Centaurus A

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Centaurus A
ESO Centaurus A LABOCA.jpg
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation Centaurus
Right ascension 13h 25m 27.6s [1]
Declination −43° 01 09 [1]
Redshift 547 ± 5 km/s [1]
Distance 11–13 Mly (3–5 Mpc) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Apparent magnitude  (V)6.84 [7] [8]
Characteristics
Type S0 pec [1] or Ep [9]
Size60,000 ly [10]
Apparent size  (V)25'.7 × 20'.0 [1]
Notable featuresClosest radio galaxy; closest BL Lacertae object; unusual dust lane
Other designations
NGC 5128, [1] Arp 153, [1] PGC 46957, [1] 4U 1322–42, [11] Caldwell 77

Centaurus A (also known as NGC 5128 or Caldwell 77) is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type (lenticular galaxy or a giant elliptical galaxy) [9] and distance (11–13 million light-years). [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] It is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, as well as the closest BL Lac object, [12] so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers. [13] The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky, [13] making it an ideal amateur astronomy target. [14] It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.

Contents

The center of the galaxy contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of 55 million solar masses, [15] which ejects a relativistic jet that is responsible for emissions in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. By taking radio observations of the jet separated by a decade, astronomers have determined that the inner parts of the jet are moving at about half of the speed of light. X-rays are produced farther out as the jet collides with surrounding gases, resulting in the creation of highly energetic particles. The X-ray jets of Centaurus A are thousands of light-years long, while the radio jets are over a million light-years long. [16]

It is also one of the nearest large starburst galaxies, of which a galactic collision is suspected to be responsible for an intense burst of star formation. Models have suggested that Centaurus A was a large elliptical galaxy that collided with a smaller spiral galaxy, with which it will eventually merge. [17] For that reason, the galaxy has been of particular interest to astronomers for years. While collisions of spiral galaxies are relatively common, the effects of a collision between an elliptical and a spiral galaxy are not fully understood. [18]

Observational history

NGC 5128 was discovered on 29 April 1826 by James Dunlop during a survey at the Parramatta Observatory. [19] [20]

In 1847 John Herschel described the galaxy as "two semi-ovals of elliptically formed nebula appearing to be cut asunder and separated by a broad obscure band parallel to the larger axis of the nebula, in the midst of which a faint streak of light parallel to the sides of the cut appears." [21]

In 1949 John Gatenby Bolton, Bruce Slee and Gordon Stanley localized NGC 5128 as one of the first extragalactic radio sources. [22] Five years later, Walter Baade and Rudolph Minkowski suggested that the peculiar structure is the result of a merge event of a giant elliptical galaxy and a small spiral galaxy. [23] The first detection of X-ray emissions, using a sounding rocket, was performed in 1970. [24] In 1975–76 gamma-ray emissions from Centaurus A were observed through the atmospheric Cherenkov technique. [25]

The Einstein Observatory detected an X-ray jet emanating from the nucleus in 1979. [26] Ten years later, young blue stars were found along the central dust band with the Hubble Space Telescope. [27]

The Chandra X-ray Observatory identified in 1999 more than 200 new point sources. [28] Another space telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, found a parallelogram-shaped structure of dust in near infrared images of Centaurus A in 2006. [29]

Evidence of gamma emissions with very high energy (more than 100 GeV) was detected by the H.E.S.S-Observatorium in Namibia in 2009. [30]

The following year, Centaurus A was identified as a source of cosmic rays of highest energies, after years of observations by Pierre Auger Observatory. [31] In 2016 a review of data from Chandra and XMM-Newton, unusual high flares of energy were found in NGC 5128 and the galaxy NGC 4636. Jimmy Irwin of University of Alabama hypothesized the discovery as potentially a black hole in a yet unknown process or an intermediate-mass black hole.[ citation needed ]

Morphology

Centaurus A may be described as having a peculiar morphology. As seen from Earth, the galaxy looks like a lenticular or elliptical galaxy with a superimposed dust lane. [32] The peculiarity of this galaxy was first identified in 1847 by John Herschel, and the galaxy was included in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (published in 1966) as one of the best examples of a "disturbed" galaxy with dust absorption. [33] The galaxy's strange morphology is generally recognized as the result of a merger between two smaller galaxies. [34]

Zoom movie of the galaxy Centaurus A, showing different aspects of the galaxy in several wavelengths.
Schematic diagram of the components of the Centaurus A galaxy StuctureCenA-EN.png
Schematic diagram of the components of the Centaurus A galaxy

The bulge of this galaxy is composed mainly of evolved red stars. [32] The dusty disk, however, has been the site of more recent star formation; [13] over 100 star formation regions have been identified in the disk. [35]

Supernovae

Two supernovae have been detected in Centaurus A. [36] The first supernova, named SN 1986G, was discovered within the dark dust lane of the galaxy by R. Evans in 1986. [37] It was later identified as a Type Ia supernova, [38] which forms when a white dwarf's mass grows large enough to ignite carbon fusion in its center, touching off a runaway thermonuclear reaction, as may happen when a white dwarf in a binary star system strips gas away from the other star. SN 1986G was used to demonstrate that the spectra of type Ia supernovae are not all identical, and that type Ia supernovae may differ in the way that they change in brightness over time. [38]

The second supernova, designated SN 2016adj, [39] was discovered by Backyard Observatory Supernova Search in February 2016 and was initially classified as a Type II supernova based on its H-alpha emission line. [40] [41] A subsequent classification found the spectrum best resembled the Type Ib core-collapse supernova 1999dn. [42] (See Type Ib and Ic supernovae).

