Messier 83

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Messier 83
M83 - Southern Pinwheel.jpg
Messier 83 captured by the Wide Field Imager at ESO's La Silla Observatory in September 2008
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation Hydra
Right ascension 13h 37m 00.919s [1]
Declination −29° 51′ 56.74″ [1]
Redshift 0.001721±0.000013 [2]
Heliocentric radial velocity 508 km/s [3]
Distance 14.7  Mly (4.50  Mpc) [3]
Apparent magnitude  (V)7.6 [4]
Characteristics
Type SAB(s)c [2]
Size36.24 kiloparsecs (118,000 light-years)
(diameter; 26.0 mag/arcsec2 B-band isophote) [2]
Apparent size  (V)12′.9 × 11′.5 [5]
Other designations
Southern Pinwheel Galaxy, ESO 444- G 081, IRAS 13341-2936, NGC 5236, UGCA 366, MCG -05-32-050, PGC 48082 [6]

Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy [7] approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope. [8] Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects (now known as the Messier Catalogue) in March 1781. [8]

Contents

It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, and is visible with binoculars. [9] It has an isophotal diameter at about 36.24 kiloparsecs (118,000 light-years ). Its nickname of the Southern [a] Pinwheel derives from its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy (M101).

Characteristics

M83 is a massive, grand design spiral galaxy. [10] Its morphological classification in the De Vaucouleurs system is SAB(s)c, [2] where the 'SAB' denotes a weak-barred spiral, '(s)' indicates a pure spiral structure with no ring, and 'c' means the spiral arms are loosely wound. [11] The peculiar dwarf galaxy NGC 5253 lies near M83, [12] and the two likely interacted within the last billion years resulting in starburst activity in their central regions. [10]

The star formation rate in M83 is higher along the leading edge of the spiral arms, as predicted by density wave theory. [13] NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer project on 16 April 2008 reported finding large numbers of new stars in the outer reaches of the galaxy—20  kpc from the center. It had been thought that these areas lacked the materials necessary for star formation. [14] [15]

Supernovae

Six supernovae have been observed in M83:

Environment

M83 is at the center of one of two subgroups within the Centaurus A/M83 Group, a nearby galaxy group. [33] Centaurus A is at the center of the other subgroup. These are sometimes identified as one group, [34] [35] and sometimes as two. [36] However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other. [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinwheel Galaxy</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

The Pinwheel Galaxy is a face-on, unbarred, and counterclockwise spiral galaxy located 21 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 and was communicated that year to Charles Messier, who verified its position for inclusion in the Messier Catalogue as one of its final entries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 61</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

Messier 61 is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It was first discovered by Barnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779, six days before Charles Messier discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet. Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy. It is a member of the M61 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centaurus A</span> Radio galaxy in the constellation Centaurus

Centaurus A is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance. It is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, as well as the closest BL Lac object, so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers. The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky, making it an ideal amateur astronomy target. It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 81</span> Spiral Galaxy

Messier 81 (also known as NGC 3031 or Bode's Galaxy) is a grand design spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It has a D25 isophotal diameter of 29.44 kiloparsecs (96,000 light-years). Because of its relative proximity to the Milky Way galaxy, large size, and active galactic nucleus (which harbors a 70 million M☉ supermassive black hole), Messier 81 has been studied extensively by professional astronomers. The galaxy's large size and relatively high brightness also makes it a popular target for amateur astronomers. In late February 2022, astronomers reported that M81 may be the source of FRB 20200120E, a repeating fast radio burst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 66</span> Intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo

Messier 66 or M66, also known as NGC 3627, is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the southern, equatorial half of Leo. It was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier on 1 March 1780, who described it as "very long and very faint". This galaxy is a member of a small group of galaxies that includes M65 and NGC 3628, known as the Leo Triplet or the M66 Group. M65 and M66 are a common object for amateur astronomic observation, being separated by only 20′.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 85</span> Elliptical galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

Messier 85 is a lenticular galaxy, or elliptical galaxy for other authors, in the Coma Berenices constellation. It is 60 million light-years away, and has a diameter of about 36.99 kiloparsecs across.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 99</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254 or St. Catherine's Wheel, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs from the Milky Way. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 108</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

Messier 108 is a barred spiral galaxy about 46 million light-years away from Earth in the northern constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 or 1782. From the Earth, this galaxy is seen almost edge-on.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3184</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

NGC 3184, the Little Pinwheel Galaxy, is a spiral galaxy approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Its name comes from its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy. It was discovered on 18 March 1787 by German-British astronomer William Herschel. It has two HII regions named NGC 3180 and NGC 3181.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7331</span> Galaxy in the constellation Pegasus

