Herschel 400 Catalogue

Last updated March 06, 2024

The Herschel 400 catalogue is a subset of William Herschel's original Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars , selected by Brenda F. Guzman (Branchett), Lydel Guzman, Paul Jones, James Morris, Peggy Taylor and Sara Saey of the Ancient City Astronomy Club in St. Augustine, Florida, United States c. 1980. They decided to generate the list after reading a letter^[1] published in Sky & Telescope by James Mullaney of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.^[2]

Basic facts
Distribution of Herschel 400 objects
Herschel 400 objects that are also Messier objects
Herschel 400 objects that are also Caldwell objects
Number of objects by type in the Herschel 400
Number of Herschel 400 objects in each constellation
Herschel 400 objects
Key
1–100
101–200
201–300
301–400
See also
References
External links

In this letter Mr. Mullaney suggested that William Herschel's original catalogue of 2,500 objects would be an excellent basis for deep sky object selection for amateur astronomers looking for a challenge after completing the Messier Catalogue.

The Herschel 400 is a subset of John Herschel's General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters published in 1864 of 5,000 objects, and hence also of the New General Catalogue .

The catalogue forms the basis of the Astronomical League's Herschel 400 club. In 1997, another subset of 400 Herschel objects was selected by the Rose City Astronomers of Portland, Oregon as the Herschel II list, which forms the basis of the Astronomical League's Herschel II Program.

Basic facts

The catalogue contains 400 objects.
All objects are from the NGC.
All objects are visible in mid northern latitudes, since they were all observed by Herschel from England.
All objects are visible in 150 mm (6") or larger telescopes.

Distribution of Herschel 400 objects

Herschel 400 objects that are also Messier objects

The Herschel 400 contains 17 objects that are part of the Messier catalogue:

Messier	NGC	Common name	Notes
M20	NGC 6514	Trifid Nebula
M33	NGC 598	Triangulum Galaxy
M47	NGC 2422
M48	NGC 2548
M51b	NGC 5195		companion to the Whirlpool Galaxy
M61	NGC 4303	Swelling Spiral Galaxy
M76	NGC 651	Little Dumbbell Nebula, Barbell Nebula (northern portion)
M82	NGC 3034	Cigar Galaxy
M91	NGC 4548
M102?	NGC 5866	Spindle Galaxy	uncertain Messier object designation
M104	NGC 4594	Sombrero Galaxy
M105	NGC 3379
M106	NGC 4258
M107	NGC 6171	Crucifix Cluster
M108	NGC 3556	Surfboard Galaxy
M109	NGC 3992	Vacuum Cleaner Galaxy
M110	NGC 205

Herschel 400 objects that are also Caldwell objects

The Herschel 400 catalogue pre-dates the Caldwell catalogue by about 15 years. The Caldwell catalogue contains 44 objects that are members of the Herschel 400:^[3]

Caldwell	NGC	Common name
C2	NGC 40	Bow-Tie Nebula
C6	NGC 6543	Cat's Eye Nebula
C7	NGC 2403
C8	NGC 559
C10	NGC 663
C12	NGC 6946	Fireworks Galaxy
C13	NGC 457	Owl Cluster
C14	NGC 869	Double Cluster
C15	NGC 6826	Blinking Planetary
C16	NGC 7243
C18	NGC 185
C20	NGC 7000	North America Nebula
C21	NGC 4449
C22	NGC 7662	Blue Snowball
C23	NGC 891	Silver Sliver Galaxy
C25	NGC 2419
C28	NGC 752
C29	NGC 5005
C30	NGC 7331
C32	NGC 4631	Whale Galaxy
C36	NGC 4559
C37	NGC 6885
C38	NGC 4565	Needle Galaxy
C39	NGC 2392	Eskimo Nebula, Clown Face Nebula
C40	NGC 3626
C42	NGC 7006
C43	NGC 7814
C44	NGC 7479
C45	NGC 5248
C47	NGC 6934
C48	NGC 2775
C50	NGC 2244	Satellite Cluster
C52	NGC 4697
C53	NGC 3115	Spindle Galaxy
C54	NGC 2506
C55	NGC 7009	Saturn Nebula
C56	NGC 246	Skull Nebula
C58	NGC 2360	Caroline's Cluster
C59	NGC 3242	Ghost of Jupiter
C60	NGC 4038	brighter of two Antennae Galaxies
C62	NGC 247
C64	NGC 2362	Tau Canis Majoris Cluster
C65	NGC 253	Sculptor Galaxy, Silver Coin Galaxy
C66	NGC 5694

Number of objects by type in the Herschel 400

Type of object	Number of objects
Galaxies	231
Globular clusters	34
Nebulae	6
Star clusters	99
Star clusters and nebulae	5
Planetary nebulae	24
Asterisms	1
Total	400

Number of Herschel 400 objects in each constellation

Constellation	No. of objects
Andromeda	6
Aquarius	4
Aquila	3
Aries	1
Auriga	6
Boötes	5
Camelopardalis	5
Cancer	1
Canes Venatici	17
Canis Major	4

Constellation	No. of objects
Cassiopeia	16
Cepheus	7
Cetus	13
Coma Berenices	24
Corvus	3
Crater	1
Cygnus	10
Delphinus	3
Draco	5
Eridanus	3

