supernovae of historical significance includes events that were observed prior to the development of photography, and individual events that have been the subject of a scientific paper that contributed to supernova theory.

Contents

List of supernovae

In most entries, the year when the supernova was seen is part of the designation (1st column).

Supernova
designation
(year)		Constellation Apparent
magnitude 		Distance
(light years)		TypeGalaxyComments
Centaurus 9,100 [2] Milky Way Surviving description sketchy; modern estimates of maximum apparent magnitude vary from +4 to −8. The remnant is probably RCW 86, some 8200 ly distant, [3] making it comparable to SN 1572. Some researchers have suggested it was a comet, not a supernova. [4] [5]
Sagittarius 14,700Milky Way"suggested SN", [6] candidate remnant could be G11.2-0.3. [7] [8] There are three suggestions and doubtful if SN at all or classical nova or something else. [9]
Scorpius 3,400Milky Way"possible SN", [6] could also be classical nova or something else [9]
Lupus 7,200Milky WayWidely observed on Earth; in apparent magnitude, the brightest stellar event in recorded history. [11]
Taurus 6,500Milky WayRemnant is the Crab Nebula with its pulsar (neutron star)
Cassiopeia 7,100Milky WayRemnant is Pa 30 with its hot stellar remnant [13]
Cassiopeia 8,000Milky Way Tycho's Nova
Ophiuchus 14,000Milky WayKepler's Supernova; most recent readily visible supernova within the Milky Way
Cassiopeia 9,000Milky WayApparently never visually conspicuous, due to interstellar dust; but the remnant, Cas A, is the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky
Sagittarius (visible light masked by dust)25,000Milky WayLocated near the Galactic Center; "Posthumously" discovered in 1985; age determined in 2008
Andromeda 2,500,000 Andromeda Galaxy First observation of an extragalactic supernova
Centaurus 10,900,000 NGC 5253  
Canes Venatici 13,000,000 IC 4182  
Cepheus 25,200,000 Fireworks Galaxy  
Coma Berenices 38,000,000 NGC 4725  
Perseus 30,000,000 NGC 1058 Potential supernova impostor [16]
Centaurus 10,900,000 NGC 5253 Followed for more than a year; became the prototypical Type Ia supernova
Hydra 15,000,000 Messier 83 First observation of a Type Ib supernova
Andromeda 30,000,000 NGC 891 Bright in the radio frequency range
Dorado 160,000 Large Magellanic Cloud Intense radiation reached Earth on February 23, 1987, 7:35:35 UT. Notable for archival photos of progenitor star and detection of supernova neutrinos. Most recent Local Group supernova
Ursa Major 11,000,000 M81 One of the brightest supernovae in the northern sky since 1954
Virgo 50,000,000 NGC 4526
Telescopium  ?140,000,000 ESO 184-G82 Linked to GRB 980425, which was the first time a gamma-ray burst has been linked to a supernova.
Lynx 84,000,000 NGC 2770 First supernovae in this galaxy, where 3 more were detected later.
Lupus 160,000,000 NGC 1821 AM Canum Venaticorum-type outburst. [19]
Ursa Major 8,000,000,000anonymous galaxyFurthest supernova observed through Hubble Deep Field. [20]
Boötes 4,000,000,000anonymous galaxyAlso known as the "Champagne supernova"
Camelopardalis 8,000,000 NGC 2403 NGC 2403 is an outlying member of the M81 Group
Coma Berenices 4,700,000,000 ?Announced in 2007 to be the brightest supernova up to that point.
Cetus 865,000,000 ?Notable for having characteristics of both Type Ia and Type IIn.
Pisces 200,000,000 NGC 266 Star could be found on old pictures. [21]
Perseus 240,000,000 NGC 1260 Observed by NASA,
*with a peak of over 70 days, possibly a new type.
Virgo anonymous dwarf galaxyExtremely bright and long-lasting, the first good observational match for the pair-instability supernova model postulated for stars of initial mass greater than 140 solar masses (even better than SN 2006gy). The precursor is estimated at 200 solar masses, similar to the first stars of the early universe. [22]
Lynx 84,000,000 NGC 2770 Got overshadowed by SN 2008D.
Lynx 88,000,000 NGC 2770 First supernova to be observed while it exploded.
Aries 1,000,000,000
(z=0.0613)		anonymous red globular cluster associated with anonymous red elliptical galaxy in cluster Abell 399 Observed in 2009. Supernova associated with a globular cluster [23] [24]
Piscis Austrinus 66,000,000 NGC 7259 In 2009 classified as supernova. Redesignated as Luminous blue variable (LBV) Supernova impostor. [25] In September 2012 classified as a young type IIn supernova. [26]
Camelopardalis 240,000,000 UGC 3378 Discovered by 10-year-old girl, the youngest person to discover a supernova.
Ursa Major 21,000,000 M101 One of the very few extragalactic supernovae visible in 50mm binoculars.
Ursa Major 11,500,000 M82 Closest supernova since SN 2004dj in NGC 2403.
Virgo 1,000,000,000 NGC 4866 [27]
Indus 3,800,000,000 APMUKS(BJ) B215839.70−615403.9 Most luminous hypernova ever observed.
IPTF14hls Ursa Major 509,000,000unknownSDSS J092034.44+504148.7 (possible dwarf galaxy)Unusual supernova
Draco 3,600,000,000 ?Most luminous supernova-like event to date.
Dorado 517,000,000 NGC 1672
Camelopardalis 70,000,000 NGC 2146 First electron capture supernova ever detected
SN 2019hgp Boötes 920,000,000First detected supernova of a Wolf-Rayet star [28] [29]
SN 2020fqv Virgo 59,400,000 NGC 4568 Earliest known observation of an explosion, 26 hours after [30] [31] [32]
SN 2020tlf Boötes 120,000,000 NGC 5731 First red supergiant observed before, during and after explosion; earliest known observation, at 130 days before explosion [33] [34]
Eridanus 750,000,000 NGC 1325 [35] [36]
Sculptor 18.85,000,000,000 Cartwheel Galaxy [37] [38]
SN 2022jli Cetus 75,000,000 type I-c NGC 157 Type Ic, shows periodicity [39] [40] [41] [42]
Gemini 600,000,000 [43]
SN 2023ixf Ursa Major 21,000,000 type II-L Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) [44] Closest and brightest supernova since SN 2014J
Fornax +13.9450,000,000 NGC 1097 [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] Brightest Supernova Since SN 2023ixf.
Pegasus 783,000,000 NGC 7625 [50] [51]
Grus 816,000,000 NGC 7421 [52]
SN 2023ufx +15.55The most metal-poor supernova found to date. [53]

