List of supernovae

Last updated

SN 1054 remnant (Crab Nebula) Crab Nebula.jpg
SN 1054 remnant
( Crab Nebula )

This is a list of supernovae that are of historical significance. These include supernovae that were observed prior to the availability of photography, and individual events that have been the subject of a scientific paper that contributed to supernova theory.

Contents

An alternative, complete and updated list can be found in the Open Supernova Catalog. Recent supernovae can be found at Latest Supernovae. Supernovae in 2023 include SN 2023ixf in Messier 101 (May 2023), [1] SN 2023idj in NGC 4568 (May 2023) and SN 2023gfo in NGC 4995 (April 2023).

List of supernovae

In most entries, the year when the supernova was seen is part of the designation (1st column).

Supernova
designation
(year)		Constellation Apparent
magnitude 		Distance
(light years)		TypeGalaxyComments
Centaurus 9,100 [3] Milky Way Surviving description sketchy; modern estimates of maximum apparent magnitude vary from +4 to −8. The remnant is probably RCW 86, some 8200 ly distant, [4] making it comparable to SN 1572. Some researchers have suggested it was a comet, not a supernova. [5] [6]
Sagittarius 14,700Milky Way"suggested SN", [7] candidate remnant could be G11.2-0.3. [8] [9] There are three suggestions and doubtful if SN at all or classical nova or something else. [10]
Scorpius 3,400Milky Way"possible SN", [7] could also be classical nova or something else [10]
Lupus 7,200Milky WayWidely observed on Earth; in apparent magnitude, the brightest stellar event in recorded history. [12]
Taurus 6,500Milky WayRemnant is the Crab Nebula with its pulsar (neutron star)
Cassiopeia 7,100Milky WayRemnant is Pa 30 with its hot stellar remnant [14]
Cassiopeia 8,000Milky Way Tycho's Nova
Ophiuchus 14,000Milky Way Kepler's Star; most recent readily visible supernova within the Milky Way
Cassiopeia 9,000Milky WayApparently never visually conspicuous, due to interstellar dust; but the remnant, Cas A, is the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky
Sagittarius (visible light masked by dust)25,000Milky WayLocated near the Galactic Center; "Posthumously" discovered in 1985; age determined in 2008
Andromeda 2,500,000 Andromeda Galaxy First observation of an extragalactic supernova
Centaurus 10,900,000 NGC 5253  
Canes Venatici 13,000,000 IC 4182  
Cepheus 25,200,000 Fireworks Galaxy  
Coma Berenices 38,000,000 NGC 4725  
Perseus 30,000,000 NGC 1058 Potential supernova impostor [17]
Centaurus 10,900,000 NGC 5253 Followed for more than a year; became the prototypical Type Ia supernova
Hydra 15,000,000 Messier 83 First observation of a Type Ib supernova
Andromeda 30,000,000 NGC 891 Bright in the radio frequency range
Dorado 160,000 Large Magellanic Cloud Intense radiation reached Earth on February 23, 1987, 7:35:35 UT. Notable for archival photos of progenitor star and detection of supernova neutrinos. Most recent Local Group supernova
Ursa Major 11,000,000 M81 One of the brightest supernovae in the northern sky since 1954
Virgo 50,000,000 NGC 4526
Telescopium  ?140,000,000 ESO 184-G82 Linked to GRB 980425, which was the first time a gamma-ray burst has been linked to a supernova.
Lynx 84,000,000 NGC 2770 First supernovae in this galaxy, where 3 more was detected later.
Lupus 160,000,000 NGC 1821 AM Canum Venaticorum-type outburst. [20]
Boötes 4,000,000,000anonymous galaxyAlso known as the "Champagne supernova"
Camelopardalis 8,000,000 NGC 2403 NGC 2403 is an outlying member of the M81 Group
Coma Berenices 4,700,000,000 ?Announced in 2007 to be the brightest supernova up to that point.
Cetus 865,000,000 ?Notable for having characteristics of both Type Ia and Type IIn.
Pisces 200,000,000 NGC 266 Star could be found on old pictures. [21]
Perseus 240,000,000 NGC 1260 Observed by NASA,
*with a peak of over 70 days, possibly a new type.
Virgo anonymous dwarf galaxyExtremely bright and long-lasting, the first good observational match for the pair-instability supernova model postulated for stars of initial mass greater than 140 solar masses (even better than SN 2006gy). The precursor is estimated at 200 solar masses, similar to the first stars of the early universe. [22]
Lynx 84,000,000 NGC 2770 Got overshadowed by SN 2008D.
Lynx 88,000,000 NGC 2770 First supernova to be observed while it exploded.
Aries 1,000,000,000
(z=0.0613)		anonymous red globular cluster associated with anonymous red elliptical galaxy in cluster Abell 399 Observed in 2009. Supernova associated with a globular cluster [23] [24]
Piscis Austrinus 66,000,000 NGC 7259 In 2009 classified as supernova. Redesignated as Luminous blue variable (LBV) Supernova impostor. [25] In September 2012 classified as a young type IIn supernova. [26]
Camelopardalis 240,000,000 UGC 3378 Discovered by 10-year-old girl, the youngest person to discover a supernova.
Ursa Major 21,000,000 M101 One of the very few extragalactic supernovae visible in 50mm binoculars.
Ursa Major 11,500,000 M82 Closest supernova since SN 2004dj in NGC 2403.
Indus 3,800,000,000 APMUKS(BJ) B215839.70−615403.9 Most luminous hypernova ever observed.
IPTF14hls Ursa Major 509,000,000unknownSDSS J092034.44+504148.7 (possible dwarf galaxy)Unusual supernova
Draco 3,600,000,000 ?Most luminous supernova-like event to date.
Camelopardalis 70,000,000 NGC 2146 First electron capture supernova ever detected
SN 2019hgp Boötes 920,000,000First detected supernova of a Wolf-Rayet star [27] [28]
SN 2020fqv Virgo 59,400,000 NGC 4568 Earliest known observation of an explosion, 26 hours after [29] [30] [31]
SN 2020tlf Boötes 120,000,000 NGC 5731 First red supergiant observed before, during and after explosion; earliest known observation, at 130 days before explosion [32] [33]
SN 2023ixf Ursa Major 21,000,000 type II-L Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) [1] Closest and brightest supernova since SN 2014J
SN 2022jli Cetus 75,000,000 type I-c NGC 157 Type Ic, shows periodicity [34] [35] [36] [37]