Constellation	No. of objects
Gemini	10
Hercules	2
Hydra	5
Lacerta	3
Leo	23
Leo Minor	10
Lepus	1
Libra	1
Lynx	3
Monoceros	14

Constellation	No. of objects
Ophiuchus	15
Orion	8
Pegasus	5
Perseus	10
Pisces	2
Puppis	13
Pyxis	2
Sagittarius	18
Scorpius	2
Sculptor	3

Constellation	No. of objects
Scutum	2
Serpens	1
Sextans	4
Taurus	2
Triangulum	1
Ursa Major	46
Ursa Minor	1
Virgo	50
Vulpecula	6

Herschel 400 objects

Key

Open cluster Globular cluster Diffuse nebula Planetary nebula Galaxy

1–100

Messier or Caldwell ID	NGC number	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude
C2	NGC 40	Bow-Tie Nebula	Planetary Nebula	3.5	Cepheus	11
–	NGC 129		Open Cluster	6.0	Cassiopeia	6.5
–	NGC 136		Open Cluster	18.6	Cassiopeia	11
–	NGC 157		Galaxy	75,000	Cetus	10.4
C18	NGC 185		Galaxy	2,300	Cassiopeia	9.2
M110	NGC 205		Galaxy	2,200	Andromeda	8
–	NGC 225		Open Cluster	2.1	Cassiopeia	7
C56	NGC 246	Skull Nebula	Planetary Nebula	1.6	Cetus	8
C62	NGC 247		Galaxy	6,800	Cetus	8.9
C65	NGC 253	Sculptor Galaxy Silver Coin Galaxy	Galaxy	9,800	Sculptor	7.1
–	NGC 278		Galaxy	38,500	Cassiopeia	10.9
–	NGC 288		Globular Cluster	28.7	Sculptor	8.1
–	NGC 381		Open Cluster	3.8	Cassiopeia	9
–	NGC 404		Galaxy	10,000	Andromeda	10.1
–	NGC 436		Open Cluster	13.0	Cassiopeia	8.8
C13	NGC 457	ET Cluster Owl Cluster	Open Cluster	9	Cassiopeia	6.4
–	NGC 488		Galaxy	90,000	Pisces	10.3
–	NGC 524		Galaxy	90,000	Pisces	10.6
C8	NGC 559		Open Cluster	3.7	Cassiopeia	9.5
–	NGC 584		Galaxy	60,000	Cetus	10.4
–	NGC 596		Galaxy	65,000	Cetus	10.9
M33	NGC 598	Triangulum Galaxy	Galaxy	2,590	Triangulum	5.7
–	NGC 613		Galaxy	67,000	Sculptor	10
–	NGC 615		Galaxy	70,000	Cetus	11.5
–	NGC 637		Open Cluster	7	Cassiopeia	8.2
M76	NGC 650/651	Little Dumbbell Nebula Cork Nebula	Planetary Nebula	3.4	Perseus	12
–	NGC 654		Open Cluster	7.8	Cassiopeia	6.5
–	NGC 659		Open Cluster	8.2	Cassiopeia	7.9
C10	NGC 663		Open Cluster	7.2	Cassiopeia	7.1
–	NGC 720		Galaxy	80,000	Cetus	10.2
C28	NGC 752		Open Cluster	1	Andromeda	5.7
–	NGC 772		Galaxy	130,000	Aries	10.3
–	NGC 779		Galaxy	59,000	Cetus	11
C14	NGC 869	Η Persei of Double Cluster	Open Cluster	7.3	Perseus	4
C14	NGC 884	χ Persei of Double Cluster	Open Cluster	7.4	Perseus	4
C23	NGC 891		Galaxy	31,000	Andromeda	10
–	NGC 908		Galaxy	56,000	Cetus	10.2
–	NGC 936		Galaxy	60,000	Cetus	10.1
–	NGC 1022		Galaxy	65,000	Cetus	11.4
–	NGC 1023		Galaxy	30,000	Perseus	9.5
–	NGC 1027		Open Cluster	3.1	Cassiopeia	6.7
–	NGC 1052		Galaxy	63,000	Cetus	10.6
–	NGC 1055		Galaxy	52,000	Cetus	10.6
