Henry Draper Catalogue

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Henry Draper Catalogue
Named after Henry Draper
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The Henry Draper Catalogue (HD) is an astronomical star catalogue published between 1918 and 1924, giving spectroscopic classifications for 225,300 stars; it was later expanded by the Henry Draper Extension (HDE), published between 1925 and 1936, which gave classifications for 46,850 more stars, and by the Henry Draper Extension Charts (HDEC), published from 1937 to 1949 in the form of charts, which gave classifications for 86,933 more stars. In all, 359,083 stars were classified as of August 2017. [1] [2]

Contents

The HD catalogue is named after Henry Draper, an amateur astronomer, and covers the entire sky almost completely down to an apparent photographic magnitude of about 9; the extensions added fainter stars in certain areas of the sky. [3] The construction of the Henry Draper Catalogue was part of a pioneering effort to classify stellar spectra, and its catalogue numbers are commonly used as a way of identifying stars. [4] [5]

History

The origin of the Henry Draper Catalogue dates back to the earliest photographic studies of stellar spectra. Henry Draper made the first photograph of a star's spectrum showing distinct spectral lines when he photographed Vega in 1872. He took over a hundred more photographs of stellar spectra before his death in 1882. In 1885, Edward Pickering began to supervise photographic spectroscopy at Harvard College Observatory, using the objective prism method. In 1886, Draper's widow, Mary Anna Palmer Draper, became interested in Pickering's research and agreed to fund it under the name Henry Draper Memorial. [6] [7] Pickering and his coworkers then began to take an objective-prism survey of the sky and to classify the resulting spectra. [8]

Classifications in the Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra [9]
SecchiDraperComment
IA, B, C, DHydrogen lines dominant.
IIE, F, G, H, I, J, K, L
IIIM
IVNDid not appear in the catalogue.
—OWolf–Rayet spectra with bright lines.
—PPlanetary nebulae.
—QOther spectra.

A first result of this work was the Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra, published in 1890. This catalogue contained spectroscopic classifications for 10,351 stars, mostly north of declination −25°. Most of the classification was done by Williamina Fleming. [10] The classification scheme used was to subdivide the previously used Secchi classes (I to IV) into more specific classes, given letters from A to N. Also, the letter O was used for stars whose spectra consisted mainly of bright lines, the letter P for planetary nebulae, and the letter Q for spectra not fitting into any of the classes A through P. No star of type N appeared in the catalogue, and the only star of type O was the Wolf–Rayet star HR 2583. [9]

Antonia Maury and Pickering published a more detailed study of the spectra of bright stars in the northern hemisphere in 1897. [11] Maury used classifications numbered from I to XXII; groups I to XX corresponded to subdivisions of the Draper Catalogue types B, A, F, G, K, and M, while XXI and XXII corresponded to the Draper Catalogue types N and O. [12] She was the first to place B stars in their current position, prior to A stars, in the spectral classification. [13]

In 1890, the Harvard College Observatory constructed an observation station in Arequipa, Peru in order to study the sky in the Southern Hemisphere, and a study of bright stars in the southern hemisphere was published by Annie Jump Cannon and Pickering in 1901. [14] [15] Cannon used the lettered types of the Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so forth. [16]

Between 1910 and 1915, new discoveries increased interest in stellar classification, and work on the Henry Draper Catalogue itself started in 1911. From 1912 to 1915, Cannon and her coworkers classified spectra at the rate of approximately 5,000 per month. [17] The catalogue was published in 9 volumes of the Annals of Harvard College Observatory between 1918 and 1924. It contains rough positions, magnitudes, spectral classifications, and, where possible, cross-references to the Durchmusterung catalogs for 225,300 stars. [18] The classification scheme used was similar to that used in Cannon's 1901 work, except that types such as B, A, B5A, F2G, and so on, had been changed to B0, A0, B5, F2, and so on. As well as the classes O through M, P was used for nebulae and R and N for carbon stars. [19]

