List of brown dwarfs

Last updated January 18, 2025

This is a list of notable brown dwarfs. These are objects that have masses between heavy gas giants and low-mass stars.^[1] The first isolated brown dwarf discovered was Teide 1 in 1995.^[2] The first brown dwarf discovered orbiting a star was Gliese 229 B, also discovered in 1995.^[3] The first brown dwarf found to have a planet was 2M1207, discovered in 2004.^[4]As of 2015^[update], more than 2,800 brown dwarfs have been identified.^[5] An isolated object with less than about 13 Jupiter masses is technically a sub-brown dwarf or rogue planet.

Because the mass of a brown dwarf is between that of a planet and that of a star, they have also been called planetars or hyperjovians. Various catalog designations have been used to name brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs with names ending in a letter such as B, C, or D are in orbit around a primary star; those with names ending in a lower-case letter such as b, c, or d, may be exoplanets (see Exoplanet naming convention).

Some exoplanets, especially those detected by radial velocity, can turn out to be brown dwarfs if their mass is higher than originally thought: most have only known minimum masses because the inclination of their orbit is not known. Examples include HD 114762 b (>11.68 M_J), Pi Mensae b (>10.312 M_J), and NGC 2423-3 b (>10.6 M_J).

A complete list of more than 3000 ultracool dwarfs, which includes brown dwarfs and low-mass stars, is being maintained by astronomers. It is called the UltracoolSheet.^[6] The same team also produced a list of 1000 ultracool dwarfs with their mass being determined.^[7]

Confirmed brown dwarfs orbiting primary stars

Sorted by increasing right ascension of the parent star. Brown dwarfs within a system sorted by increasing orbital period.

Some brown dwarfs listed could still be massive planets.