–	NGC 1084		Galaxy	65,000	Eridanus	10.6
–	NGC 1245		Open Cluster	9.8	Perseus	8.4
–	NGC 1342		Open Cluster	2.2	Perseus	6.7
–	NGC 1407		Galaxy	75,000	Eridanus	9.8
–	NGC 1444		Open Cluster	3.8	Perseus	6.6
–	NGC 1501	Oyster Nebula	Planetary Nebula	5.8	Camelopardalis	13
–	NGC 1502		Open Cluster	2.7	Camelopardalis	5.7
–	NGC 1513		Open Cluster	4.9	Perseus	8.4
–	NGC 1528		Open Cluster	2.5	Perseus	6.4
–	NGC 1535		Planetary Nebula	6.5	Eridanus	10
–	NGC 1545		Open Cluster	2.3	Perseus	6.2
–	NGC 1647		Open Cluster	1.8	Taurus	6.4
–	NGC 1664		Open Cluster	3.9	Auriga	7.6
–	NGC 1788		Nebula	1.3	Orion	9.0
–	NGC 1817		Open Cluster	6.4	Taurus	7.7
–	NGC 1857		Open Cluster	4.5	Auriga	7
–	NGC 1907		Open Cluster	4.5	Auriga	8.2
–	NGC 1931		Open Cluster and Nebula	7	Auriga	11.3
–	NGC 1961		Galaxy	175,000	Camelopardalis	11.1
–	NGC 1964		Galaxy	65,000	Lepus	10.8
–	NGC 1980		Open Cluster	1.4	Orion	6
–	NGC 1999		Nebula	1.5	Orion	–
–	NGC 2022		Planetary Nebula	6.1	Orion	12
–	NGC 2024	Flame Nebula	Nebula	0.9 – 1.5	Orion	10
–	NGC 2126		Open Cluster	4.4	Auriga	10
–	NGC 2129		Open Cluster	7.2	Gemini	6.7
–	NGC 2158		Open Cluster	11	Gemini	8.6
–	NGC 2169	37 Cluster	Open Cluster	3.6	Orion	5.9
–	NGC 2185		Nebula	2.9	Monoceros	–
–	NGC 2186		Open Cluster	7.3	Orion	8.7
–	NGC 2194		Open Cluster	10	Orion	8.5
–	NGC 2204		Open Cluster	8.6	Canis Major	8.6
–	NGC 2215		Open Cluster	3.1	Monoceros	8.4
–	NGC 2232		Open Cluster	1.3	Monoceros	3.9
C50	NGC 2244	Satellite Cluster	Open Cluster	4.9	Monoceros	4.8
–	NGC 2251		Open Cluster	5.5	Monoceros	7.3
–	NGC 2264	Christmas Tree Cluster Cone Nebula	Open Cluster and Nebula	2.6	Monoceros	3.9
–	NGC 2266		Open Cluster	11	Gemini	10
–	NGC 2281		Open Cluster	1.8	Auriga	5.4
–	NGC 2286		Open Cluster	7.6	Monoceros	7.5
–	NGC 2301		Open Cluster	2.8	Monoceros	6
–	NGC 2304		Open Cluster	13.6	Gemini	10
–	NGC 2311		Open Cluster	7.4	Monoceros	10
–	NGC 2324		Open Cluster	17.2	Monoceros	8.4
–	NGC 2335		Open Cluster	5.6	Monoceros	7.2
–	NGC 2343		Open Cluster	3.7	Monoceros	6.7
–	NGC 2353		Open Cluster	4.1	Monoceros	7.1
–	NGC 2354		Open Cluster	4.3	Canis Major	6.5
–	NGC 2355		Open Cluster	5.4	Gemini	10
C58	NGC 2360	Caroline's Cluster	Open Cluster	4	Canis Major	7.2
C64	NGC 2362	Tau Canis Majoris Cluster	Open Cluster and Nebula	5.1	Canis Major	4.1
–	NGC 2371/2372		Planetary Nebula	4.4	Gemini	13
C39	NGC 2392	Eskimo Nebula Clown Face Nebula	Planetary Nebula	4	Gemini	10
–	NGC 2395		Asterism	N/A	Gemini	8
C7	NGC 2403		Galaxy	14,000	Camelopardalis	8.4
C25	NGC 2419		Globular Cluster	275	Lynx	10.4