Pickering died on February 3, 1919, leaving 6 volumes to be overseen by Cannon. [20] Cannon found spectral classifications for 46,850 fainter stars in selected regions of the sky in the Henry Draper Extension, published in six parts between 1925 and 1936. [2] [21] She continued classifying stars until her death in 1941. Most of these classifications were published in 1949 in the Henry Draper Extension Charts (the first portion of these charts was published in 1937.) These charts also contained some classifications by Margaret Walton Mayall, who supervised the work after Cannon's death. [22] [23]

The catalogue and its extensions were the first large-scale attempt to catalogue spectral types of stars, [5] and its construction led to the Harvard classification scheme of stellar spectra which is still used today. [24]

Availability and usage

Stars contained in the main portion of the catalogue are of medium magnitude, down to about 9m (about 1/15 as bright as the faintest stars visible with the naked eye). The extensions contain stars as faint as the 11th magnitude selected from certain regions of the sky. [3] [25] Stars in the original catalogue are numbered from 1 to 225300 (prefix HD) and are numbered in order of increasing right ascension for the epoch 1900.0. Stars in the first extension are numbered from 225301 to 272150 (prefix HDE), and stars from the extension charts are numbered from 272151 to 359083 (prefix HDEC). However, as the numbering is continuous throughout the catalog and its extensions, the prefix HD may be used regardless as its use produces no ambiguity. [26] Many stars are customarily identified by their HD numbers. [4]

The Henry Draper Catalogue and the Extension were available from the NASA Astronomical Data Center as part of their third CD-ROM of astronomical catalogues. [27] Currently, the Catalogue and Extension are available from the VizieR service of the Centre de Données astronomiques (French for "Astronomical Data Center") at Strasbourg as catalogue number III/135A. [28] Because of their format, putting the Henry Draper Extension Charts into a machine-readable format was more difficult, but this task was eventually completed by 1995 by Nesterov, Röser and their coworkers, and the charts are now available at VizieR as catalogue number III/182. [1]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albireo</span> Double star system in the constellation Cygnus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Williamina Fleming</span> Scottish astronomer (1857–1911)

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming was a Scottish astronomer. She was a single mother hired by the director of the Harvard College Observatory to help in the photographic classification of stellar spectra. She helped develop a common designation system for stars and cataloged more than ten thousand stars, 59 gaseous nebulae, over 310 variable stars, and 10 novae and other astronomical phenomena. Among several career achievements that advanced astronomy, Fleming is noted for her discovery of the Horsehead Nebula in 1888.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annie Jump Cannon</span> American astronomer (1863–1941)

Annie Jump Cannon was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification. With Edward C. Pickering, she is credited with the creation of the Harvard Classification Scheme, which was the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures and spectral types. She was nearly deaf throughout her career after 1893, as a result of scarlet fever. She was a suffragist and a member of the National Women's Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Charles Pickering</span> American astronomer

Edward Charles Pickering was an American astronomer and physicist and the older brother of William Henry Pickering. Along with Carl Vogel, Pickering discovered the first spectroscopic binary stars. He wrote Elements of Physical Manipulations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonia Maury</span> American astronomer

Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury was an American astronomer who was the first to detect and calculate the orbit of a spectroscopic binary. She published an important early catalog of stellar spectra using her own system of stellar classification, which was later adopted by the International Astronomical Union. She also spent many years studying the binary star Beta Lyrae. Maury was part of the Harvard Computers, a group of female astronomers and human computers at the Harvard College Observatory.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">V1059 Sagittarii</span> Nova seen in 1898 in the constellation Sagittarius

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">V606 Aquilae</span> 1899 nova in the constellation Aquila

V606 Aquilae was a nova, which lit up in the constellation Aquila in 1899. The brightest reported magnitude for this nova was apparent magnitude 5.5, making it a naked eye object. It was discovered by Williamina Fleming on a photographic plate taken on 21 April 1899 at the Harvard College Observatory. On the discovery plate, its photographic magnitude was later determined to be 6.75. It was not seen on the plate taken on 1 November 1898, and there were no reported observations of the region around the star during the 171 day interval before Fleming's discovery, so it is possible that the actual maximum of the event was missed. By 27 October 1899 it had faded to 10th magnitude, and on 9 July 1900 Oliver Wendell reported its brightness to be between magnitude 11.5 and 12.0.

