List of quasars

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This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed, [1] so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.

Contents

Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

List of quasars

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

QuasarNotes
Twin Quasar Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845 Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization. [2]
CID-42 Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
TON 618 TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of named quasars

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

QuasarOrigin of nameNotes
Twin Quasar From the fact that two images of the same quasar are produced by gravitational lensing.
Einstein Cross From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.
Triple Quasar From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar.There are actually four images; the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.
Teacup Galaxy The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets.Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar.

List of multiply imaged quasars

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

QuasarImagesLensNotes
Twin Quasar 2 YGKOW G1 First gravitationally lensed object discovered
Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080)4Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross 4 Huchra's Lens First Einstein Cross discovered
RX J1131-1231's quasar4 RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf 4 [3] Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission [4]
QSO B1359+154 6 CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxiesFirst sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+41125Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″ [5] [6] [7]
SDSS J1029+26233Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images [8] [9] [10]
SDSS J2222+27456 [11] Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49 [12] First sextuply-lensed galaxy [11] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster. [12] Quasar located at z = 2.82 [12]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of visual quasar associations

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

QuasarsCountNotes
QSO 1548+115
4C 11.50 (z = 0.436)
QSO B1548+115B (z = 1.901)
2 [13] [14]
QSO 1146+1118 [15]
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

List of physical quasar groups

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

QuasarsCountNotes
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster4First quasar quartet discovered. [16] [17]
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106)3First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found. [18]
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
Q2345+007A
Q2345+007B
2Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet. [19]
QQQ J1519+06273 [20]

Large Quasar Groups

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQGCountNotes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		5First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known. [21] [22]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		73The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013. [23] [24]

List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

QuasarSuperluminalityNotes
3C 279 4cFirst quasar discovered with superluminal jets [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
3C 179 7.6cFifth discovered, first with double lobes [30]
3C 273 This is also the first quasar ever identified [31]
3C 216
3C 345 [31] [32]
3C 380
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)
PKS 0637-752
QSO B1642+690
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light. [33] Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4. [34] The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5.

Firsts

TitleQuasarYearDataNotes
First quasar discovered 3C 48 1960first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar identified 3C 273 1962first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1)1965The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars. [27] [35] [36]
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered 3C 48 1982
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar)2005Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar PG 1302-102 2014Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar [37] [38]
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole SDSS J0927+2943 2008Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified Twin Quasar 1979Lensed into 2 imagesThe lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion 3C 279 1971 [25] [26] [27]
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure 3C 47 1964
First quasar found to be an X-ray source 3C 273 1967 [39]
First "dustless" quasar found QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 2010 [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
First Large Quasar Group discovered Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		1982 [21] [22]

Extremes

TitleQuasarDataNotes
Brightest 3C 273 Apparent magnitude of ~12.9Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest APM 08279+5255 Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 Absolute magnitude of −32.36Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far.
Most powerful quasar radio source 3C 273 Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
Most variable quasar radio source QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387)Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source
Most variable quasar optical source
Least variable quasar optical source
Most distant UHZ1 z = 10.1Most distant quasar known as of 2023 [47]
Most distant radio-quiet quasar
Most distant radio-loud quasar QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12Found June 2008 [48] [49]
Most distant blazar quasar PSO J0309+27 z > 6
Least distant Markarian 231 600 Mly [50] inactive: IC 2497
Largest Large Quasar Group Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		73 quasars [23] [24]
Fastest Growing Quasar SMSS J052915.80–435152.0 (QSO J0529-4351)~ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency); ~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model) [51] [52]

First quasars found

First 10 Quasars Identified
RankQuasarDate of discoveryNotes
1 3C 273 1963 [53]
2 3C 48 1963 [53]
3 3C 47 1964 [53]
3 3C 147 1964 [53]
5 CTA 102 1965 [54]
5 3C 287 1965 [54]
5 3C 254 1965 [54]
5 3C 245 1965 [54]
5 3C 9 1965 [54]

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

Most distant quasars

Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313-1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size. Artist's conception of the quasar J0313-1806, seen as it was only 670 million years after the Big Bang. (Version with labels.).jpg
Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313–1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size.

In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62). [55]

In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.