101–200

Messier or Caldwell ID	NGC number	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude
–	NGC 2420		Open Cluster	–	Gemini	8.3
–	NGC 2421		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	8.3
M47	NGC 2422		Open Cluster	1.6	Puppis	4.4
–	NGC 2423		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	6.7
–	NGC 2438		Planetary Nebula	2.9	Puppis	10
–	NGC 2440		Planetary Nebula	4	Puppis	11
–	NGC 2479		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	10
–	NGC 2482		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	7.3
–	NGC 2489		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	7.9
C54	NGC 2506		Open Cluster	10	Monoceros	7.6
–	NGC 2509		Open Cluster	9.5	Puppis	9
–	NGC 2527		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	6.5
–	NGC 2539		Open Cluster	4.4	Puppis	6.5
M48	NGC 2548		Open Cluster	1.5	Hydra	5.8
–	NGC 2567		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	7.4
–	NGC 2571		Open Cluster	–	Puppis	7
–	NGC 2613		Galaxy	50,000	Pyxis	10.4
–	NGC 2627		Open Cluster	6.63	Pyxis	8
–	NGC 2655		Galaxy	63,000	Camelopardalis	10.1
–	NGC 2681		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	10.3
–	NGC 2683		Galaxy	16,000	Lynx	9.7
–	NGC 2742		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	11.7
–	NGC 2768		Galaxy	65,000	Ursa Major	10
C48	NGC 2775		Galaxy	55,000	Cancer	10.3
–	NGC 2782		Galaxy	70,000-110,000	Lynx	11.5
–	NGC 2787		Galaxy	25,000	Ursa Major	10.8
–	NGC 2811		Galaxy	–	Hydra	11.3
–	NGC 2841		Galaxy	31,000	Ursa Major	9.3
–	NGC 2859		Galaxy	23,000	Leo Minor	10.7
–	NGC 2903		Galaxy	20,500	Leo	8.9
–	NGC 2950		Galaxy	49,800	Ursa Major	11
–	NGC 2964		Galaxy	60,800	Leo	11.3
–	NGC 2974		Galaxy	89,000	Sextans	10.8
–	NGC 2976		Galaxy	12,000	Ursa Major	10.2
–	NGC 2985		Galaxy	70,100	Ursa Major	10.5
M82	NGC 3034	Cigar Galaxy	Galaxy	11,000	Ursa Major	8.4
–	NGC 3077		Galaxy	12,000	Ursa Major	9.9
–	NGC 3079		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	10.6
C53	NGC 3115	Spindle Galaxy	Galaxy	22,000	Sextans	9.2
–	NGC 3147		Galaxy	130,000	Draco	10.7
–	NGC 3166		Galaxy	57,000-75,000	Sextans	10.6
–	NGC 3169		Galaxy	57,000-75,000	Sextans	10.5
–	NGC 3184		Galaxy	25,000	Ursa Major	9.8
–	NGC 3190		Galaxy	80,000	Leo	11
–	NGC 3193		Galaxy	80,000	Leo	10.9
–	NGC 3198		Galaxy	45,000	Ursa Major	10.4
–	NGC 3226		Galaxy	58,700	Leo	11.4
–	NGC 3227		Galaxy	58,700	Leo	10.8
C59	NGC 3242	Ghost of Jupiter	Planetary Nebula	1	Hydra	9
–	NGC 3245		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	10.8
–	NGC 3277		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	11.7
–	NGC 3294		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	11.7
–	NGC 3310		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	10.9
–	NGC 3344		Galaxy	22,500	Leo Minor	10
–	NGC 3377		Galaxy	35,000	Leo	10.2
M105	NGC 3379		Galaxy	38,000	Leo	9.3
–	NGC 3384		Galaxy	35,000	Leo	10
–	NGC 3395		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	12.1
–	NGC 3412		Galaxy	–	Leo	10.6
–	NGC 3414		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	10.8
–	NGC 3432		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	11.3
–	NGC 3486		Galaxy	27,000	Leo Minor	10.3
–	NGC 3489		Galaxy	29,000	Leo	10.3
–	NGC 3504		Galaxy	–	Leo Minor	11.1
–	NGC 3521		Galaxy	30,000	Leo	8.9
M108	NGC 3556		Galaxy	45,000	Ursa Major	10.1
–	NGC 3593		Galaxy	20,000	Leo	11
–	NGC 3607		Galaxy	–	Leo	10
–	NGC 3608		Galaxy	–	Leo	11
–	NGC 3610		Galaxy	70,000	Ursa Major	10.8
–	NGC 3613		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	12
–	NGC 3619		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	13
–	NGC 3621		Galaxy	22,000	Hydra	10
C40	NGC 3626		Galaxy	86,000	Leo	10.9
–	NGC 3628		Galaxy	35,000	Leo	9.5
–	NGC 3631		Galaxy	35,000	Ursa Major	10.4
–	NGC 3640		Galaxy	75,400	Leo	10.3
–	NGC 3655		Galaxy	–	Leo	11.6
–	NGC 3665		Galaxy	85,600	Ursa Major	10.8
–	NGC 3675		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	11
–	NGC 3686		Galaxy	53,000	Leo	11.4
–	NGC 3726		Galaxy	45,000	Ursa Major	10.4
–	NGC 3729		Galaxy	65,700	Ursa Major	11.4
–	NGC 3810		Galaxy	51,200	Leo	10.8
–	NGC 3813		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	11.7
–	NGC 3877		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	12
–	NGC 3893		Galaxy	51,400	Ursa Major	11
–	NGC 3898		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	10.8
–	NGC 3900		Galaxy	–	Leo	11.4
–	NGC 3912		Galaxy	–	Leo	13
–	NGC 3938		Galaxy	43,000	Ursa Major	10.4
–	NGC 3941		Galaxy	40,000	Ursa Major	11
–	NGC 3945		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	10.6
–	NGC 3949		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	11
–	NGC 3953		Galaxy	56,000	Ursa Major	10.1
–	NGC 3962		Galaxy	–	Crater	10.6
–	NGC 3982		Galaxy	67,000	Ursa Major	12
M109	NGC 3992		Galaxy	55,000	Ursa Major	9.8
–	NGC 3998		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	10.6
–	NGC 4026		Galaxy	52,000	Ursa Major	12

