List of gamma-ray bursts

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The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.

Contents

List

BurstPosition Redshift Detected byNotes
GRB 670702 Vela 4 First GRB detected
GRB 790305b The first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB.
GRB 830801 Until October 2022, the brightest GRB detected (now overtaken by GRB 221009A)
GRB 970228 z = 0.695 [Ref 1] BeppoSAX First X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow
GRB 970402 RA 14h 50.1m
Dec −69° 20′		 BeppoSAX From an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus. [Ref 2]
GRB 970508 z = 0.835 BeppoSAX First redshift, first radio afterglow
GRB 971214 z = 3.4 BATSE The first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs.
GRB 980425 z = 0.008 [Ref 3] BATSE The second closest GRB to date (after GRB 170817A) and the first associated with a supernova.
GRB 990123 R.A.  15h 25m 29s
Decl.  44° 45′ 30″ [Ref 4] 		z = 1.6 BeppoSAX First burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift.
GRB 991216 BATSE First burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory [1]
GRB 030329 z = 0.168 [Ref 5] HETE-2 The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date.
GRB 050509B z = 0.225 Swift First short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique).
GRB 050709 z = 0.161 [Ref 6] HETE-2 First short burst with a detected optical counterpart.
GRB 050724 z = 0.258 [Ref 7] Swift First short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy.
GRB 060218 z = 0.0331 [Ref 8] Swift First GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst.
GRB 060614 R.A. 21h 23m 27.0s
Decl. −53° 02′ 02″		z = 0.125 Swift Either a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission.
GRB 080319B z = 0.937 Swift The most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst.
GRB 080916C z = 4.35 [Ref 9] Fermi Formerly the most energetic gamma-ray burst observed.
GRB 090423 R.A.  09h 55m 33.08s
Decl.  +18° 08′ 58.9″		z = 8.2 Swift Remains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation. [2] [Ref 10]
GRB 101225A R.A.  00h 00m 47.51s
Decl.  +44° 36′ 01.1″		z = 0.33 Swift 28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst".
GRB 130427A R.A.  11h 32m 32.84s
Decl.  +27° 41′ 56.2″		z = 0.34 Swift hours duration
GRB 160625B R.A.  20h 34m 23.25s
Decl.  +06° 55′ 10.5″ [3] 		z = 1.406 Fermi; LAT Extremely bright burst with polarized optical light [4] [5] [6]
GRB 170817A R.A.  12h 47m
Decl.  −39° 48′ [7] 		z = 0.009727 Fermi Neutron star collision, producing the gravitational wave named GW170817. [7] [8] [9] Closest GRB known to date
GRB 200826Az=0.7486A short duration gamma ray burst that lasted for 0.5 seconds. [10]
GRB 211211Az=0.0785Swift, FermiFirst long GRB from a binary neutron star merger [11]
GRB 221009A R.A. 19h 13m 03.48s
Decl. 19° 46′ 24.6″		z = 0.151 Swift One of the closest GRB and was the most energetic and brightest GRB ever recorded, deemed the "B.O.A.T.", or Brightest Of All Time. It had 18 TeV, a record.
GRB 230307A FermiSecond only to GRB 221009A in terms of fluence. [12]

Extremes

GRB Extremes
TitleGRBDataNotes
Least distant GRB 170817A z = 0.009727Higher redshift than GRB 980425, but closer galaxy
Most distant with photometric redshift estimate GRB 090429B z = 9.4 [13]
Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate GRB 090423 z = 8.2 [2]
Least Luminous
Most LuminousGRB 110918Az = 0.984 [14] Peak Luminosity (isotropic) is Liso = 4.7 × 1047 Watts [15]
Most Energetic GRB 221009A 18 TeV; [16]

z=0.151

It is the most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded. It has been deemed to be the "B.O.A.T.", or Brightest Of All Time. It had the highest fluence and peak flux ever identified, by a large margin. [14] It also holds the record for highest energy burst recorded if released isotropically, beating GRB 080916C. [14] It may have released a photon at 251 TeV. [17]
Longest duration GRB 111209A Duration = at least 7 hours
Shortest duration GRB 820405 Duration = 12 ms
Most distant naked-eye brightness GRB GRB 080319B Apparent magnitude: 5.3
z=0.937		 [18] [19]