Quasars with z > 6 [56]
QuasarDistanceNotes
UHZ1 z = 10.1Most distant quasar known as of 2023 [47]
QSO J0313–1806 z = 7.64Former most distant quasar. [57]
ULAS J1342+0928 z = 7.54Former most distant quasar.
J1007+2115 (Pōniuāʻena)z = 7.52
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)		z = 7.085Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 7. [58]
CHFQS J2348-3054
(CHFQS J234833.34-305410.0)		z = 6.90
PSO J172.3556+18.7734 z = 6.82Currently the most distant radio-loud known quasar
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		z = 6.43Former most distant quasar. [59] [60] [61] [62]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		z = 6.419Former most distant quasar. [63] [64] [65] [62] [66] [67]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		z = 6.28Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 6. [68] [66] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637)		z = 6.23 [67]
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112)		z = 6.22 [67]
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524)		z = 6.13 [60]
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130)		z = 6.13 [67]
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926)		z = 6.12 [60]
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12Most distant radio-quasar. [48] [74]
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228)		z = 6.07 [67]
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012)		z = 6.05 [67]
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520)		z = 6.04 [60]
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549)		z = 6.01 [67]
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722)		z = 6.00 [67]
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356)		z = 5.99 [71] [72] [73]
Most Distant Quasar by Type
TypeQuasarDateDistanceNotes
Most distant UHZ1 2023z = 10.2 [75]
Most distant radio loud quasar QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 2008z = 6.12
Most distant radio quiet quasar
Most distant OVV quasar
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders
QuasarDateDistanceNotes
UHZ1 2023–z = 10.2Current distance record holder [75]
QSO J0313−1806 2021–2023z = 7.64 [57] [75]
ULAS J1342+0928 2017–2021z = 7.54 [76]
ULAS J1120+0641 2011–2017z = 7.085Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7. [58]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		2007–2011z = 6.43Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006. [59] [60] [61] [62] [77] [78] [79]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		2003–2007z = 6.419Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58. [63] [64] [65] [62] [77] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		2001–2003z = 6.28Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6. [68] [66] [69] [70] [72] [73]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)		2000–2001z = 5.82Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object. [85] [86] [72] [73] [77] [87] [88]
RD300
(RD J030117+002025)		2000z = 5.50Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [89] [90] [86] [91] [77]
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021)		2000z = 5.03Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [91] [77]
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021)		1998–2000z = 5.00First quasar discovered with z > 5. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998). [77] [85] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96]
PC 1247+3406 1991–1998z = 4.897Most distant object when discovered. [85] [97] [98] [99] [100]
PC 1158+4635 1989–1991z = 4.73Most distant object when discovered. [85] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104]
Q0051-279 1987–1989z = 4.43Most distant object when discovered. [105] [101] [104] [106] [107] [108]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)		1987z = 4.11Most distant object when discovered. [105] [101] [109]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		1987z = 4.04Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4. [85] [101] [110] [111]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)		1987z = 4.01Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4. [105] [101] [110] [112] [113]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		1986–1987z = 3.80Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″. [110] [114] [115]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)		1982–1986z = 3.78Most distant object when discovered. [33] [110] [116] [117]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		1974–1982z = 3.53Most distant object when discovered. [118] [119] [120]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		1973–1974z = 3.408Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". [118] [120] [121] [122] [123]
4C 05.34 1970–1973z = 2.877Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious. [33] [34] [120] [124] [125]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		1968–1970z = 2.399Most distant object when discovered. [125] [126] [55]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		1968z = 2.358Most distant object when discovered. [125] [55] [127]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)		1967–1968z = 2.225Most distant object when discovered. [33] [127] [128] [129] [130]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)		1966–1967z = 2.1291Most distant object when discovered. [55] [130] [131] [132]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)		1965–1966z = 2.0990Most distant object when discovered. [55] [130] [131] [133]
3C 9 1965z = 2.018Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2. [2] [35] [130] [134] [135] [136]
3C 147 1964–1965z = 0.545First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295. [137] [138] [139] [140]
3C 48 1963–1964z = 0.367Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [27] [33] [141] [142] [143] [53] [137]
3C 273 1963z = 0.158First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [27] [53] [142] [143] [144]

Most powerful quasars

10 Most luminous Quasars
RankQuasarDataNotes
1 SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts [145]
2 HS 1946+7658 It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts [146] [147]
3 SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 Has over 1041 watts luminosity [148] [149]
4 HS 1700+6416 Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts [150]
5 SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 Has a luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts [151]
6 SBS 1425+606 Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 [152]
J1144-4308 Has a luminosity of 4.7 x 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = -29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr [153]
SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 [154] [155]
S5 0014+813 [150] [156]
SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84
SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 [157]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quasar</span> Active galactic nucleus containing a supermassive black hole

A quasar is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN). It is sometimes known as a quasi-stellar object, abbreviated QSO. The emission from an AGN is powered by a supermassive black hole with a mass ranging from millions to tens of billions of solar masses, surrounded by a gaseous accretion disc. Gas in the disc falling towards the black hole heats up and releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The radiant energy of quasars is enormous; the most powerful quasars have luminosities thousands of times greater than that of a galaxy such as the Milky Way. Quasars are usually categorized as a subclass of the more general category of AGN. The redshifts of quasars are of cosmological origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redshift</span> Change of wavelength in photons during travel

In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation. The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and increase in frequency and energy, is known as a blueshift, or negative redshift. The terms derive from the colours red and blue which form the extremes of the visible light spectrum. The main causes of electromagnetic redshift in astronomy and cosmology are the relative motions of radiation sources, which give rise to the relativistic Doppler effect, and gravitational potentials, which gravitationally redshift escaping radiation. All sufficiently distant light sources show cosmological redshift corresponding to recession speeds proportional to their distances from Earth, a fact known as Hubble's law that implies the universe is expanding.