NGC 7331, also known as Caldwell 30, is an unbarred spiral galaxy about 40 million light-years (12 Mpc) away in the constellation Pegasus. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1784. NGC 7331 is the brightest galaxy in the field of a visual grouping known as the NGC 7331 Group of galaxies. In fact, the other members of the group, NGC 7335, NGC 7336, NGC 7337 and NGC 7340, lie far in the background at distances of approximately 300–350 million light years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1637</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1637 is an isolated, non-interacting intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus, about a degree to the WNW of the star Mu Eridani. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 1 February 1786. It is located at a distance of about 9.77 ± 1.82 Mpc (31.9 ± 5.9 Mly) from the Milky Way. The galaxy is inclined at an angle of 31.1° to the line of sight from the Earth and the long axis is oriented along a position angle of 16.3°.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4945</span> Galaxy in the constellation Centaurus

NGC 4945 (also known as Caldwell 83) is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus, visible near the star Xi Centauri. The galaxy was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826 and is thought to be similar to the Milky Way Galaxy, although X-ray observations show that NGC 4945 has an unusual energetic Seyfert 2 nucleus that might house a supermassive black hole. Around the nucleus of the galaxy, there is a dense disk of dust and gas, along with many dense star clusters. This object has an estimated mass of 1.4+1.4
−0.7×1011 M☉.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5253</span> Irregular galaxy in the M83 group of galaxies

NGC 5253 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It was discovered by William Herschel on 15 March 1787.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4622</span> Galaxy in the constellation Centaurus

NGC 4622, also known as the Backward Galaxy, is a face-on unbarred spiral galaxy with a very prominent ring structure located in the constellation Centaurus. The galaxy is a member of the Centaurus Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5161</span> Galaxy in the constellation Centaurus

NGC 5161 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. John Herschel discovered it on 3 June 1836.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 6118</span> Galaxy in the constellation Serpens

NGC 6118 is a grand design spiral galaxy located 83 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens. It was discovered on 14 April 1785 by German-British astronomer William Herschel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3938</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

NGC 3938 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the Ursa Major constellation. It was discovered on 6 February 1788 by William Herschel. It is one of the brightest spiral galaxies in the Ursa Major South galaxy group and is roughly 67,000 light years in diameter. It is approximately 43 million light years away from Earth. NGC 3938 is classified as type Sc under the Hubble sequence, a loosely wound spiral galaxy with a smaller and dimmer bulge. The spiral arms of the galaxy contain many areas of ionized atomic hydrogen gas, more so towards the center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5668</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 5668 is a nearly face-on spiral galaxy, visual magnitude about 11.5, located about 81 million light years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered on 29 April 1786 by William Herschel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1084</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1084 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. It is located at a distance of about 63 million light-years away from the Milky Way. The galaxy was discovered by William Herschel on 10 January 1785. It has multiple spiral arms, which are not well defined. It belongs in the same galaxy group with NGC 988, NGC 991, NGC 1022, NGC 1035, NGC 1042, NGC 1047, NGC 1052 and NGC 1110. This group is in turn associated with the Messier 77 group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4753</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4753 is a lenticular galaxy located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation of Virgo. NGC 4753 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on February 22, 1784. It is notable for having distinct dust lanes that surround its nucleus. It is a member of the NGC 4753 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.