201–300

Messier or Caldwell ID	NGC number	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude
–	NGC 4027		Galaxy	68,000	Corvus	11.1
–	NGC 4030		Galaxy	75,000	Virgo	12
–	NGC 4036		Galaxy	62,000	Ursa Major	10.6
C60/C61	NGC 4038/4039	Antennae Galaxies	Galaxy	83,000	Corvus	10.7
–	NGC 4041		Galaxy	70,000	Ursa Major	11.1
–	NGC 4051		Galaxy	45,000	Ursa Major	10.3
–	NGC 4085		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	12.3
–	NGC 4088		Galaxy	50,000	Ursa Major	10.5
–	NGC 4102		Galaxy	69,000	Ursa Major	12
–	NGC 4111		Galaxy	45,000	Canes Venatici	10.8
–	NGC 4143		Galaxy	–	Canes Venatici	12
–	NGC 4147		Globular Cluster	60	Coma Berenices	10.3
–	NGC 4150		Galaxy	–	Coma Berenices	11.7
–	NGC 4151		Galaxy	62,000	Canes Venatici	10.4
–	NGC 4179		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.9
–	NGC 4203		Galaxy	50,000	Coma Berenices	10.7
–	NGC 4214		Galaxy	10,000	Canes Venatici	9.7
–	NGC 4216		Galaxy	40,000	Virgo	10
–	NGC 4245		Galaxy	–	Coma Berenices	11.4
–	NGC 4251		Galaxy	–	Coma Berenices	12
M106	NGC 4258		Galaxy	25,000	Canes Venatici	8.3
–	NGC 4261		Galaxy	95,000	Virgo	10.3
–	NGC 4273		Galaxy	–	Virgo	11.9
–	NGC 4274		Galaxy	45,000	Coma Berenices	10.4
–	NGC 4278		Galaxy	55,100	Coma Berenices	10.2
–	NGC 4281		Galaxy	–	Virgo	11.3
–	NGC 4293		Galaxy	54,000	Coma Berenices	11
M61	NGC 4303		Galaxy	60,000	Virgo	9.7
–	NGC 4314		Galaxy	40,000	Coma Berenices	10.5
–	NGC 4346		Galaxy	–	Canes Venatici	12
–	NGC 4350		Galaxy	–	Coma Berenices	11.1
–	NGC 4361		Planetary Nebula	–	Corvus	10
–	NGC 4365		Galaxy	–	Virgo	11
–	NGC 4371		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.8
–	NGC 4394		Galaxy	40,000	Coma Berenices	10.9
–	NGC 4414		Galaxy	62,000	Coma Berenices	10.3
–	NGC 4419		Galaxy	–	Coma Berenices	11.1
–	NGC 4429		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.2
–	NGC 4435	The Eyes	Galaxy	52,000	Virgo	10.9
–	NGC 4438	The Eyes	Galaxy	52,000	Virgo	10.1
–	NGC 4442		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.5
–	NGC 4448		Galaxy	45,000	Coma Berenices	11.1
C21	NGC 4449		Galaxy	10,000	Canes Venatici	9.4
–	NGC 4450		Galaxy	50,000	Coma Berenices	10.1
–	NGC 4459		Galaxy	50,000	Coma Berenices	10.4
–	NGC 4473		Galaxy	50,000	Coma Berenices	10.2
–	NGC 4477		Galaxy	55,000	Coma Berenices	10.4
–	NGC 4478		Galaxy	50,000	Virgo	11.2
–	NGC 4485		Galaxy	25,000	Canes Venatici	12
–	NGC 4490		Galaxy	25,000	Canes Venatici	9.8
–	NGC 4494		Galaxy	45,000	Coma Berenices	9.9
–	NGC 4526		Galaxy	108,000	Virgo	9.6
–	NGC 4527		Galaxy	50,000	Virgo	10.4
–	NGC 4535		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	9.8
–	NGC 4536		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.4
–	NGC 4546		Galaxy	45,600	Virgo	10.3
M91	NGC 4548		Galaxy	60,000	Coma Berenices	10.2
–	NGC 4550		Galaxy	50,000	Virgo	11.6
C36	NGC 4559		Galaxy	32,000	Coma Berenices	9.9
C38	NGC 4565	Needle Galaxy	Galaxy	42,000	Coma Berenices	9.6
–	NGC 4570		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.9
M104	NGC 4594	Sombrero Galaxy	Galaxy	50,000	Virgo	8.3
–	NGC 4596		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.5
–	NGC 4618		Galaxy	30,000	Canes Venatici	10.8
C32	NGC 4631	Whale Galaxy	Galaxy	22,000	Canes Venatici	9.3
–	NGC 4636		Galaxy	53,000	Virgo	9.6
–	NGC 4643		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.6
–	NGC 4654		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.5
–	NGC 4656	Hockey Stick Galaxy	Galaxy	30,000	Canes Venatici	10.4
–	NGC 4660		Galaxy	63,000	Virgo	11
–	NGC 4665		Galaxy	58,000	Virgo	12
–	NGC 4666		Galaxy	80,000	Virgo	10.8
–	NGC 4689		Galaxy	55,000	Coma Berenices	10.9
C52	NGC 4697		Galaxy	76,000	Virgo	9.3
–	NGC 4698		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.7
–	NGC 4699		Galaxy	65,000	Virgo	9.6
–	NGC 4725		Galaxy	41,000	Coma Berenices	9.2
–	NGC 4753		Galaxy	60,000	Virgo	9.9
–	NGC 4754		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.6
–	NGC 4762		Galaxy	60,000	Virgo	10.2
–	NGC 4781		Galaxy	–	Virgo	12
–	NGC 4800		Galaxy	95,000	Canes Venatici	12
–	NGC 4845		Galaxy	47,000	Virgo	12
–	NGC 4856		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.4
–	NGC 4866		Galaxy	80,000	Virgo	11
–	NGC 4900		Galaxy	–	Virgo	11.5
–	NGC 4958		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.5
–	NGC 4995		Galaxy	–	Virgo	11
C29	NGC 5005		Galaxy	69,000	Canes Venatici	9.8
–	NGC 5033		Galaxy	38,000-60,000	Canes Venatici	10.1
–	NGC 5054		Galaxy	–	Virgo	11
–	NGC 5195	Messier 51b	Galaxy	25,000	Canes Venatici	9.6
C45	NGC 5248		Galaxy	74,000	Boötes	10.2
–	NGC 5273		Galaxy	–	Canes Venatici	11.6
–	NGC 5322		Galaxy	80,000	Ursa Major	10
–	NGC 5363		Galaxy	63,600	Virgo	10.2
–	NGC 5364		Galaxy	55,000	Virgo	10.4
–	NGC 5466		Globular Cluster	52	Boötes	9.1
–	NGC 5473		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	11.4
–	NGC 5474		Galaxy	21,000	Ursa Major	10.9