Florence Cushman (1860-1940) was an American astronomer specializing in stellar classification at the Harvard College Observatory who worked on the Henry Draper Catalogue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 2039</span> Star in the constellation Phoenix

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvard Computers</span> Team of women who processed astronomical data

The Harvard Computers were a team of women working as skilled workers to process astronomical data at the Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The team was directed by Edward Charles Pickering and, following his death in 1919, by Annie Jump Cannon.

The women were challenged to make sense of these patterns by devising a scheme for sorting the stars into categories. Annie Jump Cannon's success at this activity made her famous in her own lifetime, and she produced a stellar classification system that is still in use today. Antonia Maury discerned in the spectra a way to assess the relative sizes of stars, and Henrietta Leavitt showed how the cyclic changes of certain variable stars could serve as distance markers in space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">32 Cygni</span> Binary star system in the constellation Cygnus

32 Cygni is the Flamsteed designation for a binary star system in the Cygnus constellation. It is a 4th magnitude star, which can be seen with the naked eye under suitably dark skies. Parallax measurements give an estimated distance of 1,100 light-years (320 parsecs) from the Earth. However, Schröder et al. (2007) suggest the actual value, after correcting for Malmquist bias, may be closer to 1,174 light-years (360 parsecs). Although it is a spectrsocopic binary with components that cannot be separated visually, it has two entries in the Henry Draper Catalogue, with identical magnitudes and positions, but showing the spectral types of the two components.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 40307</span> Star in the constellation Pictor

HD 40307 is an orange (K-type) main-sequence star located approximately 42 light-years away in the constellation of Pictor, taking its primary name from its Henry Draper Catalogue designation. It is calculated to be slightly less massive than the Sun. The star has six known planets, three discovered in 2008 and three more in 2012. One of them, HD 40307 g, is a potential super-Earth in the habitable zone, with an orbital period of about 200 days. This object might be capable of supporting liquid water on its surface, although much more information must be acquired before its habitability can be assessed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</span> Scatter plot of stars showing the relationship of luminosity to stellar classification

The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures. The diagram was created independently in 1911 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and by Henry Norris Russell in 1913, and represented a major step towards an understanding of stellar evolution.

HD 156668 is a star in the northern constellation of Hercules constellation. With an apparent visual magnitude of 8.4 it is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye, but it can be seen with even a small telescope. The distance to this object has been determined directly using the parallax technique, yielding a value of about 80 light-years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 5980</span> Triple star system in the constellation Tucana

HD 5980 is a multiple star system on the outskirts of NGC 346 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and is one of the brightest stars in the SMC.

56 Persei is at least a triple star and possibly a quadruple star system in the northern constellation of Perseus. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.77. The system is located 139 light-years (42.5 pc) distant from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −32 km/s.

HD 198404 is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.19, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the object at a distance of 395 light years and it is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21.6 km/s.