Supernova statistics

Yearly extragalactic supernovae reported
YearTotalType I Type II LBV Brighter than
apmag 13		Apmag of brightest
Supernova of that year
2023 [38] 1985914304177210.9 (2023ixf in M101)
2022 [39] 2136817323967412.3 (2022hrs in NGC 4647)
2021 [40] 2366518494655812.0 (2021aefx in NGC 1566)
2020 [41] 2177516484517711.8 (2020ue in NGC 4636)
2019 [42] 1876716524859113.0 (2019np in NGC 3254)
2018 [43] 952512063327512.7 (2018pv in NGC 3941)
2017 [44] 82937462184311.5 (2017cbv in NGC 5643)
2016 [45] 77376812263013.0 (2016coj in NGC 4125)
2015 [46] 44747072144212.9 (2015F in NGC 2442)
2014 [47] 22435281752310.1 (2014J in Messier 82)
2013 [48] 19224981907611.3 (2013aa in NGC 5643)
2012 [49] 12235501528511.9 (2012fr in NGC 1365)
2011 [50] 11294391601079.9 (2011fe in Messier 101)
2010 [51] 9312791357212.8 (2010ih in NGC 2325)
2009 [52] 5762021371013.0 (2009ig in NGC 1015)
2008 [53] 5112511431312.4 (2008ge in NGC 1527)
2007 [54] 6054421301312.0 (2007it in NGC 5530)
2006 [55] 5584181242312.1 (2006dd in NGC 1316)
2005 [56] 385273941212.3 (2005df in NGC 1559)
2004 [57] 343221790211.2 (2004dj in NGC 2403)
2003 [58] 384198891112.3 (2003hv in NGC 1201)
2002 [59] 353163640112.3 (2002ap in Messier 74)
2001 [60] 310108750212.3 (2001e1 in NGC 1448)
2000 [61] 19976491013.1 (2000cx in NGC 528)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supernova</span> Explosion of a star at its end of life