Supernova statistics

Yearly extragalactic supernovae reported
YearTotalType I Type II LBV
(imposters)		Brighter than
apmag 13		Apmag of brightest
Supernova of that year
2023 [54] 1985914304177210.9 (2023ixf in Messier 101)
2022 [55] 2136817323967412.3 (2022hrs in NGC 4647)
2021 [56] 2366518494655812.0 (2021aefx in NGC 1566)
2020 [57] 2177516484517711.8 (2020ue in NGC 4636)
2019 [58] 1876716524859113.0 (2019np in NGC 3254)
2018 [59] 952512063327512.7 (2018pv in NGC 3941)
2017 [60] 82937462184311.5 (2017cbv in NGC 5643)
2016 [61] 77376812263013.0 (2016coj in NGC 4125)
2015 [62] 44747072144212.9 (2015F in NGC 2442)
2014 [63] 22435281752310.1 (2014J in Messier 82)
2013 [64] 19224981907611.3 (2013aa in NGC 5643)
2012 [65] 12235501528511.9 (2012fr in NGC 1365)
2011 [66] 11294391601079.9 (2011fe in Messier 101)
2010 [67] 9312791357212.8 (2010ih in NGC 2325)
2009 [68] 5762021371013.0 (2009ig in NGC 1015)
2008 [69] 5112511431312.4 (2008ge in NGC 1527)
2007 [70] 6054421301312.0 (2007it in NGC 5530)
2006 [71] 5584181242312.1 (2006dd in NGC 1316)
2005 [72] 385273941212.3 (2005df in NGC 1559)
2004 [73] 343221790211.2 (2004dj in NGC 2403)
2003 [74] 384198891112.3 (2003hv in NGC 1201)
2002 [75] 353163640112.3 (2002ap in Messier 74)
2001 [76] 310108750212.3 (2001e1 in NGC 1448)
2000 [77] 19976491013.1 (2000cx in NGC 528)
2000-2023
 		147135
 		16297
(76.5%)		5000
(23.5%)		95
 		72
 