Star	Constellation	Right ascension	Declination	App. mag.	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Brown dwarf	Mass (M_J)	Radius (R_J)	Orbital period (d)	Semimajor axis (AU)	Ecc.	Discovery year
54 Piscium	Pisces	00^h 39^m 22^s	+21° 15′ 02″	5.88	36.1	K0V+T7.5	B	45.96 ±4.05^[7]	0.85^[7]		476		2006
81 Cancri	Cancer	09^h 12^m 14.69^s	14° 59 ′ 39.6″	6.77	66	G9V+L8	CD				880		2001
AB Pictoris	Pictor	06^h 19^s	−58° 03′ 15″	9.16	66.6	K2V+L1	b	13.5			275		2005
HD 63754	Puppis	07^h 49^m 45^s	20° 12′ 27″	6.55	163.6	G0V + L/T	b	81.9	0.86	26,791	16.9	0.26	2024
CT Chamaeleontis	Chamaeleon	11^h 04^m 09^s	–76° 27′ 19″	12.36	538	K7+M8	b	17	2.2		440		2008
HD 984	Cetus	00^h 14^m 10.25^s	−07° 11′ 56.82″	7 .32	149.1	F7V	b	61	1.576	51,100	28	0.76	2015
Eta Coronae Borealis	Corona Borealis	15^h 23^m 22.6^s	30° 14′ 56″	5.02	58.3	G2+G2+L8	C	44.00 ±6.46^[7]	0.95^[7]		3600		2010
G 196-3	Ursa Major	10^h 04^m 22^s	+50° 23′ 23″	11.77	50.2	M2.5+L3β	b	31.66 ±7.19^[7]	1.18^[7]		300		1998
Gliese 570	Libra	14^h 57^m 28^s	−21° 24′ 56″	5.64	19.0	K4V+ M1V+M3V	D	32.54 ±6.01^[7]	0.93^[7]		1500		2000
GU Piscium	Pisces	01^h 12^m 35.04^s	+17° 03′ 55.7″	13.1	155.3	M3V+T3.5	b	11			2000		2006
HD 89744	Ursa Major	10^h 22^m 10.56^s	+41° 13′ 46.31″	5.74	126.2	F7IV	B						2000
HD 100546	Musca	11^h 33^m 25^s	–70° 11′ 41″	6.70	337.25	B9Vne	b	20			6.5?		2005
HN Pegasi	Pegasus	21^h 44^m 28.46^s	+14° 46′ 7.8″		58.3	G0V+T2.5	B	17.06 ±6.9^[7]	1.14^[7]		795		2006
UScoCTIO 108	Scorpius	16^h 05^m 54^s	–18° 18′ 43″		473	M7	b	14			670		2007
HD 41004 B	Pictor	05^h 59^m 50^s	–48° 14′ 23″	12.33	139	K1IV+M2	b	18.4		1.3283	0.0177	0.081	2004
CoRoT-15	Monoceros	06^h 28^m 27.81^s	+6° 11′ 10.5″	22		F7V	b	63.4	1.12	3.06036	0.045	0	2010
Xi Ursae Majoris B	Ursa Major	11^h 18^m 12^s	+31° 32′ 15″	4.73	25.11	F8.5V	b	37		3.98	0.06	0	1931
Upsilon Andromedae	Andromeda	01^h 36^m 48^s	+41° 24′ 20″	4.63	43.9	F8V	Samh	13.98		237.7	0.822	0.224	1999
Gliese 758	Lyra	19^h 23^m 34^s	+33° 13′ 19″	6.36	51.9	G8V+T9	B	23		96	21		2009
Tau Geminorum	Gemini	07^h 11^m 08^s	+30° 14′ 43″	4.40	302	K2III	b	18.1		305			2004
HAT-P-13	Ursa Major	08^h 39^m 32^s	+47° 21′ 07″	10.62	698	G4	c	15.2		428.5	1.186	0.691	2009
HD 16760	Perseus	02^h 42^m 21^s	+38° 37′ 07″	8.74	163	G5V	b	14.3		465.1	1.13	0.067	2009
HD 13189	Triangulum	02^h 09^m 40^s	+32° 18′ 59″	7.57	603.4	K2II	b	14		471.6	1.85	0.28	2005
HD 8673	Andromeda	01^h 26^m 09^s	+34° 34′ 47″	6.31	124.75	F7V	b	14		639	1.58		2005
Gliese 569	Boötes	14^h 54^m 29^s	+16° 06′ 04″	10.2	31.5	M3V+M8.5	Ba + Bb	116^[8]		870^[8]	0.87^[8]	0.317^[8]	1988^[9]
HD 29587	Perseus	04^h 41^m 34^s	+42° 07′ 25″	7.29	146.77	G2V	b	40		1471.7	2.5	0.37	1996
ChaHα8	Chamaeleon	11^h 07^m 48^s	−77° 40′ 08″	20.1	522	M6.5	b	18		1590.9	1	0.49	2007
CoRoT-20	Monoceros	06^h 30^m 55.3^s	+0° 13′ 37″	14.66	4000	G2V	c	17		1675	2.9	0.6	2010
HD 168443	Serpens	18^h 20^m 04^s	–09° 35′ 34″	6.92	123.5	G5	c	34		1739.5	2.87	0.228	2001
HD 38529 A	Orion	05^h 46^m 34^s	+01° 10′ 05″	5.94	138	G4IV	c	37		2174.3	3.68	0.36	2002
Epsilon Indi	Indus	22^h 03^m 22^s	–56° 47′ 09″	4.69	11.8	K5V+T1V+T6V	Bb	28		5478.75	2.65		2003
HW Virginis	Virgo	12^h 44^m 20^s	−08° 40′ 17″	10.9	590	sdB+M	b	19.23		5786	5.30	0.46	2008
DT Virginis	Virgo	13^h 0^m 41.74^s	12° 21 ′ 14.7″	9.72	37.55	M0V+T8.5p	c	10.29 ±2.46^[7]	1.15^[7]	33081	1100		2010
HD 4113	Sculptor	00^h 43^m 12.60^s	−37° 58′ 57.48″	7.88	136	G5V+T9	C	60		73000	20		2006
Gliese 229	Lepus	06^h 10^m 35^s	–21° 51′ 42″	8.14	19	M1V+T6.5	B	40		73050	40		1995
TYC 9486-927-1	Octans	21^h 26^m 50.4^s	－81° 40′ 29.3″	11.82	111	M1V+L3γ	2MASS J2126-8140	13.3 ± 1.7		328725000	6900		2009
Epsilon Indi	Indus	22^h 03^m 22^s	–56° 47′ 09″	4.69	11.8	K5V+T1V+T6V	Ba	47		1532899.8			2003
HD 131664	Apus	15^h 00^m 06^s	−73° 32′ 07″	8.13	180.8	G3V	b	18.15		1951	3.17	0.638	2008
HD 136118	Serpens	15^h 18^m 55^s	−01° 35′ 32″	6.94	171	F9V	b	42		1209	1.45	0.352	2002
HD 140913	Corona Borealis	15^h 45^m 07^s	+28° 28′ 12″	8.07	156.42	G0V	b	46		147.94	0.54	0.61	1996
GQ Lupi b	Lupus	15^h 49^m 12^s	–35° 39′ 03″	11.4	400	K7eV+M9e	b	1–42	1.8		103		2005
HD 162020	Scorpius	17^h 50^m 38^s	–40° 19′ 06″	9.18	101.95	K2V	b	15.0		8.428198	0.0751	0.277	2000
Nu Ophiuchi	Ophiuchus	17^h 59^m 01^s	−09° 46′ 25″	3.33	152.8	K0III	b	21.9		536		0.13	2004
HD 164427	Telescopium	18^h 04^m 43^s	−59° 12′ 35″	6.89	127.52	G4IV	b	46		108.55	0.46	0.55	2000
SCR 1845-6357	Pavo	18^h 45^m 07^s	−63° 57′ 43″	17.4	12.57	M8.5V	B	40-50			4.1		2006
COROT-3	Aquila	19^h 28^m 13^s	+00° 07′ 19″	13.3	2220	G0V	b	21.66	1.01	4.2568	0.057	0	2008
V921 Scorpii ^[10]	Scorpius	16^h 59^m 07.0^s	−42° 42′ 09.0″	11.0	4833	B0IVe	b	60			835		2019
15 Sagittae	Sagitta	20^h 04^m 06^s	+17° 04′ 13″	5.80	57.7	G1V+L4-5	B	65			14		2002
Zeta Delphini	Delphinus	20^h 35^m 19^s	+14° 40′ 27″	4.65	220	A3V+L5	B	55			910		2014
HD 202206	Capricornus	21^h 14^m 58^s	–20° 47′ 20″	8.08	151.14	G6V	b	17.4		255.87	0.83	0.435	2000
Koenigstuhl1 ^[7]^[11]	Phoenix	00^h 21^m 10.74^s	–42° 45′ 40.2″	15.3	87.4	M5.5V+L0.6V	B	51.88 ±3.6	1.18		2083.4		1998
HD 126053 ^[7]^[12]	Virgo	14^h 23^m 15.28^s	+01° 14′ 29.6″	6.3	56.9	G1+T8p	B	34.29 ±18.38	0.91		2630		2012
47 Ophiuchi ^[7]^[13]	Ophiuchus	17^h 26^m 37.88^s	−05° 05′ 11.8″	4.5	105.3	F3+L5.5	B	69.66 ±0.88	0.93		8850		2014
Wolf 1130	Cygnus	20^h 05^m 02.20^s	+54° 26′ 03.2″	13.9	54.1	sdM3+ONe+sdT8	C	44.9	0.82		3150		2013

Confirmed brown dwarf orbiting stellar remnants

A stellar remnant can be for example a white dwarf, a pulsar or a black hole. Objects with a mass of a brown dwarf, but with a history of mass-transfer might not be brown dwarfs. If they exist as a period bouncer around a white dwarf they are thought to once have been stars and are today "brown dwarf-like objects".^[14] Objects around black widow pulsars on the other hand are thought to be white dwarfs that lost mass to the pulsar and therefore will differ in composition and density compared to brown dwarfs.^[15] This list is sorted after the discovery year.