301–400

Messier or Caldwell ID	NGC number	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude
–	NGC 5557		Galaxy	–	Boötes	11.1
–	NGC 5566		Galaxy	65,000	Virgo	10.5
–	NGC 5576		Galaxy	–	Virgo	10.9
–	NGC 5631		Galaxy	–	Ursa Major	13
–	NGC 5634		Globular Cluster	88	Virgo	9.6
–	NGC 5676		Galaxy	100,000	Boötes	10.9
–	NGC 5689		Galaxy	–	Boötes	11.9
C66	NGC 5694		Globular Cluster	113	Hydra	10.2
–	NGC 5746		Galaxy	95,000	Virgo	10.6
–	NGC 5846		Galaxy	93,000	Virgo	10.2
M102?	NGC 5866	Spindle Galaxy	Galaxy	50,000	Draco	10
–	NGC 5897		Globular Cluster	24	Libra	8.6
–	NGC 5907		Galaxy	55,000	Draco	10.4
–	NGC 5982		Galaxy	123,000	Draco	11.1
–	NGC 6118		Galaxy	83,000	Serpens	12
–	NGC 6144		Globular Cluster	–	Scorpius	9.1
M107	NGC 6171		Globular Cluster	20	Ophiuchus	8.1
–	NGC 6207		Galaxy	30,000	Hercules	11.6
–	NGC 6217		Galaxy	67,000	Ursa Minor	11.2
–	NGC 6229		Globular Cluster	100	Hercules	9.4
–	NGC 6235		Globular Cluster	–	Ophiuchus	10.2
–	NGC 6284		Globular Cluster	50	Ophiuchus	9
–	NGC 6287		Globular Cluster	30	Ophiuchus	9.2
–	NGC 6293		Globular Cluster	31-52	Ophiuchus	8.2
–	NGC 6304		Globular Cluster	19	Ophiuchus	8.4
–	NGC 6316		Globular Cluster	35	Ophiuchus	9
–	NGC 6342		Globular Cluster	28	Ophiuchus	9.9
–	NGC 6355		Globular Cluster	31	Ophiuchus	9.6
–	NGC 6356		Globular Cluster	50	Ophiuchus	8.4
–	NGC 6369	Little Ghost Nebula	Planetary Nebula	2	Ophiuchus	13
–	NGC 6401		Globular Cluster	24	Ophiuchus	9.5
–	NGC 6426		Globular Cluster	67	Ophiuchus	11.2
–	NGC 6440		Globular Cluster	28	Sagittarius	9.7
–	NGC 6445	Box Nebula	Planetary Nebula	–	Sagittarius	13
–	NGC 6451		Open Cluster	–	Scorpius	8
M20	NGC 6514	Trifid Nebula	Open Cluster and Nebula	2	Sagittarius	6.3
–	NGC 6517		Globular Cluster	–	Ophiuchus	10.3
–	NGC 6520		Open Cluster	–	Sagittarius	8
–	NGC 6522		Globular Cluster	25	Sagittarius	8.6
–	NGC 6528		Globular Cluster	26	Sagittarius	9.5
–	NGC 6540		Open Cluster	17	Sagittarius	9.3
C6	NGC 6543	Cat's Eye Nebula	Planetary Nebula	3	Draco	9
–	NGC 6544		Globular Cluster	10	Sagittarius	8.3
–	NGC 6553		Globular Cluster	20	Sagittarius	8.3
–	NGC 6568		Open Cluster	–	Sagittarius	9
–	NGC 6569		Globular Cluster	35	Sagittarius	8.7
–	NGC 6583		Open Cluster	–	Sagittarius	10
–	NGC 6624		Globular Cluster	26	Sagittarius	8.3
–	NGC 6629		Planetary Nebula	–	Sagittarius	12
–	NGC 6633		Open Cluster	1	Ophiuchus	4.6
–	NGC 6638		Globular Cluster	–	Sagittarius	9.2
–	NGC 6642		Globular Cluster	26	Sagittarius	8.8
–	NGC 6645		Open Cluster	–	Sagittarius	9
–	NGC 6664		Open Cluster	–	Scutum	7.8
–	NGC 6712		Globular Cluster	22.5	Scutum	8.2
–	NGC 6755		Open Cluster	4.6	Aquila	7.5
–	NGC 6756		Open Cluster	6.3	Aquila	11
–	NGC 6781		Planetary Nebula	–	Aquila	12
–	NGC 6802		Open Cluster	–	Vulpecula	8.8
–	NGC 6818	Little Gem Nebula	Planetary Nebula	–	Sagittarius	10
–	NGC 6823		Open Cluster	6	Vulpecula	7.1
C15	NGC 6826	Blinking Planetary	Planetary Nebula	2.2	Cygnus	10
–	NGC 6830		Open Cluster	–	Vulpecula	7.9
–	NGC 6834		Open Cluster	7	Cygnus	7.8
–	NGC 6866		Open Cluster	3.9	Cygnus	7.6
–	NGC 6882		Open Cluster	–	Vulpecula	8.1
C37	NGC 6885		Open Cluster	2	Vulpecula	6
–	NGC 6905	Blue Flash Nebula	Planetary Nebula	7.5	Delphinus	12
–	NGC 6910		Open Cluster	–	Cygnus	7.4
C47	NGC 6934		Globular Cluster	57	Delphinus	8.9
–	NGC 6939		Open Cluster	3.9	Cepheus	7.8
–	NGC 6940		Open Cluster	2.5	Vulpecula	6.3
C12	NGC 6946	Fireworks Galaxy	Galaxy	18,000	Cepheus	8.9
C20	NGC 7000	North America Nebula	Nebula	2	Cygnus	–
C42	NGC 7006		Globular Cluster	135	Delphinus	10.6
–	NGC 7008	Fetus Nebula	Planetary Nebula	3	Cygnus	13
C55	NGC 7009	Saturn Nebula	Planetary Nebula	1.4	Aquarius	8
–	NGC 7044		Open Cluster	–	Cygnus	11
–	NGC 7062		Open Cluster	–	Cygnus	8.3
–	NGC 7086		Open Cluster	–	Cygnus	8.4
–	NGC 7128		Open Cluster	–	Cygnus	9.7
–	NGC 7142		Open Cluster	6.2	Cepheus	9.3
–	NGC 7160		Open Cluster	–	Cepheus	6.1
–	NGC 7209		Open Cluster	3.8	Lacerta	6.7
–	NGC 7217		Galaxy	50,000	Pegasus	10.2
C16	NGC 7243		Open Cluster	3	Lacerta	6.4
–	NGC 7296		Open Cluster	–	Lacerta	10
C30	NGC 7331		Galaxy	47,000	Pegasus	9.5
–	NGC 7380	Wizard Nebula	Open Cluster and Nebula	7.2	Cepheus	7.2
–	NGC 7448		Galaxy	79,500	Pegasus	11.7
C44	NGC 7479		Galaxy	106,000	Pegasus	11
–	NGC 7510		Open Cluster	11	Cepheus	7.9
–	NGC 7606		Galaxy	98,500	Aquarius	10.8
C22	NGC 7662	Blue Snowball	Planetary Nebula	3.2	Andromeda	9
–	NGC 7686		Open Cluster	–	Andromeda	5.6
–	NGC 7723		Galaxy	91,500	Aquarius	11.1
–	NGC 7727		Galaxy	76,000	Aquarius	10.7
–	NGC 7789	Caroline's Rose	Open Cluster	7.6	Cassiopeia	6.7
–	NGC 7790		Open Cluster	11	Cassiopeia	8.5
C43	NGC 7814		Galaxy	49,000	Pegasus	10.5