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 83</span> Barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Hydra

Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope. Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects in March 1781.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 66</span> Intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo

Messier 66 or M66, also known as NGC 3627, is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the southern, equatorial half of Leo. It was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier on 1 March 1780, who described it as "very long and very faint". This galaxy is a member of a small group of galaxies that includes M65 and NGC 3628, known as the Leo Triplet or the M66 Group. M65 and M66 are a common object for amateur astronomic observation, being separated by only 20′.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 74</span> Face-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces

Messier 74 is a large spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation Pisces. It is about 32 million light-years away from Earth. The galaxy contains two clearly defined spiral arms and is therefore used as an archetypal example of a grand design spiral galaxy. The galaxy's low surface brightness makes it the most difficult Messier object for amateur astronomers to observe. Its relatively large angular size and the galaxy's face-on orientation make it an ideal object for professional astronomers who want to study spiral arm structure and spiral density waves. It is estimated that M74 hosts about 100 billion stars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 99</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254 or St. Catherine's Wheel, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs from the Milky Way. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3184</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

NGC 3184, the Little Pinwheel Galaxy, is an unbarred spiral galaxy approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Its name comes from its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy. It was discovered on 18 March 1787 by German-British astronomer William Herschel. It has two HII regions named NGC 3180 and NGC 3181.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 6946</span> Galaxy in the constellations Cepheus & Cygnus

NGC 6946, sometimes referred to as the Fireworks Galaxy, is a face-on intermediate spiral galaxy with a small bright nucleus, whose location in the sky straddles the boundary between the northern constellations of Cepheus and Cygnus. Its distance from Earth is about 25.2 million light-years or 7.72 megaparsecs, similar to the distance of M101 in the constellation Ursa Major. Both were once considered to be part of the Local Group, but are now known to be among the dozen bright spiral galaxies near the Milky Way but beyond the confines of the Local Group. NGC 6946 lies within the Virgo Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4725</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4725 is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy with a prominent ring structure, located in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices near the north galactic pole. It was discovered by German-born British astronomer William Herschel on April 6, 1785. The galaxy lies at a distance of approximately 40 megalight-years from the Milky Way. NGC 4725 is the brightest member of the Coma I Group of the Coma-Sculptor Cloud, although it is relatively isolated from the other members of this group. This galaxy is strongly disturbed and is interacting with neighboring spiral galaxy NGC 4747, with its spiral arms showing indications of warping. The pair have an angular separation of 24′, which corresponds to a projected linear separation of 370 kly. A tidal plume extends from NGC 4747 toward NGC 4725.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4414</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4414, also known as the Dusty Spiral Galaxy, is an unbarred spiral galaxy about 62 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 13 March 1785.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1316</span> Lenticular radio galaxy in the constellation Fornax

NGC 1316 is a lenticular galaxy about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Fornax. It is a radio galaxy and at 1400 MHz is the fourth-brightest radio source in the sky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 2442 and NGC 2443</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Volans

NGC 2442 and NGC 2443 are two parts of a single intermediate spiral galaxy, commonly known as the Meathook Galaxy or the Cobra and Mouse. It is about 50 million light-years away in the constellation Volans. It was discovered by Sir John Herschel on December 23, 1834 during his survey of southern skies with a 18.25 inch diameter reflecting telescope from an observatory he set up in Cape Town, South Africa. Associated with this galaxy is HIPASS J0731-69, a cloud of gas devoid of any stars. It is likely that the cloud was torn loose from NGC 2442 by a companion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SN 1994D</span> Type Ia supernova

SN 1994D was a Type Ia supernova event in the outskirts of galaxy NGC 4526. It was offset by 9.0″ west and 7.8″ south of the galaxy center and positioned near a prominent dust lane. It was caused by the explosion of a white dwarf star composed of carbon and oxygen. This event was discovered on March 7, 1994 by R. R. Treffers and associates using the automated 30-inch telescope at Leuschner Observatory. It reached peak visual brightness two weeks later on March 22. Modelling of the light curve indicates the explosion would have been visible around March 3-4. A possible detection of helium in the spectrum was made by W. P. S. Meikle and associates in 1996. A mass of 0.014 to 0.03 M☉ in helium would be needed to produce this feature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4088</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major