An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, with characteristics indicating that this luminosity is not produced by the stars. Such excess, non-stellar emissions have been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The non-stellar radiation from an AGN is theorized to result from the accretion of matter by a supermassive black hole at the center of its host galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reionization</span> Process that caused matter to reionize early in the history of the Universe

In the fields of Big Bang theory and cosmology, reionization is the process that caused electrically neutral atoms in the universe to reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halton Arp</span> American astronomer

Halton Christian "Chip" Arp was an American astronomer. He is remembered for his 1966 book Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, which catalogued unusual looking galaxies and presented their images.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twin Quasar</span> Gravitationally lensed quasar

The Twin Quasar, was discovered in 1979 and was the first identified gravitationally lensed double quasar, not to be confused with the first detection of light deflection in 1919. It is a quasar that appears as two images, a result from gravitational lensing.

Redshift quantization, also referred to as redshift periodicity, redshift discretization, preferred redshifts and redshift-magnitude bands, is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyman-alpha blob</span> Astronomical object type

In astronomy, a Lyman-alpha blob (LAB) is a huge concentration of a gas emitting the Lyman-alpha emission line. LABs are some of the largest known individual objects in the Universe. Some of these gaseous structures are more than 400,000 light years across. So far they have only been found in the high-redshift universe because of the ultraviolet nature of the Lyman-alpha emission line. Since Earth's atmosphere is very effective at filtering out UV photons, the Lyman-alpha photons must be redshifted in order to be transmitted through the atmosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">APM 08279+5255</span> Quasar

APM 08279+5255 is a very distant, broad absorption line quasar located in the constellation Lynx. It is magnified and split into multiple images by the gravitational lensing effect of a foreground galaxy through which its light passes. It appears to be a giant elliptical galaxy with a supermassive black hole and associated accretion disk. It possesses large regions of hot dust and molecular gas, as well as regions with starburst activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 7319</span> Galaxy in the constellation Pegasus

NGC 7319 is a highly distorted barred spiral galaxy that is a member of the compact Stephan's Quintet group located in the constellation Pegasus, some 311 megalight-years distant from the Milky Way. It was discovered on 27 September 1873 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan.

CLASS B1359+154 is a quasar, or quasi-stellar object, that has a redshift of 3.235. A group of three foreground galaxies at a redshift of about 1 are behaving as gravitational lenses. The result is a rare example of a sixfold multiply imaged quasar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HCM-6A</span> Galaxy in the constellation Cetus

HCM-6A is an LAE galaxy that was found in 2002 by Esther Hu and Lennox Cowie from the University of Hawaii and Richard McMahon from the University of Cambridge, using the Keck II Telescope in Hawaii. HCM-6A is located behind the Abell 370 galactic cluster, near M77 in the constellation Cetus, which enabled the astronomers to use Abell 370 as a gravitational lens to get a clearer image of the object.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galaxy filament</span> Largest structures in the universe, made of galaxies

In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can commonly reach 50/h to 80/h megaparsecs —with the largest found to date being the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall at around 3 gigaparsecs (9.8 Gly) in length—and form the boundaries between voids. Due to the accelerating expansion of the universe, the individual clusters of gravitationally bound galaxies that make up galaxy filaments are moving away from each other at an accelerated rate; in the far future they will dissolve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloverleaf quasar</span> Rare example of a quadruply-lensed quasar

The Cloverleaf quasar is a bright, gravitationally lensed quasar. It receives its name because of gravitational lensing spitting the single quasar into four images.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyman-break galaxy</span> Star-forming galaxies at high redshift

Lyman-break galaxies are star-forming galaxies at high redshift that are selected using the differing appearance of the galaxy in several imaging filters due to the position of the Lyman limit. The technique has primarily been used to select galaxies at redshifts of z = 3–4 using ultraviolet and optical filters, but progress in ultraviolet astronomy and in infrared astronomy has allowed the use of this technique at lower and higher redshifts using ultraviolet and near-infrared filters.

References

  1. ↑ Subir Sarkar (20 January 2021). "Re-examining cosmic acceleration" (PDF). Sommerfeld Theory Colloquium, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. p. 41.
  2. 1 2 "Toward the Edge of the Universe". Time Magazine. 21 May 1965. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.
  3. ↑ Magain, P.; Surdej, J.; Swings, J.-P.; Borgeest, U.; Kayser, R. (1988). "Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117". Nature. 334 (6180): 325–327. Bibcode:1988Natur.334..325M. doi:10.1038/334325a0. S2CID   4366260.
  4. ↑ Venturini, S.; Solomon, P. M. (2003). "The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar". The Astrophysical Journal. 590 (2): 740–745. arXiv: astro-ph/0210529 . Bibcode:2003ApJ...590..740V. doi:10.1086/375050. S2CID   761080.
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