Star	Constellation	Right ascension	Declination	App. mag.	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Brown dwarf	Mass (M_J)	Radius (R_J)	Orbital period (d)	Semimajor axis (AU)	Ecc.	Discovery year
GD 165	Boötes	14^h 24^m 39.144^s	9° 17′ 13.98″	14.6	103	D4A+L4	B	76.12 ±1.04^[7]	0.91^[7]		123		1988
WD 0137-349	Sculptor	01^h 39^m 43^s	−34° 42′ 39″	15.33	330	DA+L8	B	53		0.0803	0.0030	0	2006
PHL 5038	Aquarius	22^h 20^m 30.70^s	−00° 41′ 07.5″	17.3	240	DAZ+L8-9	B	73			66		2006
SDSS J1433 (mass transfer)^[16]^[17]	Boötes	14^h 33^m 17.79^s	+10° 11′ 23.49″	18.9	760	WD+L1	B	58 ±8		0.054			2008/2016
SDSS 1557	Serpens	15^h 57^m 20.77^s	+09° 16′ 24.6″	18.6	500	DAZ+L4	B	66+5 −7		0.095	0.003		2011/2017
QZ Librae (mass transfer)^[18]	Libra	15^h 36^m 15.98^s	−08° 39′ 07.52″	18.8	649	WD+T?	B	25-61		0.064			2018
BW Sculptoris (mass transfer)^[14]	Sculptor	23^h 53^m 00.87^s	−38° 51′ 46.66″	16.5	305	D+T	B	53.4 ±6.3		0.054	0.0027		1997/2023

Unconfirmed brown dwarfs

Sorted by increasing right ascension of the parent star. Brown dwarfs within a system sorted by increasing orbital period.

Some brown dwarfs listed could still be massive planets.

Star	Constellation	Right ascension	Declination	App. mag.	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Brown dwarf	Mass (M_J)	Orbital period (d)	Semimajor axis (AU)	Ecc.	Discovery year
CM Draconis	Draco	16^h 34^m 27^s	+57° 09′ 00″	12.90	48	M4	b	64	73	0.27		1998
BD+20°2457	Leo	10^h 16^m 45^s	+19° 53′ 29″	9.75	652	K2II	b	21.42	379.63	1.45	0.15	2009
HD 3346	Andromeda	00^h 36^m 46^s	+44° 29′ 19″	5.16	655.58	K5III	c	60	650	2.5		1996
HD 104304	Virgo	12^h 00^m 44^s	−10° 26′ 46″	5.54	42.1	G9	b	17.2	2752		0.38	2007
HD 154857	Ara	17^h 11^m 16^s	−56° 40′ 51″	7.25	220	G5V	c	18.4	2900		>0.25	2007
Gliese 22 B	Cassiopeia	00^h 32^m 27^s	+67° 14′ 09″	10.38	326	M2.5V	b	16	~5500		0	2008