In addition to these supernovae, a luminous red nova, designated AT 2020nqq (type ILRT, mag. 17.8), was discovered on 27 June 2020. [43]

Distance

Distance estimates to Centaurus A established since the 1980s typically range between 3–5 Mpc. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [44] Classical Cepheids discovered in the heavily obscured dust lane of Centaurus A yield a distance between ~3–3.5 Mpc, depending on the nature of the extinction law adopted and other considerations. [4] [5] Mira variables [44] and Type II Cepheids [4] [5] were also discovered in Centaurus A, the latter being rarely detected beyond the Local Group. [45] The distance to Centaurus A established from several indicators such as Mira variables and planetary nebulae favour a more distant value of ~3.8 Mpc. [9] [6]

Nearby galaxies and galaxy group information

Centaurus A is at the center of one of two subgroups within the Centaurus A/M83 Group, a nearby group of galaxies. [46] Messier 83 (the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy) is at the center of the other subgroup. These two groups are sometimes identified as one group [47] [48] and sometimes identified as two groups. [49] However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other. [50] The Centaurus A/M83 Group is located in the Virgo Supercluster.[ citation needed ]

In addition to dwarf galaxies, Centaurus A, like most galaxies, has a population of globular clusters. Some objects that appear to be globular clusters are hypothesized to be the tidally stripped cores of former galaxies. The most extreme example is the object VHH81-01, whose central black hole is estimated to be around 8×105 M. [51]

Observations

Radio waves

RadioCenA-EN.png
Overview over the radio structure of Centaurus A. The whole radio emitting region extends about 1.8 million light years (about 8° degrees in the sky). Through observations with the VLBI technique structures of the jet and the core smaller than a light year could be resolved (corresponding to a resolution of 0.68 x 0.41 milli-arcseconds. [52] )
This view of the jets of Centaurus A was created through observations in radio waves with a wavelength of 20 cm with the VLA. The position of the radio jet and the knots within the jets matches very well with the structures seen in the x-ray jet. This region of the jet is named ,,Inner Lobe". CentaurusA VR37 hi.tif
This view of the jets of Centaurus A was created through observations in radio waves with a wavelength of 20 cm with the VLA. The position of the radio jet and the knots within the jets matches very well with the structures seen in the x-ray jet. This region of the jet is named „Inner Lobe“.

In July 2021 the Event Horizon Telescope released a resolved image of Centaurus A showing the jet coming from the black hole at its center.

Visibility

Centaurus A is located approximately 4° north of Omega Centauri (a globular cluster visible with the naked eye). [14] Because the galaxy has a high surface brightness and relatively large angular size, it is an ideal target for amateur astronomy observations. The bright central bulge and dark dust lane are visible even in finderscopes and large binoculars, [14] and additional structure may be seen in larger telescopes. [14] Claims have been made that Centaurus A is visible to the naked eye under exceptionally good conditions. [54]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinwheel Galaxy</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

The Pinwheel Galaxy is a face-on, unbarred, and counterclockwise spiral galaxy located 21 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 and was communicated that year to Charles Messier, who verified its position for inclusion in the Messier Catalogue as one of its final entries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 83</span> Barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Hydra

Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope. Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects in March 1781.

NGC 4631 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici about 30 million light years away from Earth. It was discovered on 20 March 1787 by German-British astronomer William Herschel. This galaxy's slightly distorted wedge shape gives it the appearance of a herring or a whale, hence its nickname. Because this nearby galaxy is seen edge-on from Earth, professional astronomers observe this galaxy to better understand the gas and stars located outside the plane of the galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whirlpool Galaxy</span> Galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici

The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51a (M51a) or NGC 5194, is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy with a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus. It lies in the constellation Canes Venatici, and was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. It is 7.22 megaparsecs away and 23.58 kiloparsecs (76,900 ly) in diameter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 84</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

Messier 84 or M84, also known as NGC 4374, is a giant elliptical or lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo. Charles Messier discovered the object in 1781 in a systematic search for "nebulous objects" in the night sky. It is the 84th object in the Messier Catalogue and in the heavily populated core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies, part of the local supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centaurus A/M83 Group</span> Group of galaxies in the constellations Centaurus, Hydra and Virgo

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 108</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 6946</span> Galaxy in the constellations Cepheus & Cygnus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1316</span> Lenticular radio galaxy in the constellation Fornax

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3169</span> Galaxy in the constellation Sextans

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 613</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Sculptor

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3862</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5643</span> Galaxy in the constellation Lupus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7469</span> Galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4636</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 877</span> Galaxy located in the constellation Aries

NGC 877 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Aries. It is located at a distance of circa 160 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 877 is about 115,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 14, 1784. It interacts with NGC 876.

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