Firsts

GRB Firsts
TitleGRBDateDataNotes
First GRB detected GRB 670702 1967 July 2 [18]
First GRB identified GRB 781104 1978 November 4Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela
First long duration GRB discovered
First short duration GRB discovered
First hard spectrum GRB discovered
First soft spectrum GRB discovered
First GRB whose distance was determined GRB 970508 z=0.835 [20]
First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow GRB 970508 [20]
First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow GRB 970228 February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC [20]
First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow GRB 780506 [21]
First Short GRB discovered with millimeter afterglow [22] GRB 211106A2021 November 6 04:37:31.2 UT [23] 0.7<z<1.4 [24] One of the widest and most energetic SGRB jets known to date. Associated with a neutron star merger. [25] [26] [27]
First GRB linked to a supernova GRB 980425 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC SN 1998bw GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova SN 2003dh [20] [28]
First GRB of naked-eye brightness GRB 080319B 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC Apparent magnitude: 5.7The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9 [18] [19] [20]
First GRB with associated Gravitational wave detection GRB 170817A 2017 August 17 GW170817
First GRB with tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission. [29] GRB 190114C 2019 January 14 20:57:03 UT [30] z=0.4245; [31]
magnitude=15.60est [30] 		"light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light"; [29] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth [to date]"; [32] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics". [33] Its light energy was then overtaken by GRB 190829A with 3.3 TeV [34] [35] and then GRB 221009A with 18 TeV. [36] [37]

Most distant GRB

GRBs z>6
GRBDistanceNotes
GRB 090429B z=9.4 [13] (photometric redshift)
GRB 090423 z=8.2 [38]
GRB 080913 z=6.7 [38]
GRB 060116 z=6.60The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain. [39]
GRB 140515A z=6.33 [40]
GRB 050904 z=6.295 [41]

GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era

Most Distant GRB Titleholders
GRBDateDistanceNotes
GRB 090429B May 2011 —z=9.4The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011. [13]
GRB 090423 April 2009 — May 2011z=8.2This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe. [38]
GRB 080913 September 2008 — April 2009z=6.7 [38] [42]
GRB 050904 September 2005 — September 2008z=6.29 [41] [42] [43]
GRB 000131 January 2000 — September 2005z=4.50 [43] [44] [45]
GRB 971214 December 1997 — January 2000z=3.42 [20] [44] [45]
GRB 970508 May 1997 — December 1997z=0.835First GRB with its distance determined [20]

Notes

    Footnotes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamma-ray burst</span> Flashes of gamma rays from distant galaxies

    In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies, being the brightest and most extreme explosive events in the entire universe, as NASA describes the bursts as the "most powerful class of explosions in the universe". They are the most energetic and luminous electromagnetic events since the Big Bang. Gamma-ray bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After the initial flash of gamma rays, an "afterglow" is emitted, which is longer lived and usually emitted at longer wavelengths.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 970228</span> Gamma-ray burst detected on 28 Feb 1997, the first for which an afterglow was observed

    GRB 970228 was the first gamma-ray burst (GRB) for which an afterglow was observed. It was detected on 28 February 1997 at 02:58 UTC. Since 1993, physicists had predicted GRBs to be followed by a lower-energy afterglow, but until this event, GRBs had only been observed in highly luminous bursts of high-energy gamma rays ; this resulted in large positional uncertainties which left their nature very unclear.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 080319B</span> Gamma-ray burst in the constellation Boötes

    GRB 080319B was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by the Swift satellite at 06:12 UTC on March 19, 2008. The burst set a new record for the farthest object that was observable with the naked eye: it had a peak visual apparent magnitude of 5.7 and remained visible to human eyes for approximately 30 seconds. The magnitude was brighter than 9.0 for approximately 60 seconds. If viewed from 1 AU away, it would have had a peak apparent magnitude of −67.57. It had an absolute magnitude of −38.6, beaten by GRB 220101A with −39.4 in 2023.

    Nial Rahil Tanvir is a British astronomer at the University of Leicester. His research specialisms are the Extragalactic distance scale, Galaxy evolution and Gamma ray bursts. Tanvir has featured in various TV programs, including The Sky at Night hosted by Sir Patrick Moore, and Horizon

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector</span>

    The Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (GROND) is an imaging instrument used to investigate Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows and for doing follow-up observations on exoplanets using transit photometry. It is operated at the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in the southern part of the Atacama desert, about 600 kilometres north of Santiago de Chile and at an altitude of 2,400 metres.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 970508</span> Gamma-ray burst detected on May 8, 1997

    GRB 970508 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on May 8, 1997, at 21:42 UTC; it is historically important as the second GRB with a detected afterglow at other wavelengths, the first to have a direct redshift measurement of the afterglow, and the first to be detected at radio wavelengths.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 090423</span> Gamma-ray burst detected in 2009

    GRB 090423 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission on April 23, 2009, at 07:55:19 UTC whose afterglow was detected in the infrared and enabled astronomers to determine that its redshift is z = 8.2, making it one of the most distant objects detected at that time with a spectroscopic redshift.

    GRB 011211 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 11, 2001. A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths.

    GRB 031203 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 3, 2003. A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths.

    GRB 030329 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) that was detected on 29 March 2003 at 11:37 UTC. A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths. GRB 030329 was the first burst whose afterglow definitively exhibited characteristics of a supernova, confirming the existence of a relationship between the two phenomena.