References

  1. 1 2 Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi: 10.1086/498708 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   18913331.
  2. 1 2 3 4 De Vaucouleurs, Gerard; De Vaucouleurs, Antoinette; Corwin, Herold G., Jr.; Buta, Ronald J.; Paturel, Georges; Fouque, Pascal (1991). Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. Bibcode:1991rc3..book.....D.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 Tully, R. Brent; et al. (August 2016). "Cosmicflows-3". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 21. arXiv: 1605.01765 . Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T. doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50 . S2CID   250737862. 50.
  4. ↑ "Messier 83". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  5. ↑ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5236. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
  6. ↑ "M 83". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  7. ↑ "Multimedia Gallery: M83 – Southern Pinwheel Galaxy". NASA/JPL-Caltech/WISE Team. 25 June 2010.
  8. 1 2 Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-37079-0.
  9. ↑ "M 83". messierobjects101.com. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  10. 1 2 Calzetti, Daniela; Conselice, Christopher J.; Gallagher, John S. III; Kinney, Anne L. (August 1999). "The Structure and Morphology of the Ionized Gas in Starburst Galaxies: NGC 5253/5236". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (2): 797–816. arXiv: astro-ph/9904428 . Bibcode:1999AJ....118..797C. doi:10.1086/300972. S2CID   16296827.
  11. ↑ de Vaucouleurs, Gérard (April 1963). "Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 8: 31. Bibcode:1963ApJS....8...31D. doi:10.1086/190084.
  12. ↑ Thim, Frank; et al. (June 2003), "The Cepheid Distance to NGC 5236 (M83) with the ESO Very Large Telescope", The Astrophysical Journal, 590 (1): 256–270, arXiv: astro-ph/0303101 , Bibcode:2003ApJ...590..256T, doi:10.1086/374888, S2CID   121984029
  13. ↑ Silva-Villa, E.; Larsen, S. S. (January 2012). "The relation between surface star formation rate density and spiral arms in NGC 5236 (M 83)". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 537: 9. arXiv: 1111.1249 . Bibcode:2012A&A...537A.145S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117432. S2CID   119295019. A145.
  14. ↑ "Stellar Birth in the Galactic Wilderness". 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  15. ↑ Dong, Hui; et al. (July 2008). "Spitzer Observations of Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Disk of M83 (NGC5236)". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (1): 479–497. arXiv: 0804.3632 . Bibcode:2008AJ....136..479D. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/479. S2CID   119189782.
  16. ↑ "SN 1923A". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  17. ↑ Lampland, C. O. (1923). "Note on a Nova". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 35 (205): 166. Bibcode:1923PASP...35..166L. doi:10.1086/123293.
  18. ↑ "SN 1945B". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  19. ↑ Liller, W. (1990). "Supernova 1945B in NGC 5236". International Astronomical Union Circular (5091): 2. Bibcode:1990IAUC.5091....2L.
  20. ↑ "SN 1950B". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  21. ↑ Romaniello, Martino; Patat, Ferdinando; Panagia, Nino; Sparks, William B.; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Spyromilio, Jason (August 2005), "Very Large Telescope FORS1 Imaging Polarimetry of M83 (NGC 5236). I. Search for Light Echoes from Historical Supernovae", The Astrophysical Journal, 629 (1): 250–258, arXiv: astro-ph/0505100 , Bibcode:2005ApJ...629..250R, doi:10.1086/431470, S2CID   118978264
  22. ↑ "SN 1957D". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  23. ↑ Hansen, Julie M. Vinter (7 March 1958). "Circular No. 1643". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  24. ↑ Bertaud, Ch. (1959). "Les cinq supernovæ découvertes depuis 1957". L'Astronomie. 73: 453. Bibcode:1959LAstr..73..453B.
  25. ↑ Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Hamuy, Mario; Filippenko, Alexei V. (1996). "Supernovae and Massive Star Formation Regions". The Astronomical Journal. 111: 2017. Bibcode:1996AJ....111.2017V. doi:10.1086/117937.
  26. ↑ "SN 1968L". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  27. ↑ Marsden, Brian G. (17 July 1968). "Circular No. 2085". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  28. ↑ "SN 1983N". Transient Name Server. IAU . Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  29. ↑ Thompson, G. D.; et al. (1983). Green, D. W. E. (ed.). "Supernovae". IAU Circular. 3835: 1. Bibcode:1983IAUC.3835....1T.
  30. ↑ Sramek, R. A.; et al. (October 1984). "Radio emission from a type I supernova : SN 1983.51 in NGC 5236". Astrophysical Journal. 285: L59–L62. Bibcode:1984ApJ...285L..59S. doi:10.1086/184365.
  31. ↑ Graham, J. R.; et al. (January 1986). "Discovery of a large mass of iron in a type I supernova". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 218: 93–102. Bibcode:1986MNRAS.218...93G. doi: 10.1093/mnras/218.1.93 .
  32. ↑ Gaskell, C. M.; et al. (July 1986). "Type Ib Supernovae 1983n and 1985f: Oxygen-rich Late Time Spectra". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 306: L77. Bibcode:1986ApJ...306L..77G. doi:10.1086/184709.
  33. ↑ Karachentsev, I. D.; et al. (2002). "New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 385 (1): 21–31. Bibcode:2002A&A...385...21K. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020042 .
  34. ↑ R. B. Tully (1988). Nearby Galaxies Catalog. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-35299-4.
  35. ↑ Fouque, P.; Gourgoulhon, E.; Chamaraux, P.; Paturel, G. (1992). "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 93: 211–233. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93..211F.
  36. ↑ Garcia, A. (1993). "General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 100: 47–90. Bibcode:1993A&AS..100...47G.
  37. ↑ Karachentsev, I. D. (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv: astro-ph/0410065 . Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368. S2CID   119385141.
  1. ↑ Its declination means every day it passes the zenith of the sky at the matching parallel of the earth, which is that of northern Argentina. It can be viewed more than an ideal 15° above the horizon for a further 75° to the north, placing such a northern limit of good observation at the 45th parallel north
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