Field brown dwarfs

Data updated from^[19]^[20]^[21] and merged from previous tables

Brown dwarf	Constellation	Right ascension	Declination	App. mag.	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Mass (M_J)	Radius (R_J)	Discovery year
2MASS 0036+1821	Pisces	0^h 36^m 16.17^s	18° 21′ 10.4″	12.47	28.6	L3.5	42	0.94	2000
CFBDS J005910.90–011401.3	Cetus	0^h 59^m 10.83^s	−1° 14′ 1.3″	18.08	30	T8.5	23		2013
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925A	Cetus	2^h 5^m 29.401^s	−11° 59′ 29.67″		65	L5.5			1997
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925B	Cetus	2^h 5^m 29.401^s	−11° 59′ 29.67″		65	L8			1997
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925C	Cetus	2^h 5^m 29.401^s	−11° 59′ 29.67″		65	T0			1997
2MASS J02431371−2453298	Fornax	2^h 43^m 13.71^s	−24° 53′ 29.8″		35	T6	33	0.99	2002
WISE J0254+0223	Cetus	2^h 54^m 9.45^s	2° 23′ 59.1″	16.01	24	T8	65	1.9	n/a
DEN 0255-4700	Eridanus	2^h 55^m 3.57^s	−47° 0′ 50.9″	22.92	16.2	L8	80	0.97	2006
LP 944-20	Fornax	3^h 39^m 35.22^s	−35° 25′ 44″	10.725	20.9	M9β	73	1.43	n/a
2MASP J0345432+254023		3^h 45^m 43.16^s	25° 40′ 23.3″		88	L0	74	1.05	1997
Teide 1	Taurus	3^h 47^m 18^s	+24° 22′ 31″		380	M8	55	3.78	1995
2MASS J03552337+1133437	Taurus	3^h 55^m 23.37^s	11° 33′ 43.7″	14.05	29.8	L5γ	20	1.32	2006
2MASS J04151954−0935066	Eridanus	4^h 15^m 19.54^s	−9° 35′ 6.6″	15.7	18.6	T8	30	0.95	2002
2MASS J04390101-2353083 [ de ]	Eridanus	4^h 39^m 1.01^s	−23° 53′ 8.3″		29.5	L6.5	48	0.97	2003
2MASS J04414489+2301513		4^h 41^m 44.9^s	23° 1′ 58.07″		470	M8.5	19		2010
2MASS J0523−1403	Lepus	5^h 23^m 38.22^s	−14° 3′ 2.2″		40	L2.5	68	1.01	n/a
2MASS 0532+8246	Camelopardalis	5^h 32^m 53.46^s	82° 46′ 46.5″		81	L7	83		2018
UGPS J072227.51-054031.2	Monoceros	7^h 22^m 27.6^s	−05° 40′ 38.4″		13.4	T9	26	0.98	2010
DENIS J081730.0-615520	Carina	8^h 17^m 30.01^s	−61° 55′ 15.8″	13.6	16.1	T6	44	0.94	2010
DENIS J082303.1−491201A	Vela	8^h 23^m 3.13^s	−49° 12′ 1.3″		67	L1.5	44		2006
DENIS J082303.1−491201B	Vela	8^h 23^m 3.13^s	−49° 12′ 1.3″		67	L5.5	28		2006
2MASSW J0920122+351742	Lynx	9^h 20^m 12.23^s	35° 17′ 42.9″		95	L6.5			2000
2MASSI J0937347+293142	Leo	9^h 37^m 34.87^s	29° 31′ 40.9″		20.0	T6p	42	0.94	2002
2MASS 0939−2448	Antlia	9^h 39^m 35.48^s	−24° 48′ 27.9″	16.83	17.4	T8	32	0.95	2005
Luhman 16B	Vela	10^h 49^m 18.91^s	−53° 19′ 10″		6.516	T1	43	1.02	2013
Luhman 16A	Vela	10^h 49^m 18.91^s	−53° 19′ 10″		6.516	L8	40	1.01	2013
DENIS-P J1058.7−1548	Crater	10^h 58^m 47.87^s	−15° 48′ 17.2″	14.155	49	L3	64	1.00	1997
Cha 110913-773444	Chamaeleon	11^h 9^m 14^s	–77° 34′ 45″	21.59	163	L	8	1.8	2005
OTS 44	Chamaeleon	11^h 10^m 12^s	–76° 32′ 13″		554	M9.5V	15		2005
2MASS J11145133−2618235	Hydra	11^h 14^m 51.33^s	−26° 18′ 23.5″	15.86	18.2	T7.5	33	0.96	2005
DENIS-P J1228.2-1547	Corvus	12^h 28^m 15.23^s	−15° 47′ 34.2″	14.38	66	L5			1999
2M 1237+6526	Draco	12^h 37^m 39.19^s	65° 26′ 14.8″	16.05	45.6	T6.5	41	0.94	2003
Kelu-1A	Hydra	13^h 5^m 40.2^s	−25° 41′ 6″		61	L2	63	0.98	1997
Kelu-1B	Hydra	13^h 5^m 40.2^s	−25° 41′ 6″		61	L4	58	0.98	1997
LHS 2924	Boötes	14^h 28^m 43.23^s	+33° 10′ 39.1″	19.74	38.5	M9V	76	1.06
CFBDSIR 1458+10A	Boötes	14^h 58^m 29.0^s	+10° 13′ 43″	19.83	104	T9	11.1	1.5	2010
CFBDSIR 1458+10B	Boötes	14^h 58^m 29.0^s	+10° 13′ 43″	21.85	104	Y0	9	1.3	2010
TVLM 513-46546	Boötes	15^h 1^m 8.18^s	+22° 50′ 2″	15.09	35.1	M8.5V	75	1.05	n/a
2MASS 1503+2525	Boötes	15^h 3^m 19.61^s	25° 25′ 19.6″		20.7	T5	44	0.94	2003
2MASS 1507−1627	Libra	15^h 7^m 47.69^s	−16° 27′ 38.6″	19	23.9	L5	60	0.99	2000
SDSSp J162414.37+002915.6	Serpens	16^h 24^m 14.36^s	0° 29′ 15.8″		36	T6	43	0.94	1999
LSR J1835+3259	Lyra	18^h 35^m 37.9^s	32° 59′ 54.5″	18.27	18.5	M8.5	77	1.07	2003
PSO J318.5−22	Capricornus	21^h 14^m 8.02^s	−22° 51′ 35.8″		80	L7VL-G	6.5	1.53	2013
2MASS J21392676+0220226	Aquarius	21^h 39^m 26.77^s	2° 20′ 22.7″	14.71	32.1	T1.5	46	0.96	n/a
2MASS J22282889-4310262	Grus	22^h 28^m 28.89^s	−43° 10′ 26.2″	15.66	35	T6	42	0.94	2013
WISE 0146+4234	Andromeda	1^h 46^m 56.66^s	42° 34′ 10.0″	18.71	20.5	Y0			2010
WISE 0226-0211	Cetus	2^h 26^m 24^s	−2° 11′ 42.51″	18.94	91	T7			2010
WISE 0313+7807	Cepheus	3^h 13^m 26.02^s	78° 7′ 44.4″	17.65	28	T8.5			2010
WISE 0316+4307	Perseus	3^h 16^m 24.35^s	43° 7′ 9.1″		106.3	T8			2010
WISE 0350-5658	Reticulum	3^h 50^m 0.32^s	−56° 58′ 30.2″	22.8	17.7	Y1			2010
WISE 0359-5401	Reticulum	3^h 59^m 34.06^s	−54° 1′ 54.6″	21.56	19.2	Y0			2010
WISE 0410+1502	Taurus	4^h 10^m 22.79^s	15° 2′ 47.47″	19.25	20	Y0	6	1.17	2010
WISE 0458+6434A	Camelopardalis	4^h 58^m 53.93^s	64° 34′ 52.72″	17.50	35.9	T8.5	15	4.2	2010
WISE 0458+6434B	Camelopardalis	4^h 58^m 53.93^s	64° 34′ 52.72″	18.48	35.9	T9.5	10	3.8	2010
WISE 0535-7500	Mensa	5^h 35^m 16.8^s	−75° 0′ 24.9″	21.1	47	Y1			2010
WISE 0607+2429	Gemini	6^h 7^m 38.65^s	24° 29′ 53.5″	14.22	25.4	L8			2010
WISE 0647-6232	Pictor	6^h 47^m 23.23^s	−62° 32′ 39.7″	22.65	28	Y1			2010
WISE 0713-2917	Canis Major	7^h 13^m 22.55^s	−29° 17′ 51.9″	19.64	23.2	Y0			2010
WISE 0734-7157	Volans	7^h 34^m 44.02^s	−71° 57′ 44.0″	20.41	34.9	Y0			2010
WISE 1217+1626A	Coma Berenices	12^h 17^m 56.96^s	16° 26′ 39.98″	18.59	34.2	T9	12		2010
WISE 1217+1626B	Coma Berenices	12^h 17^m 56.96^s	16° 26′ 39.98″	20.26	34.2	Y0	6		2010
WISE 1405+5534	Ursa Major	14^h 5^m 18.27^s	55° 34′ 21.22″	20.2	25.3	Y0 pec	30	0.86	2010
WISE 1506+7027	Ursa Minor	15^h 6^m 49.89^s	70° 27′ 36.23″	14.33	11.1	T6			2010
WISE 1541-2250	Libra	15^h 41^m 51.57^s	−22° 50′ 25.03″	21.16	20	Y0.5			2010
WISE 1639-6847	Triangulum Australe	16^h 39^m 40.83^s	−68° 47′ 38.6″		16.3	Y0			2010
WISE 1711+3500	Hercules	17^h 11^m 4.59^s	35° 0′ 36.73″	17.89	60.3	T8			2010
WISE 1738+2732	Hercules	17^h 38^m 35.54^s	27° 32′ 58.78″	19.47	20	Y0			2010
WISE 1741+2553	Hercules	17^h 41^m 24.22^s	25° 53′ 18.96″	16.53	18.9	T9			2010
WISE 1828+2650	Lyra	18^h 28^m 31.10^s	26° 50′ 37.79″	23.57	36	Y2			2010
WISE 1841+7000	Draco	18^h 41^m 24.75^s	70° 0′ 38.54″	17.24	131.1	T5			2010
WISE 1952+7240	Draco	19^h 52^m 46.61^s	72° 40′ 0.61″	15.09	44.4	T4			2010
WISE 2056+1459	Delphinus	20^h 56^m 28.88^s	14° 59′ 53.68″	19.21	24.5	Y0			2010
WISE 2220-3628	Grus	22^h 20^m 55.31^s	−36° 28′ 17.4″	20.38	26.4	Y0			2010
WISEA 1101+5400	Ursa Major	11^h 01^m 25.95^s	+54° 00′ 52.8″		111	T5.5			2017
2M1510	Libra	15^h 10^m 47.47^s	−28° 18′ 18.3″		120	M9γ+M9γ			2002