A supernova is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. The original object, called the progenitor, either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or is completely destroyed to form a diffuse nebula. The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy before fading over several weeks or months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 61</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

Messier 61 is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It was first discovered by Barnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779, six days before Charles Messier discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet. Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy. It is a member of the M61 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 59</span> Elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo

Messier 59 or M59, also known as NGC 4621, is an elliptical galaxy in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It is a member of the Virgo Cluster, with the nearest fellow member 8′ away and around 5 magnitudes fainter. The nearest cluster member of comparable brightness is the lenticular galaxy NGC 4638, which is around 17′ away. It and the angularly nearby elliptical galaxy Messier 60 were both discovered by Johann Gottfried Koehler in April 1779 when observing comet seeming close by. Charles Messier listed both in the Messier Catalogue about three days after Koehler's discovery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 74</span> Face-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces

Messier 74 is a large spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation Pisces. It is about 32 million light-years away from Earth. The galaxy contains two clearly defined spiral arms and is therefore used as an archetypal example of a grand design spiral galaxy. The galaxy's low surface brightness makes it the most difficult Messier object for amateur astronomers to observe. Its relatively large angular size and the galaxy's face-on orientation make it an ideal object for professional astronomers who want to study spiral arm structure and spiral density waves. It is estimated that M74 hosts about 100 billion stars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 6946</span> Galaxy in the constellations Cepheus & Cygnus

NGC 6946, sometimes referred to as the Fireworks Galaxy, is a face-on intermediate spiral galaxy with a small bright nucleus, whose location in the sky straddles the boundary between the northern constellations of Cepheus and Cygnus. Its distance from Earth is about 25.2 million light-years or 7.72 megaparsecs, similar to the distance of M101 in the constellation Ursa Major. Both were once considered to be part of the Local Group, but are now known to be among the dozen bright spiral galaxies near the Milky Way but beyond the confines of the Local Group. NGC 6946 lies within the Virgo Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4725</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4725 is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy with a prominent ring structure, located in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices near the north galactic pole. It was discovered by German-born astronomer William Herschel on April 6, 1785. The galaxy lies at a distance of approximately 40 megalight-years from the Milky Way. NGC 4725 is the brightest member of the Coma I Group of the Coma-Sculptor Cloud, although it is relatively isolated from the other members of this group. This galaxy is strongly disturbed and is interacting with neighboring spiral galaxy NGC 4747, with its spiral arms showing indications of warping. The pair have an angular separation of 24′, which corresponds to a projected linear separation of 370 kly. A tidal plume extends from NGC 4747 toward NGC 4725.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7793</span> Galaxy in the constellation Sculptor

NGC 7793 is a flocculent spiral galaxy in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop. The galaxy is located at a distance of 12.2 million light years and is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 227 km/s. NGC 7793 is one of the five brightest galaxies within the Sculptor Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SN 1994D</span> Type Ia supernova

SN 1994D was a Type Ia supernova event in the outskirts of galaxy NGC 4526. It was offset by 9.0″ west and 7.8″ south of the galaxy center and positioned near a prominent dust lane. It was caused by the explosion of a white dwarf star composed of carbon and oxygen. This event was discovered on March 7, 1994 by R. R. Treffers and associates using the automated 30-inch telescope at Leuschner Observatory. It reached peak visual brightness two weeks later on March 22. Modelling of the light curve indicates the explosion would have been visible around March 3-4. A possible detection of helium in the spectrum was made by W. P. S. Meikle and associates in 1996. A mass of 0.014 to 0.03 M☉ in helium would be needed to produce this feature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4088</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major