    GRB 070714B was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) that was detected on 14 July 2007 at 04:59 UTC. A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 101225A</span> Gamma-ray burst event of December 25, 2010

    GRB 101225A, also known as the "Christmas burst", was a cosmic explosion first detected by NASA's Swift observatory on Christmas Day 2010. The gamma-ray emission lasted at least 28 minutes, which is unusually long. Follow-up observations of the burst's afterglow by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based observatories were unable to determine the object's distance using spectroscopic methods.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Neutron star merger</span> Type of stellar collision

    A neutron star merger is the stellar collision of neutron stars. When two neutron stars fall into mutual orbit, they gradually spiral inward due to gravitational radiation. When they finally meet, their merger leads to the formation of either a more massive neutron star, or—if the mass of the remnant exceeds the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit—a black hole. The merger can create a magnetic field that is trillions of times stronger than that of Earth in a matter of one or two milliseconds. These events are believed to create short gamma-ray bursts.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilonova</span> Neutron star merger

    A kilonova is a transient astronomical event that occurs in a compact binary system when two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole merge. These mergers are thought to produce gamma-ray bursts and emit bright electromagnetic radiation, called "kilonovae", due to the radioactive decay of heavy r-process nuclei that are produced and ejected fairly isotropically during the merger process. The measured high sphericity of the kilonova AT2017gfo at early epochs was deduced from the blackbody nature of its spectrum.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 160625B</span>

    GRB 160625B was a bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope on 25 June 2016 and, three minutes later, by the Large Area Telescope. This was followed by a bright prompt optical flash, during which variable linear polarization was measured. This was the first time that these observations were made when the GRB was still bright and active. The source of the GRB was a possible black hole, within the Delphinus constellation, about 9 billion light-years (light travel distance) away (a redshift of z = 1.406). It had a fluence of 5.7×10−4 erg cm−2, and energy of 5 × 1054 erg. The burst lasted over 11 minutes (680 s), and is one of the most energetic bursts ever recorded.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4993</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Hydra

    NGC 4993 is a lenticular galaxy located about 140 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. It was discovered on 26 March 1789 by William Herschel and is a member of the NGC 4993 Group.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 190114C</span> Notable high energy gamma ray burst explosion

    GRB 190114C was an extreme gamma-ray burst explosion from a galaxy 4.5 billion light years away (z=0.4245; magnitude=15.60est) near the Fornax constellation, that was initially detected in January 2019. The afterglow light emitted soon after the burst was found to be tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission, identified for the first time. According to the astronomers, "We observed a huge range of frequencies in the electromagnetic radiation afterglow of GRB 190114C. It is the most extensive to date for a gamma-ray burst." Also, according to other astronomers, "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed for a GRB: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light"; another source stated, "the brightest light ever seen from Earth [to date].".

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 221009A</span> Gamma-ray burst

    GRB 221009A was an extraordinarily bright and very energetic gamma-ray burst (GRB) jointly discovered by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope on October 9, 2022. The gamma-ray burst was ten minutes long, but was detectable for more than ten hours following initial detection. Despite being around two billion light-years away, it was powerful enough to affect Earth's atmosphere, having the strongest effect ever recorded by a gamma-ray burst on the planet. The peak luminosity of GRB 221009A was measured by Konus-Wind to be ~ 2.1 × 1047 W and by Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor to be ~ 1.0 × 1047 W over its 1.024s interval. A burst as energetic and as close to Earth as 221009A is thought to be a once-in-10,000-year event. It was the brightest and most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded, with some dubbing it the BOAT, or Brightest Of All Time.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">AT 2021lwx</span> Astronomical Events

    AT 2021lwx (also known as ZTF20abrbeie or "Scary Barbie") is the most energetic non-quasar optical transient astronomical event ever observed, with a peak luminosity of 7 × 1045 erg per second (erg s−1) and a total radiated energy between 9.7 × 1052 erg to 1.5 × 1053 erg over three years. Despite being lauded as the largest explosion ever, GRB 221009A was both more energetic and brighter. It was first identified in imagery obtained on 13 April 2021 by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) astronomical survey and is believed to be due to the accretion of matter into a super massive black hole (SMBH) heavier than one hundred million solar masses (M☉). It has a redshift of z = 0.9945, which would place it at a distance of about eight billion light-years from earth, and is located in the constellation Vulpecula. No host galaxy has been detected.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB 230307A</span>

    GRB 230307A was an extremely bright, long duration gamma-ray burst (GRB), likely produced as a consequence of a neutron star merger or black hole - neutron star merger event. It lasted around three minutes, and was observed to have a gamma ray fluence of 3×10-4 erg cm-2 in the 10 to 1000 KeV (electronvolt) range making it second only to GRB 221009A, which was an extremely bright and long duration gamma ray burst deemed to be the Brightest Of All Time. The burst was around 1000 times more powerful than a typical gamma-ray burst. The burst had the second-highest gamma-ray fluence ever recorded. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) detected the chemical signature for tellurium (Te). The neutron stars were once part of a spiral galaxy (host galaxy) but were kicked out via gravitational interactions. Then while outside of the main galaxy at a distance of 120,000 light years, they merged, creating GRB 230307A.

    References

    Citations

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    13. 1 2 3 Space Daily, Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object, 27 May 2011
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