Former brown dwarfs

Star	Constellation	Right ascension	Declination	App. mag.	Distance (ly)	Spectral type	Brown dwarf	Mass (M_J)	Radius (R_J)	Orbital period (d)	Semimajor axis (AU)	Ecc.	Discovery year
L 34-26	Chamaeleon	07^h 49^m 12.71^s	–76° 42′ 06.5″		35.6	M3Ve^[22]	COCONUTS-2b	6.3+1.5 −1.9		400000000	7506⁺⁵²⁰⁵ ₋₂₀₆₀		2011

Related Research Articles

Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main-sequence stars. Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 times that of Jupiter (M_J)—not big enough to sustain nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen (¹H) into helium in their cores, but massive enough to emit some light and heat from the fusion of deuterium (²H). The most massive ones can fuse lithium (⁷Li).

A rogue planet, also termed a free-floating planet (FFP) or an isolated planetary-mass object (iPMO), is an interstellar object of planetary mass which is not gravitationally bound to any star or brown dwarf.

An exomoon or extrasolar moon is a natural satellite that orbits an exoplanet or other non-stellar extrasolar body.

A sub-brown dwarf or planetary-mass brown dwarf is an astronomical object that formed in the same manner as stars and brown dwarfs but that has a planetary mass, therefore by definition below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium . Some researchers include them in the category of rogue planets whereas others call them planetary-mass brown dwarfs.

An object with the spectral type T is either a brown dwarf or young free-floating planetary-mass object. An directly imaged exoplanet with a young age can also be a T-dwarf. T dwarfs are colder than L dwarfs, but warmer than Y dwarfs.

LP 944-20 is a dim brown dwarf of spectral class M9 located 21 light-years from the Solar System in the constellation of Fornax. With a visual apparent magnitude of 18.69, it has one of the dimmest visual magnitudes listed on the RECONS page. It is one of the brightest brown dwarfs, if not the brightest at J_MKO=10.68±0.03 mag.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TVLM 513-46546</span> Brown dwarf star in the constellation Boötes

TVLM 513-46546 is an M9 ultracool dwarf at the red dwarf/brown dwarf mass boundary in the constellation Boötes. It exhibits flare star activity, which is most pronounced at radio wavelengths. The star has a mass approximately 80 times the mass of Jupiter. The radio emission is broadband and highly circularly polarized, similar to planetary auroral radio emissions. The radio emission is periodic, with bursts emitted every 7054 s, with nearly one hundredth of a second precision. Subtle variations in the radio pulses could suggest that the ultracool dwarf rotates faster at the equator than the poles in a manner similar to the Sun.