Related Research Articles

Charles Messier was a French astronomer. He published an astronomical catalogue consisting of 110 nebulae and star clusters, which came to be known as the Messier objects, referred to with the letter M and their number between 1 and 110. Messier's purpose for the catalogue was to help astronomical observers distinguish between permanent and transient visually diffuse objects in the sky.

The Messier objects are a set of 110 astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer Charles Messier in his Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles. Because Messier was interested only in finding comets, he created a list of those non-comet objects that frustrated his hunt for them. This list, which Messier created in collaboration with his assistant Pierre Méchain, is now known as the Messier catalogue. The Messier catalogue is one of the most famous lists of astronomical objects, and many objects on the list are still referenced by their Messier numbers. The catalogue includes most of the astronomical deep-sky objects that can be easily observed from Earth's Northern Hemisphere; many Messier objects are popular targets for amateur astronomers.

The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars is an astronomical catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, including galaxies, star clusters and emission nebulae. Dreyer published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908, known as the Index Catalogues, describing a further 5,386 astronomical objects. Thousands of these objects are best known by their NGC or IC numbers, which remain in widespread use.

The Ring Nebula is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra. Such a nebula is formed when a star, during the last stages of its evolution before becoming a white dwarf, expels a vast luminous envelope of ionized gas into the surrounding interstellar space.

Messier 100 is a grand design intermediate spiral galaxy in the southern part of the mildly northern Coma Berenices. It is one of the brightest and largest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster and is approximately 55 million light-years from our galaxy, its diameter being 107,000 light years, and being about 60% as large. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 and 29 days later seen again and entered by Charles Messier in his catalogue "of nebulae and star clusters". It was one of the first spiral galaxies to be discovered, and was listed as one of fourteen spiral nebulae by Lord William Parsons of Rosse in 1850. NGC 4323 and NGC 4328 are satellite galaxies of M100; the former is connected with it by a bridge of luminous matter.

