Messier 74 | |
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![]() The spiral galaxy M74 (in the left bottom corner is the supernova SN 2013ej) | |
Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
Constellation | Pisces [1] [2] |
Right ascension | 01h 36m 41.7932s [2] |
Declination | +15° 47′ 01.272″ [2] |
Redshift | 0.002192±0.00000300 [2] |
Heliocentric radial velocity | 657±1 km/s [2] |
Distance | 30 ± 6 Mly [2] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.4 [2] |
Characteristics | |
Type | SA(s)c HII [2] |
Number of stars | 100 billion (1×1011) |
Size | 85,300 ly (26.16 kpc) (diameter; D25 isophote) [2] |
Apparent size (V) | 10.5′ × 9.5′ [2] |
Other designations | |
Phantom Galaxy, IRAS 01340+1532, NGC 628, UGC 1149, MCG +03-05-011, PGC 5974, CGCG 460-014 [2] |
Messier 74 (also known as NGC 628 and Phantom Galaxy) is a large spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation Pisces. [a] It is about 32 million light-years away from Earth. [3] The galaxy contains two clearly defined spiral arms and is therefore used as an archetypal example of a grand design spiral galaxy. [4] The galaxy's low surface brightness makes it the most difficult Messier object for amateur astronomers to observe. [5] [6] Its relatively large angular (that is, apparent) size and the galaxy's face-on orientation make it an ideal object for professional astronomers who want to study spiral arm structure and spiral density waves. It is estimated that M74 hosts about 100 billion stars. [3]
M74 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. He then communicated his discovery to Charles Messier, who listed the galaxy in his catalog. [6]
In July 2022, it was observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.
M74 has two spiral arms that wind counterclockwise from the galaxy's center. The spiral arms widen as they get farther from M74's center, but one of the arms narrows at the end. The arms deviate slightly from a constant angle. [7]
Three supernovae have been observed in M74:
In addition to these supernovae, the astronomical transient AT 2019krl was discovered by Anna Ho on 6 July 2019, and classified as either a type IIn supernova or an LBV in outburst. [23] [24] Later analysis argued that it was consistent with known examples of giant LBV eruptions and SN 2008S-like objects. [25]
This is the brightest member of the M74 Group, a group of 5 to 7 galaxies that also includes the peculiar spiral galaxy NGC 660 and a few irregular galaxies. [26] [27] [28] Different group membership identification methods (ranging from a clear, to likely, to perhaps historic gravitational tie) identify several objects of the group in common, [28] and a few galaxies whose exact status within such groupings is currently uncertain. [28]
In 2005 [29] [b] the Chandra X-ray Observatory announced its observation of an ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in M74, radiating more X-ray power than a neutron star, in periodic intervals of around two hours. It has an estimated mass of 10000 M☉ . This is an indicator of an intermediate-mass black hole. This would be a rather uncommon class, in between in size of stellar black holes and the massive black holes theorized to be in the center of many galaxies. Such an object is believed to form from lesser ("stellar") black holes within a star cluster. The source has been given identification number CXOU J013651.1+154547.
Messier 74 is 1.5° east-northeast of Eta Piscium. [5] [6] This galaxy has the second-lowest Earth-surface brightness of any Messier object. (M101 has the lowest.) It requires a good night sky. [6] [5] This galaxy may be best viewed under low magnification; when highly magnified, the diffuse emission becomes more extended and appears too faint to be seen by many people. [6] Additionally, M74 may be more easily seen when using averted vision when the eyes are fully dark adapted. [5] [6]