An object with the spectral type L can be either a low-mass star, a brown dwarf or a young free-floating planetary-mass object. If a young exoplanet or planetary-mass companion is detected via direct imaging, it can also have an L spectral type, such as Kappa Andromedae b.

A planetary-mass object (PMO), planemo, or planetary body is, by geophysical definition of celestial objects, any celestial object massive enough to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium, but not enough to sustain core fusion like a star.

PSO J318.5−22 is an extrasolar object of planetary mass that does not orbit a parent star, it is an analog to directly imaged young gas giants. There is no consensus yet among astronomers whether the object should be referred to as a sub-brown dwarf, as a rogue planet or as a young brown dwarf. It is approximately 80 light-years away and belongs to the Beta Pictoris moving group. The object was discovered in 2013 in images taken by the Pan-STARRS PS1 wide-field telescope. PSO J318.5-22's age is inferred to be 23 million years, the same age as the Beta Pictoris moving group. Based on its calculated temperature and age, it is classified under the brown dwarf spectral type L7.

An ultra-cool dwarf is a stellar or sub-stellar object that has an effective temperature lower than 2,700 K . This category of dwarf stars was introduced in 1997 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick, Todd J. Henry, and Michael J. Irwin. It originally included very low mass M-dwarf stars with spectral types of M7 but was later expanded to encompass stars ranging from the coldest known to brown dwarfs as cool as spectral type T6.5. Altogether, ultra-cool dwarfs represent about 15% of the astronomical objects in the stellar neighborhood of the Sun. One of the best known examples is TRAPPIST-1.

BD+29 5007 is a K-type star, located 77 light-years in the constellation Pegasus. It has a large-separation companion that was identified in 2016. The pair was identified to be a possible member of the 45+15
−5 million years old Argus association, though this is disputed.

GALEX J2339–0424 is a white dwarf that is suspected to be polluted with material originating from an icy exomoon. This is evident from the first detection of beryllium in this white dwarf, together with GD 378.

WD 2317+1830 is one of the first white dwarfs with lithium detected in its atmosphere. The white dwarf is surrounded by a debris disk and is actively accreting material. Researchers suggest that the presence of alkali metals indicates the accretion of crust material. Another work however cautions to use alkali metals as a single indicator of crust material. They suggest that such objects could be polluted by mantle material instead. An analysis in 2024 finds that the abundance of lithium is in agreement with Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and galactic nucleosynthesis. WD 2317+1830 likely was a star with sub-solar metallicity, which is evident from its old age, as well as from its thick disk or halo kinematics. This low metallicity means that the planetesimals that formed around this old white dwarf had a composition more similar to BBN abundances. The lithium-enhancement is not in agreement with the accretion of terrestrial continental crust material. The accretion of an exotic exoplanet is not ruled out, but the accretion of a primitive planetesimal is more likely. The accretion of an exomoon as a lithium source is excluded.