NGC 4088 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy forms a physical pair with NGC 4085, which is located 11′ away.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1566</span> Galaxy in the constellation Dorado

NGC 1566, sometimes known as the Spanish Dancer, is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Dorado, positioned about 3.5° to the south of the star Gamma Doradus. It was discovered on May 28, 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop. At 10th magnitude, it requires a telescope to view. The distance to this galaxy remains elusive, with measurements ranging from 6 Mpc up to 21 Mpc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4639</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4639 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It was discovered by German-born astronomer William Herschel on April 12, 1784. John L. E. Dreyer described it as "pretty bright, small, extended, mottled but not resolved, 12th magnitude star 1 arcmin to southeast". This is a relatively nearby galaxy, lying approximately 72 million light-years away from the Milky Way. It is a companion to NGC 4654, and the two appear to have interacted roughly 500 million years ago. NGC 4639 is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5806</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 5806 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered on February 24, 1786, by the astronomer John Herschel. It is located about 70 million light-years away from the Milky Way. It is a member of the NGC 5846 Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 613</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Sculptor

NGC 613 is a barred spiral galaxy located 67 million light years away in the southern constellation of Sculptor. This galaxy was discovered in 1798 by German-English astronomer William Herschel, then re-discovered and catalogued by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop. It was first photographed in 1912, which revealed the spiral form of the nebula. During the twentieth century, radio telescope observations showed that a linear feature in the nucleus was a relatively strong source of radio emission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SN 1895B</span> Supernova in the constellation Centaurus

SN 1895B was a supernova event in the irregular dwarf galaxy NGC 5253, positioned 16″ east and 23″ north of the galactic center. It is among the closest known extragalactic supernova events. The supernova was discovered by Williamina Fleming on December 12, 1895 after noticing an unusual spectrum on a photographic plate taken July 18, 1895, and was initially given the variable star designation Z Centauri. The light curve is consistent with an event that began ~15 days before the discovery plate was taken, and this indicates the supernova reached a peak visual magnitude of up to 8.49±0.03.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4424</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4424 is a spiral galaxy located in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It was discovered February 27, 1865 by German astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest. This galaxy is located at a distance of 13.5 million light years and is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 442 km/s. It has a morphological class of SB(s)a, which normally indicates a spiral galaxy with a barred structure (SB), no inner ring feature (s), and tightly-wound spiral arms (a). The galactic plane is inclined at an angle of 62° to the line of sight from the Earth. It is a likely member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.

SN 2009ip was a supernova discovered in 2009 in the spiral galaxy NGC 7259 in the constellation of Piscis Austrinus. Since the brightness waned after days post-discovery, it was redesignated as Luminous blue variable (LBV) Supernova impostor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 753</span> Galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

NGC 753 is a spiral galaxy located 220 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer by Heinrich d'Arrest on September 16, 1865 and is a member of Abell 262.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4076</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4076 is a spiral galaxy located 290 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1325</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1325 is a flocculent spiral galaxy situated in the constellation of Eridanus. Located about 75 million light years away, it is a member of the Eridanus cluster of galaxies, a cluster of about 200 galaxies. It was discovered by William Herschel on 19 December 1799.

References

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  2. ↑ Modern estimates vary widely; see SN 185 for more detail.
  3. ↑ Ksenofontov, L. T.; Berezhko, E. G.; Völk, H. J. (2005-04-01). "Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (1): 229–240. arXiv: astro-ph/0409453 . Bibcode:2005A&A...433..229V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042015. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   16726273.
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  39. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2022" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  40. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2021" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  41. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2020" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  42. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2019" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  43. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2018" . Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  44. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2017" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  45. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2016" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  46. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2015" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  47. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2014" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  48. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2013" . Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  49. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2012" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  50. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2011" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  51. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2010" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  52. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2009" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  53. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2008" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  54. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2007" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  55. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2006" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  56. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2005" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  57. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2004" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  58. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2003" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  59. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2002" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  60. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2001" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  61. ↑ David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2000" . Retrieved 2023-02-23.

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