References

  1. 1 2 Nesterov, V. V.; Kuzmin, A. V.; Ashimbaeva, N. T.; Volchkov, A. A.; Röser, S.; Bastian, U. (1995). "The Henry Draper Extension Charts: A catalogue of accurate positions, proper motions, magnitudes and spectral types of 86933 stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 110: 367. Bibcode:1995A&AS..110..367N. CDS ID III/182.
  2. 1 2 Cannon, Annie. J. (1936). "The Henry Draper extension". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 100: 1. Bibcode:1936AnHar.100....1C.
  3. 1 2 "HD (S0): HENRY DRAPER star catalog, edition 1985 (19930406)". HyperSky. Willmann-Bell, Inc. 1996. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
  4. 1 2 Webb, Stephen (1999). Measuring the Universe: The Cosmological Distance Ladder. Springer. p. 327. ISBN   978-1-85233-106-1.
  5. 1 2 Sparke, Linda S.; Gallagher, John S. III (2007). Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.  4. ISBN   978-0-521-85593-8.
  6. ↑ Barker, George F. (1887). "On the Henry Draper Memorial Photographs of Stellar Spectra". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 24: 166–172.
  7. ↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century: a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography . MIT Press. p.  75. ISBN   978-0-262-65038-0.
  8. ↑ Cannon, Annie J. (1915). "The Henry Draper Memorial". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 9: 203. Bibcode:1915JRASC...9..203C.
  9. 1 2 Hearnshaw 1986 , p. 108; Pickering 1890 , pp. 2–4
  10. ↑ Pickering, Edward C. (1890). "The Draper Catalogue of stellar spectra photographed with the 8-inch Bache telescope as a part of the Henry Draper memorial". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 27: 1–388. Bibcode:1890AnHar..27....1P. See in particular pp. 1–2.
  11. ↑ Maury, Antonia C.; Pickering, Edward C. (1897). "Spectra of bright stars photographed with the 11-inch Draper Telescope as part of the Henry Draper Memorial". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 28: 1. Bibcode:1897AnHar..28....1M.
  12. ↑ Maury & Pickering 1897 , Table I
  13. ↑ Hearnshaw 1986 , p. 112
  14. ↑ Cannon, Annie J.; Pickering, Edward C. (1901). "Spectra of bright southern stars photographed with the 13-inch Boyden telescope as part of the Henry Draper Memorial". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 28: 129. Bibcode:1901AnHar..28..129C.
  15. ↑ Hearnshaw 1986 , pp. 110–111, 117–118
  16. ↑ Hearnshaw 1986 , pp. 117–119
  17. ↑ Cannon 1915 , pp. 214–215
  18. ↑ Cannon, Annie J.; Pickering, Edward C. (1918). "The Henry Draper Catalogue". Annals of Harvard College Observatory.;
    hours 0 to 3, 91 (1918), Bibcode : 1918AnHar..91....1C;
    hours 4 to 6, 92 (1918), Bibcode : 1918AnHar..92....1C;
    hours 7 to 8, 93 (1919), Bibcode : 1919AnHar..93....1C;
    hours 9 to 11, 94 (1919), Bibcode : 1919AnHar..94....1C;
    hours 12 to 14, 95 (1920), Bibcode : 1920AnHar..95....1C;
    hours 15 to 16, 96 (1921), Bibcode : 1921AnHar..96....1C;
    hours 17 to 18, 97 (1922), Bibcode : 1922AnHar..97....1C;
    hours 19 to 20, 98 (1923), Bibcode : 1923AnHar..98....1C;
    hours 21 to 23, 99 (1924), Bibcode : 1924AnHar..99....1C.
  19. ↑ Hearnshaw 1986 , pp. 121–122, 128, 133–134; also see Cannon & Pickering 1918 , vol. 1, pp. 5–11
  20. ↑ Hearnshaw, J. B. (1986). The Analysis of Starlight: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Astronomical Spectroscopy . Cambridge University Press. p.  135. ISBN   978-0-521-25548-6.
  21. ↑ Cannon, Annie Jump; Shapley, Harlow (1937). "The Henry Draper charts of stellar spectra". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 105 (1): 1. Bibcode:1937AnHar.105....1C.
  22. ↑ Cannon & Shapley 1937; Hearnshaw 1986 , p. 138
  23. ↑ Cannon, Annie J.; Mayall, Margaret Walton (1949). "The Henry Draper extension. II". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 112: 1. Bibcode:1949AnHar.112....1C.
  24. ↑ Schulz, Norbert S. (2005). From Dust to Stars: Studies of the Formation and Early Evolution of Stars . Springer. p.  13. ISBN   978-3-540-23711-2.
  25. ↑ Annie Jump Cannon, article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed September 12, 2008.
  26. ↑ See p. 2, Cannon and Shapley 1937 and p. 369, Nesterov et al. 1995.
  27. ↑ Astronomical Data Center CD-ROM: Selected Astronomical Catalogs, Volume 3 Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine , Astronomical Data Center, NASA. Accessed on line September 11, 2008.
  28. ↑ Henry Draper Catalogue and Extension, A. J. Cannon and E. C. Pickering, CDS ID III/135A.

The Henry Draper Catalogue and its extensions are available on line free of charge at the VizieR service of the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg:

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