List of the most distant astronomical objects

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MoM-z14 has been determined to be at a redshift of 14.44, making it the record-holder for the most distant known galaxy as of May 2025. This corresponds to a time less than 280 million years after the Big Bang. MoM-z14 Naidu et al. 2025.png
MoM-z14 has been determined to be at a redshift of 14.44, making it the record-holder for the most distant known galaxy as of May 2025. This corresponds to a time less than 280 million years after the Big Bang.

This article documents the most distant astronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

Contents

For comparisons with the years after the Big Bang of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe is currently estimated as 13.787 ± 0.020 Gyr. [2]

Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined via spectroscopy or using a photometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that may have unusual spectra. For that reason, a spectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts.

The lookback time of extragalactic observations by their cosmological redshift up to z=20. Look-back time by redshift.png
The lookback time of extragalactic observations by their cosmological redshift up to z=20.

The proper distance provides a measurement of how far a galaxy is at a fixed moment in time. At the present time the proper distance equals the comoving distance since the cosmological scale factor has value one: . The proper distance represents the distance obtained as if one were able to freeze the flow of time (set in the FLRW metric) and walk all the way to a galaxy while using a meter stick. [4] For practical reasons, the proper distance is calculated as the distance traveled by light (set in the FLRW metric) from the time of emission by a galaxy to the time an observer (on Earth) receives the light signal. It differs from the "light travel distance" since the proper distance takes into account the expansion of the universe, i.e. the space expands as the light travels through it, resulting in numerical values which locate the most distant galaxies beyond the Hubble sphere and therefore with recession velocities greater than the speed of light c. [5]

Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

Note that the value for the age of the universe has increased over the last ~20yrs. A press release from the Subaru Telescope for the discovery of IOK-1 in 2006 has an estimate of 13.66 billion years, [73] whereas the current Planck estimate is 13.787 billion yrs. [2]

Candidate most distant objects

Since the beginning of the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) science operations in June 2022, numerous distant galaxies far beyond what could be seen by the Hubble Space Telescope (z = 11) have been discovered thanks to the JWST's capability of seeing far into the infrared. [74] [75] Previously in 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 candidates at z = 7, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012. [76] Some objects included here have been observed spectroscopically, but had only one emission line tentatively detected, and are therefore still considered candidates by researchers. [77] [78]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

List of most distant objects by type

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Naidu, Rohan P.; et al. (2025). "A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at zspec = 14.44 Confirmed with JWST". arXiv: 2505.11263v1 [astro-ph.GA].
  2. 1 2 Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 641. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). arXiv: 1807.06209 . Bibcode:2020A&A...641A...6P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. S2CID   119335614.
  3. ↑ S.V. Pilipenko (2013–2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" using Fortran-90 code
  4. ↑ Guidry, Mike (2019). Modern general relativity: black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. Cambridge New York: Cambridge university press. ISBN   978-1-107-19789-3.
  5. ↑ Davis, Tamara M.; Lineweaver, Charles H. (2004). "Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 21 (1): 97–109. arXiv: astro-ph/0310808 . Bibcode:2004PASA...21...97D. doi:10.1071/AS03040. ISSN   1323-3580. S2CID   13068122.
  6. ↑ Lea, Robert (30 May 2025). "Cosmic miracle!' James Webb Space Telescope discovers the earliest galaxy ever seen". Space.com . Archived from the original on 27 August 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025. detecting a galaxy that existed just 280 million years after the Big Bang
  7. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (31 May 2024). "Earliest and most distant galaxy ever observed". BBC . Archived from the original on 8 August 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025. was spied as it was a mere 290 million years after the Big Bang
  8. ↑ Carniani, S.; D'Eugenio, F.; Ji, X.; Parlanti, Eleonora; Scholtz, J.; Sun, F.; Venturi, Giacomo; Bakx, T. J. L. C.; Curti, M.; Maiolino, R.; Tacchella, S.; Zavala, J. A.; Hainline, K.; Witstok, J.; Johnson, B. D.; Alberts, S. (8 April 2025). "The eventful life of a luminous galaxy at z = 14: metal enrichment, feedback, and low gas fraction?". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 696: 14. arXiv: 2409.20533v2 . Bibcode:2025A&A...696A..87C. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202452451 .
  9. ↑ Carniani, S.; et al. (2024-05-28). "A shining cosmic dawn: spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at z ~ 14". Astrophysical Journal . 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv: 2405.18485 . doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. PMC   11390484 . PMID   39074505. galaxies were already in place 300 million years after the Big Bang
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  13. 1 2 Cooper, Keith (14 November 2023). "James Webb Space Telescope finds 2 of the most distant galaxies ever seen". space.com . Retrieved 13 September 2025. as it existed just 330 million years after the Big Bang
  14. 1 2 Wang, Bingjie; et al. (2023-11-13). "UNCOVER: Illuminating the Early Universe—JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of z > 12 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 957 (2): L34. arXiv: 2308.03745 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...957L..34W. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acfe07 . ISSN   2041-8205.
  15. ↑ "JADES-GS-z13-1 in the GOODS-S field (NIRCam image, annotated)". ESA . 26 March 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025. observed just 330 million years after the Big Bang
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