References

↑ Nicholos Wethington (October 6, 2008). "Dense Exoplanet Creates Classification Calamity". Universetoday.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
↑ Rebolo, Rafael (2014), "Teide 1 and the Discovery of Brown Dwarfs", in Joergens, Viki (ed.), 50 Years of Brown Dwarfs - From Prediction to Discovery to Forefront of Research, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 401, Springer, pp. 25–50, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_4, ISBN 978-3-319-01162-2
↑ "Astronomers Announce First Clear Evidence of a Brown Dwarf". Space Telescope Science Institute news release STScI-1995-48. November 29, 1995. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
↑ Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huelamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric (2007). "The Planetary Mass Companion 2MASS 1207−3932B: Temperature, Mass, and Evidence for an Edge-on Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (2): 1064–1091. arXiv: astro-ph/0610550 . Bibcode:2007ApJ...657.1064M. doi:10.1086/510877. S2CID 17326111.
↑ Wm. Robert Johnson (27 December 2015). "List of Brown Dwarfs". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 25 March 2017. (2,850 confirmed; 930 candidates)
↑ Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Sanghi, Aniket; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian (2024-02-04). "The UltracoolSheet: Photometry, Astrometry, Spectroscopy, and Multiplicity for 3000+ Ultracool Dwarfs and Imaged Exoplanets". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10573247.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Sanghi, Aniket; Liu, Michael C.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian; Hurt, Spencer A.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Deacon, Niall R. (2023-11-08). "Table of Ultracool Fundamental Properties". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10086810.
1 2 3 4 FEMENIA B.; REBOLO R.; PEREZ-PRIETO J.A.; HILDEBRANDT S.R.; LABADIE L.; PEREZ-GARRIDO A.; BEJAR V.J.S.; DIAZ-SANCHEZ A.; VILLO I.; OSCOZ A.; LOPEZ R.; RODRIGUEZ L.F.; PIQUERAS J. (2011). "Lucky imaging adaptive optics of the brown dwarf binary GJ569Bab". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413: 1524–1536. Bibcode:1988ApJ...330L.119F. doi:10.1086/185218.
↑ Forrest, Skrutskie and Shure (1988). "A possible brown dwarf companion to Gliese 569". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 330 (3): L119–L123. arXiv: 1012.4421 . Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1524F. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18226.x . S2CID 55001061.
↑ Martin, Pierre-Yves (2022). "Planet V921 Sco b". exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
↑ Cifuentes, Carlos; Caballero, José A.; Agustí, Sergio (2021-06-01). "One Is the Loneliest Number: Multiplicity in Cool Dwarfs". Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society. 5 (5): 129. arXiv: 2106.05049 . Bibcode:2021RNAAS...5..129C. doi: 10.3847/2515-5172/ac05ce . ISSN 2515-5172.
↑ Pinfield, D. J.; Burningham, B.; Lodieu, N.; Leggett, S. K.; Tinney, C. G.; van Spaandonk, L.; Marocco, F.; Smart, R.; Gomes, J.; Smith, L.; Lucas, P. W.; Day-Jones, A. C.; Murray, D. N.; Katsiyannis, A. C.; Catalan, S. (2012-05-01). "Discovery of the benchmark metal-poor T8 dwarf BD +01° 2920B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 422 (3): 1922–1932. arXiv: 1201.3243 . Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422.1922P. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20549.x . ISSN 0035-8711.
↑ Deacon, Niall R.; Liu, Michael C.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent; Bowler, Brendan P.; Mann, Andrew W.; Redstone, Joshua A.; Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Draper, Peter W.; Flewelling, H.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nick (2014-09-01). "Wide Cool and Ultracool Companions to Nearby Stars from Pan-STARRS 1". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (2): 119. arXiv: 1407.2938 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...792..119D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/2/119. ISSN 0004-637X.
1 2 Neustroev, Vitaly V.; Mäntynen, Iikka (2023-08-01). "A brown dwarf donor and an optically thin accretion disc with a complex stream impact region in the period-bouncer candidate BW Sculptoris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 523 (4): 6114–6137. arXiv: 2212.03264 . Bibcode:2023MNRAS.523.6114N. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad1730 . ISSN 0035-8711.
↑ Swihart, Samuel J.; Strader, Jay; Chomiuk, Laura; Aydi, Elias; Sokolovsky, Kirill V.; Ray, Paul S.; Kerr, Matthew (2022-12-01). "A New Flaring Black Widow Candidate and Demographics of Black Widow Millisecond Pulsars in the Galactic Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 941 (2): 199. arXiv: 2210.16295 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...941..199S. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aca2ac . ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 253224234.
↑ Littlefair, S. P.; Dhillon, V. S.; Marsh, T. R.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Southworth, John; Baraffe, I.; Watson, C. A.; Copperwheat, C. (2008-08-01). "On the evolutionary status of short-period cataclysmic variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (4): 1582–1594. arXiv: 0806.1129 . Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388.1582L. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13539.x . ISSN 0035-8711.
↑ Hernández Santisteban, Juan V.; Knigge, Christian; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Breton, Rene P.; Dhillon, Vikram S.; Gänsicke, Boris T.; Marsh, Thomas R.; Pretorius, Magaretha L.; Southworth, John; Hauschildt, Peter H. (2016). "An irradiated brown-dwarf companion to an accreting white dwarf". Nature. 533 (7603): 366–368. arXiv: 1605.07132 . Bibcode:2016Natur.533..366H. doi:10.1038/nature17952. PMID 27193683. S2CID 4448224.
↑ Pala, A. F.; Schmidtobreick, L.; Tappert, C.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Mehner, A. (2018-12-01). "The cataclysmic variable QZ Lib: a period bouncer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 481 (2): 2523–2535. arXiv: 1809.02135 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.481.2523P. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2434 . ISSN 0035-8711.
↑ Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Cruz, Kelle L.; Van Gordon, Mollie M.; Looper, Dagny L.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Díaz-Sánchez, A.; Villó, I.; Oscoz, A.; López, R.; Rodríguez, L. F.; Piqueras, J. (2015). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 158. arXiv: 1508.01767 . Bibcode:2015ApJ...810..158F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158. S2CID 89611607.
↑ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Mainzer, Amy K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Tinney, Chris G.; Parker, Stephen; Salter, Graeme (2012). "Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function". The Astrophysical Journal . 753 (2): 156. arXiv: 1205.2122 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...753..156K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156. S2CID 119279752.
↑ Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huelamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory; Mendez, Rene A.; Tinney, C. G.; Jones, Hugh R. A. (2014). "WISEP J061135.13-041024.0AB: A J-Band Flux Reversal Binary at the L/T Transition". arXiv: 1405.0511 [astro-ph.SR].
↑ "L 34-26". sim-basic. Retrieved 2021-07-16.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}

External links

"Extrasolar Visions: Brown dwarfs". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
"Interactive Extrasolar-Planets Catalogue". Archived from the original on November 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-25.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Universetoday2013-1] Nicholos Wethington (October 6, 2008). "Dense Exoplanet Creates Classification Calamity". Universetoday.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013.

[Rebolo2014-2] Rebolo, Rafael (2014), "Teide 1 and the Discovery of Brown Dwarfs", in Joergens, Viki (ed.), 50 Years of Brown Dwarfs - From Prediction to Discovery to Forefront of Research, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 401, Springer, pp. 25–50, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_4, ISBN 978-3-319-01162-2

[STScI2013-3] "Astronomers Announce First Clear Evidence of a Brown Dwarf". Space Telescope Science Institute news release STScI-1995-48. November 29, 1995. Retrieved 24 September 2013.

[Mohanty2007-4] Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huelamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric (2007). "The Planetary Mass Companion 2MASS 1207−3932B: Temperature, Mass, and Evidence for an Edge-on Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (2): 1064–1091. arXiv: astro-ph/0610550 . Bibcode:2007ApJ...657.1064M. doi:10.1086/510877. S2CID 17326111.

[DwarfArchives-5] Wm. Robert Johnson (27 December 2015). "List of Brown Dwarfs". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 25 March 2017. (2,850 confirmed; 930 candidates)

[Best2024-6] Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Sanghi, Aniket; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian (2024-02-04). "The UltracoolSheet: Photometry, Astrometry, Spectroscopy, and Multiplicity for 3000+ Ultracool Dwarfs and Imaged Exoplanets". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10573247.

[Sanghi2023-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Sanghi, Aniket; Liu, Michael C.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian; Hurt, Spencer A.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Deacon, Niall R. (2023-11-08). "Table of Ultracool Fundamental Properties". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10086810.