NGC 4088 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy forms a physical pair with NGC 4085, which is located 11′ away.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 2207 and IC 2163</span> Pair of colliding spiral galaxies in the constellation Canis Major

NGC 2207 and IC 2163 are a pair of colliding spiral galaxies about 80 million light-years away in the constellation Canis Major. NGC 2207 was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 24 January 1835, while IC 2163 was discovered by Herbert Howe on 11 February 1898.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 2770</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Lynx

NGC 2770 is a spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Lynx, near the northern constellation border with Cancer. It was discovered by German-born astronomer William Herschel on December 7, 1785. J. L. E. Dreyer described it as, "faint, large, much extended 150°, mottled but not resolved, 2 stars to north". NGC 2770 was the target for the first binocular image produced by the Large Binocular Telescope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4666</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4666 is a spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation of Virgo, located at a distance of approximately 55 megalight-years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the German-born astronomer William Herschel on February 22, 1784. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. John L. E. Dreyer described it as "bright, very large, much extended 45°±, pretty suddenly brighter middle". It is a member of an interacting system with NGC 4668 and a dwarf galaxy, and belongs to a small group that also includes NGC 4632.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1084</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1084 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. It is located at a distance of about 63 million light-years away from the Milky Way. The galaxy was discovered by William Herschel on 10 January 1785. It has multiple spiral arms, which are not well defined. It belongs in the same galaxy group with NGC 988, NGC 991, NGC 1022, NGC 1035, NGC 1042, NGC 1047, NGC 1052 and NGC 1110. This group is in turn associated with the Messier 77 group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4490</span> Interacting galaxy in constellation Canes Venatici

NGC 4490, also known as the Cocoon Galaxy, is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. William Herschel discovered it in 1788. It is known to be of the closest interacting/merging galactic system. The galaxy lies at a distance of 25 million light years from Earth making it located in the local universe. It interacts with its smaller companion NGC 4485 and as a result is a starburst galaxy. NGC 4490 and NGC 4485 are collectively known in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as Arp 269. The two galaxies have already made their closest approach and are rushing away from each other. It has been discovered that NGC 4490 has a double nucleus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5643</span> Galaxy in the constellation Lupus

NGC 5643 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Lupus. Based on the tip of the red-giant branch distance indicator, it is located at a distance of about 40 million light-years. NGC 5643 has an active galactic nucleus and is a type II Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4424</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4424 is a spiral galaxy located in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It was discovered February 27, 1865 by German astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest. This galaxy is located at a distance of 13.5 million light years and is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 442 km/s. It has a morphological class of SB(s)a, which normally indicates a spiral galaxy with a barred structure (SB), no inner ring feature (s), and tightly-wound spiral arms (a). The galactic plane is inclined at an angle of 62° to the line of sight from the Earth. It is a likely member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1325</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1325 is a flocculent spiral galaxy situated in the constellation of Eridanus. Located about 75 million light years away, it is a member of the Eridanus cluster of galaxies, a cluster of about 200 galaxies. It was discovered by William Herschel on 19 December 1799.