The North America Nebula is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, close to Deneb. It is named because its shape resembles North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eskimo Nebula</span> Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini

The Eskimo Nebula, also known as the Clown-faced Nebula, Lion Nebula, or Caldwell 39, is a bipolar double-shell planetary nebula (PN). It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1787. The formation resembles a person's head surrounded by a parka hood. It is surrounded by gas that composed the outer layers of a Sun-like star. The visible inner filaments are ejected by a strong wind of particles from the central star. The outer disk contains unusual, light-year-long filaments.

Omega Centauri is a globular cluster in the constellation of Centaurus that was first identified as a non-stellar object by Edmond Halley in 1677. Located at a distance of 17,090 light-years, it is the largest-known globular cluster in the Milky Way at a diameter of roughly 150 light-years. It is estimated to contain approximately 10 million stars, and a total mass equivalent to 4 million solar masses, making it the most massive-known globular cluster in the Milky Way.

Messier 7 or M7, also designated NGC 6475 and sometimes known as the Ptolemy Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Scorpius. The cluster is easily detectable with the naked eye, close to the "stinger" of Scorpius. With a declination of −34.8°, it is the southernmost Messier object.

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Messier 102 is a galaxy listed in the Messier Catalogue that cannot be unambiguously identified. Its original discoverer Pierre Méchain retracted his discovery two years after publication and said that it was a duplicate observation of Messier 101. Later historical evidence favors that M102 is actually the galaxy NGC 5866, although other galaxies have been suggested as possible identities. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) considers it to be the same as NGC 5866.

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The Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, NGC 650/651, the Barbell Nebula, or the Cork Nebula, is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Perseus. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and included in Charles Messier's catalog of comet-like objects as number 76. It was first classified as a planetary nebula in 1918 by the astronomer Heber Doust Curtis. However, others might have previously recognized it as a planetary nebula; for example, William Huggins found its spectrum indicated it was a nebula ; and Isaac Roberts in 1891 suggested that M76 might be similar to the Ring Nebula (M57), as seen instead from the side view.

Messier 91 is a barred spiral galaxy that is found in the south of Coma Berenices. It is in the local supercluster and is part of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It is about 63 million light-years away from our galaxy. It was the last of a group of eight "nebulae" – the term 'galaxy' only coming into use for these objects once it was realized in the 20th century that they were extragalactic – discovered by Charles Messier in 1781. It is the faintest object in the Messier catalog, with an apparent magnitude of 10.2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Owl Nebula</span> Planetary nebula in the constellation Ursa Major

The Owl Nebula is a planetary nebula approximately 2,030 light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Estimated to be about 8,000 years old, it is approximately circular in cross-section with a faint internal structure. It was formed from the outflow of material from the stellar wind of the central star as it evolved along the asymptotic giant branch. The nebula is arranged in three concentric shells, with the outermost shell being about 20–30% larger than the inner shell. The owl-like appearance of the nebula is the result of an inner shell that is not circularly symmetric, but instead forms a barrel-like structure aligned at an angle of 45° to the line of sight.

Messier 110, or M110, also known as NGC 205, is a dwarf elliptical galaxy that is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy in the Local Group.

The Merope Nebula is a diffuse reflection nebula in the Pleiades star cluster, surrounding the 4th magnitude star Merope. It was discovered on October 19, 1859 by the German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel. The discovery was made using a 10.5cm refractor. John Herschel included it as 768 in his General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars but never observed it himself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3532</span> Open cluster in the constellation Carina

NGC 3532, also commonly known as the Pincushion Cluster, Football Cluster, the Black Arrow Cluster, or the Wishing Well Cluster, is an open cluster some 405 parsecs from Earth in the constellation Carina. Its population of approximately 150 stars of 7th magnitude or fainter includes seven red giants and seven white dwarfs. On 20 May 1990 it became the first target ever observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. A line from Beta Crucis through Delta Crucis passes somewhat to the north of NGC 3532. The cluster lies between the constellation Crux and the larger but fainter "False Cross" asterism. The 4th-magnitude Cepheid variable star x Carinae appears near the southeast fringes, but it lies between the Sun and the cluster and is not a member of the cluster.

The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.

NGC 4889 is an E4 supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1785 by the British astronomer Frederick William Herschel I, who catalogued it as a bright, nebulous patch. The brightest galaxy within the northern Coma Cluster, it is located at a median distance of 94 million parsecs from Earth. At the core of the galaxy is a supermassive black hole that heats the intracluster medium through the action of friction from infalling gases and dust. The gamma ray bursts from the galaxy extend out to several million light years of the cluster.

References

↑ Mullaney, James (April 1976). "Letter to Sky & Telescope". Sky & Telescope: 235. Archived from the original (subscription required) on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2006-08-24.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "Herschel 400 Club". The Astronomical League. Retrieved 2006-08-24.
↑ O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82796-5.

External links

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[Sky_&_Telescope-1] Mullaney, James (April 1976). "Letter to Sky & Telescope". Sky & Telescope: 235. Archived from the original (subscription required) on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2006-08-24.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Herschel_400_Club-2] "Herschel 400 Club". The Astronomical League. Retrieved 2006-08-24.

[The_Caldwell_Objects-3] O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82796-5.

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