[GJ569Bab-8] 1 2 3 4 FEMENIA B.; REBOLO R.; PEREZ-PRIETO J.A.; HILDEBRANDT S.R.; LABADIE L.; PEREZ-GARRIDO A.; BEJAR V.J.S.; DIAZ-SANCHEZ A.; VILLO I.; OSCOZ A.; LOPEZ R.; RODRIGUEZ L.F.; PIQUERAS J. (2011). "Lucky imaging adaptive optics of the brown dwarf binary GJ569Bab". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413: 1524–1536. Bibcode:1988ApJ...330L.119F. doi:10.1086/185218.

[Gliese569B_discovery-9] Forrest, Skrutskie and Shure (1988). "A possible brown dwarf companion to Gliese 569". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 330 (3): L119–L123. arXiv: 1012.4421 . Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1524F. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18226.x . S2CID 55001061.

[10] Martin, Pierre-Yves (2022). "Planet V921 Sco b". exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2024-01-01.

[Cifuentes2021-11] Cifuentes, Carlos; Caballero, José A.; Agustí, Sergio (2021-06-01). "One Is the Loneliest Number: Multiplicity in Cool Dwarfs". Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society. 5 (5): 129. arXiv: 2106.05049 . Bibcode:2021RNAAS...5..129C. doi: 10.3847/2515-5172/ac05ce . ISSN 2515-5172.

[Pinfield2012-12] Pinfield, D. J.; Burningham, B.; Lodieu, N.; Leggett, S. K.; Tinney, C. G.; van Spaandonk, L.; Marocco, F.; Smart, R.; Gomes, J.; Smith, L.; Lucas, P. W.; Day-Jones, A. C.; Murray, D. N.; Katsiyannis, A. C.; Catalan, S. (2012-05-01). "Discovery of the benchmark metal-poor T8 dwarf BD +01° 2920B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 422 (3): 1922–1932. arXiv: 1201.3243 . Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422.1922P. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20549.x . ISSN 0035-8711.

[Deacon2014-13] Deacon, Niall R.; Liu, Michael C.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent; Bowler, Brendan P.; Mann, Andrew W.; Redstone, Joshua A.; Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Draper, Peter W.; Flewelling, H.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nick (2014-09-01). "Wide Cool and Ultracool Companions to Nearby Stars from Pan-STARRS 1". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (2): 119. arXiv: 1407.2938 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...792..119D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/2/119. ISSN 0004-637X.

[Neustroev2023-14] 1 2 Neustroev, Vitaly V.; Mäntynen, Iikka (2023-08-01). "A brown dwarf donor and an optically thin accretion disc with a complex stream impact region in the period-bouncer candidate BW Sculptoris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 523 (4): 6114–6137. arXiv: 2212.03264 . Bibcode:2023MNRAS.523.6114N. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad1730 . ISSN 0035-8711.

[Swihart2022-15] Swihart, Samuel J.; Strader, Jay; Chomiuk, Laura; Aydi, Elias; Sokolovsky, Kirill V.; Ray, Paul S.; Kerr, Matthew (2022-12-01). "A New Flaring Black Widow Candidate and Demographics of Black Widow Millisecond Pulsars in the Galactic Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 941 (2): 199. arXiv: 2210.16295 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...941..199S. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aca2ac . ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 253224234.

[Littlefair2008-16] Littlefair, S. P.; Dhillon, V. S.; Marsh, T. R.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Southworth, John; Baraffe, I.; Watson, C. A.; Copperwheat, C. (2008-08-01). "On the evolutionary status of short-period cataclysmic variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (4): 1582–1594. arXiv: 0806.1129 . Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388.1582L. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13539.x . ISSN 0035-8711.

[Hernández_Santisteban2016-17] Hernández Santisteban, Juan V.; Knigge, Christian; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Breton, Rene P.; Dhillon, Vikram S.; Gänsicke, Boris T.; Marsh, Thomas R.; Pretorius, Magaretha L.; Southworth, John; Hauschildt, Peter H. (2016). "An irradiated brown-dwarf companion to an accreting white dwarf". Nature. 533 (7603): 366–368. arXiv: 1605.07132 . Bibcode:2016Natur.533..366H. doi:10.1038/nature17952. PMID 27193683. S2CID 4448224.

[Pala2018-18] Pala, A. F.; Schmidtobreick, L.; Tappert, C.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Mehner, A. (2018-12-01). "The cataclysmic variable QZ Lib: a period bouncer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 481 (2): 2523–2535. arXiv: 1809.02135 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.481.2523P. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2434 . ISSN 0035-8711.

[Filippazzo2015-19] Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Cruz, Kelle L.; Van Gordon, Mollie M.; Looper, Dagny L.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Díaz-Sánchez, A.; Villó, I.; Oscoz, A.; López, R.; Rodríguez, L. F.; Piqueras, J. (2015). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 158. arXiv: 1508.01767 . Bibcode:2015ApJ...810..158F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158. S2CID 89611607.

[Kirkpatrick2012-20] Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Mainzer, Amy K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Tinney, Chris G.; Parker, Stephen; Salter, Graeme (2012). "Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function". The Astrophysical Journal . 753 (2): 156. arXiv: 1205.2122 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...753..156K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156. S2CID 119279752.

[Mohanty2014-21] Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huelamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory; Mendez, Rene A.; Tinney, C. G.; Jones, Hugh R. A. (2014). "WISEP J061135.13-041024.0AB: A J-Band Flux Reversal Binary at the L/T Transition". arXiv: 1405.0511 [astro-ph.SR].

[22] "L 34-26". sim-basic. Retrieved 2021-07-16.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}

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