References

  1. ↑ Modern estimates vary widely; see SN 185 for more detail.
  2. ↑ Ksenofontov, L. T.; Berezhko, E. G.; Völk, H. J. (2005-04-01). "Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (1): 229–240. arXiv: astro-ph/0409453 . Bibcode:2005A&A...433..229V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042015. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   16726273.
  3. ↑ "New evidence links stellar remains to oldest recorded supernova" Chandra X-ray Observatory, released 2006-09-18, revised 2009-02-20, retrieved 2010-02-26.
  4. ↑ Chin YN, Huang YL (1994). "Identification of the Guest Star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova". Nature. 371 (6496): 398–399. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..398C. doi:10.1038/371398a0. S2CID   4240119. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.
  5. ↑ Zhao FY, Strom RG, Jiang SY (2006). "The Guest Star of AD185 Must Have Been a Supernova". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 6 (5): 635–40. Bibcode:2006ChJAA...6..635Z. doi: 10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17 .
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  7. ↑ SEDS. "Supernova 386".
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  9. 1 2 Hoffmann, Susanne M; Vogt, Nikolaus (2020-09-11). "A search for the modern counterparts of the Far Eastern guest stars 369 CE, 386 CE and 393 CE". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 497 (2): 1419–1433. arXiv: 2007.01013 . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.497.1419H. doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa1970 . ISSN   0035-8711.
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  17. ↑ Ardeberg, A.; de Groot, M. (1973). "The 1972 supernova in NGC 5253. Photometric results from the first observing season". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 28: 295–304. Bibcode:1973A&A....28..295A.
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  34. ↑ Anderson, Paul Scott (14 January 2022). "Dying star's explosive end seen by astronomers". EarthSky. Deborah Byrd. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  35. ↑ Smith, K. W.; et al. (September 2021). "ATLAS21bidw (AT2021yja): discovery of a candidate SN in NGC 1325 (22 Mpc)". Transient Name Server AstroNote 2021-235. 235: 1. Bibcode:2021TNSAN.235....1S.
  36. ↑ Ryder, S. D.; et al. (September 2021). "Radio observations of SN 2021yja". The Astronomer's Telegram. 14915: 1. Bibcode:2021ATel14915....1R.
  37. ↑ David Bishop (23 November 2021). "2021afdx". rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  38. ↑ "SN 2021afdx". Transient Name Server. IAU Supernova Working Group. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  39. ↑ Moore, T.; et al. (October 2023). "SN 2022jli: A Type Ic Supernova with Periodic Modulation of Its Light Curve and an Unusually Long Rise". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 956 (1): L31. arXiv: 2309.12750 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...956L..31M. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acfc25 . ISSN   2041-8205.
  40. ↑ Chen, Ping; et al. (January 2024). "A 12.4-day periodicity in a close binary system after a supernova". Nature. 625 (7994): 253–258. arXiv: 2310.07784 . Bibcode:2024Natur.625..253C. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06787-x. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   38200292. S2CID   263909264 . Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  41. ↑ "Missing link found: supernovae give rise to black holes or neutron stars". www.eso.org. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  42. ↑ "Supernova 2022jli in NGC 157". www.rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  43. ↑ "SN 2022aajn". ESA. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  44. ↑ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (October 2023). "Out with a Bang". Scientific American . 329 (3): 8–11. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1023-8. PMID   39017247.
  45. ↑ Odeh, Mohammad (8 September 2023). "AT 2023rve". IAU Supernova Working Group. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  46. ↑ Arrizabalaga, P. (12 September 2023). "SN 2023rve: follow-up photometry with LCOGT DeltaRho 350 + QHY600". IAU Supernova Working Group. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  47. ↑ Bishop, David (12 September 2023). "Supernovae 2023rve in NGC 1097". Bright Supernovae. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  48. ↑ Otero, Sebastian (12 September 2023). "The International Variable Star Index: SN 2023rve". AAVSO. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  49. ↑ Ghannam, Osama (8 September 2023). "New Supernova is Discovered From the UAE". IAC. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  50. ↑ Supernovae 2023vyl in NGC 7625, Astronomy Section, Rochester Academy of Science, January 26, 2024, retrieved 2024-01-28.
  51. ↑ "SN 2023vyl". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  52. ↑ "SN 2023abdg", Transient Name Server, retrieved 2024-02-04.
  53. ↑ Tucker, Michael A.; Hinkle, Jason; Angus, Charlotte R.; Auchettl, Katie; Hoogendam, Willem B.; Shappee, Benjamin; Kochanek, Christopher S.; Ashall, Chris; Boer, Thomas de; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Desai, Dhvanil D.; Do, Aaron; Fulton, Michael D.; Gao, Hua; Herman, Joanna (2024). "The Extremely Metal-poor SN 2023ufx: A Local Analog to High-redshift Type II Supernovae". The Astrophysical Journal. 976 (2): 178. arXiv: 2405.00113 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...976..178T. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad8448 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  54. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2023" . Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  55. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2022" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  56. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2021" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  57. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2020" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  58. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2019" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  59. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2018" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  60. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2017" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  61. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2016" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  62. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2015" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  63. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2014" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  64. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2013" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  65. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2012" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  66. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2011" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  67. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2010" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  68. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2009" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  69. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2008" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  70. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2007" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  71. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2006" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  72. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2005" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  73. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2004" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  74. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2003" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  75. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2002" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  76. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2001" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  77. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2000" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.

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