List of quasars

Last updated

This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed, [1] so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.

Contents

Proper naming of quasars is by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

List of quasars

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

QuasarNotes
Twin Quasar Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845 Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization. [2]
CID-42 Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
TON 618 TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

List of named quasars

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

QuasarOrigin of nameNotes
Twin Quasar From the fact that two images of the same quasar are produced by gravitational lensing.
Einstein Cross From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.
Triple QuasarFrom the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar.There are actually four images; the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.
Teacup Galaxy The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets.Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar.
Pōniuāʻena The third most distant quasar known as of 2025, named for its early formation at most 100 million years after the Big Bang.Named as part of the A Hua He Inoa program by the ʻImiloa Astronomy Center [3] .

List of multiply imaged quasars

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

QuasarImagesLensNotes
Twin Quasar 2 YGKOW G1 First gravitationally lensed object discovered
Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080)4Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross 4 Huchra's Lens First Einstein Cross discovered
RX J1131-1231's quasar4 RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf 4 [4] Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission [5]
QSO B1359+154 6 CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxiesFirst sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+4112 5Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″ [6] [7] [8]
SDSS J1029+2623 3Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images [9] [10] [11]
SDSS J2222+27456 [12] Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49 [13] First sextuply-lensed galaxy [12] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster. [13] Quasar located at z = 2.82 [13]
RX J0911.4+0551 4 [14] Galaxy located at z = 0.76Gravitationally lensed object discovered by the ROSAT All-Sky survey in 1997. Quasar located at z = 2.800. [15]
CLASS B1152+199 2Galaxy located at z = 0.43 [16]
HE 1104-1805 2Galaxy located at z = 0.72 [17] Also known as Double Hamburger. [18]
HE 2149-2745 2Galaxy at z = 0.60 [19] Gravitationally lensed broad absorption object (BAL) at z = 2.033 [20]
FBQ 0951+2635 2Galaxy located at z = 0.26 [19]
HE0435-1223 4Elliptical galaxy of HE0435-1223 at z = 0.45 [21] Quasar located at z = 1.689. Components arranged in cross figuration. [22]
SBS 0909+532 2Lens galaxy of SBS 0909+532 at z = 0.83 [23] Originally interpreted as a binary quasar but later revealed as a gravitationally lensed object. [24] [25]
UM 673 2Lens galaxy at z = 0.49 [19] Quasar located at at z = 2.71, first discovered by J. Surdej (1988) [26]
CTQ 327 2Lens galaxy between z = 0.4 and z= 0.6 [27]
CTQ 414 2Discovered in 1999. Quasar located at z = 1.29. [28]
HE 0230-2130 5Complex lensed system. Quasar located at z = 2.130. [29]
SDSS J1001+50272Lens galaxy at z = 0.3 [30]
SDSS J1206+43322Lens galaxy at z = 0.74 [30]
SDSS J0246-08252Lens galaxy at z = 0.724 [31] Discovered by Scott Burles (2005). [31]
SDSS J0904+15122 [32] Discovered in the SDSS Quasar Lens Search (2010) [32]
SDSS J1054+27332 [32] Discovered in the SDSS Quasar Lens Search (2010) [32]
SDSS J1620+12032 [32] Lens galaxy at z = 0.39 [32] Discovered in the SDSS Quasar Lens Search (2010). Quasar located at z = 1.158 [32]
SDSS J0746+44032 [33] Lens galaxy at z = 0.513 [32] Discovered in 2007. Quasar located at z = 2.00 [33]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

List of visual quasar associations

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

QuasarsCountNotes
QSO 1548+115
4C 11.50 (z = 0.436)
QSO B1548+115B (z = 1.901)
2 [34] [35]
QSO 1146+1118 [36]
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

List of physical quasar groups

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

QuasarsCountNotes
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster4First quasar quartet discovered. [37] [38]
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106)3First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found. [39]
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
Q2345+007A
Q2345+007B
2Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet. [40]
QQQ J1519+06273 [41]

Large Quasar Groups

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQGCountNotes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		5First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known. [42] [43]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		73The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013. [44] [45]

List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

QuasarSuperluminalityNotes
3C 279 4cFirst quasar discovered with superluminal jets [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]
3C 179 7.6cFifth discovered, first with double lobes [51]
3C 273 This is also the first quasar ever identified [52]
3C 216
3C 345 [52] [53]
3C 380
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)
4C 39.25 [54]
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)
PKS 0637-752
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light. [55] Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4. [56] The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5.

Firsts

TitleQuasarYearDataNotes
First quasar discovered 3C 48 1960First radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar identified 3C 273 1962First radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1)1965The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars. [48] [57] [58]
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered 3C 48 1982
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar)2005Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar PG 1302-102 2014Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar [59] [60]
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole SDSS J0927+2943 2008Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified Twin Quasar 1979Lensed into 2 imagesThe lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion 3C 279 1971 [46] [47] [48]
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure 3C 47 1964
First quasar found to be an X-ray source 3C 273 1967 [61]
First "dustless" quasar found QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 2010 [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68]
First Large Quasar Group discovered Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		1982 [42] [43]

Extremes

TitleQuasarDataNotes
Brightest 3C 273 Apparent magnitude of ~12.9Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest APM 08279+5255 Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 Absolute magnitude of −32.36Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far.
Most powerful quasar radio source 3C 273 Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
Most variable quasar radio source QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387)Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source
Most variable quasar optical source
Least variable quasar optical source
Most distant UHZ1 z = 10.1Most distant quasar known as of 2023 [69]
Most distant radio-quiet quasar
Most distant radio-loud quasar QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12Found June 2008 [70] [71]
Most distant blazar quasar PSO J0309+27 z > 6
Least distant Markarian 231 600 Mly [72] inactive: IC 2497
Largest Large Quasar Group Huge-LQG (U1.27)73 quasars [44] [45]
Fastest Growing Quasar SMSS J052915.80–435152.0
(QSO J0529-4351)		~ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency);
~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model)		 [73] [74]

First quasars found

First 10 Quasars Identified
RankQuasarDate of discoveryNotes
1 3C 273 1963 [75]
2 3C 48 1963 [75]
3 3C 47 1964 [75]
3 3C 147 1964 [75]
5 CTA 102 1965 [76]
5 3C 287 1965 [76]
5 3C 254 1965 [76]
5 3C 245 1965 [76]
5 3C 9 1965 [76]

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

Most distant quasars

Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313-1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size. Artist's conception of the quasar J0313-1806, seen as it was only 670 million years after the Big Bang. (Version with labels.).jpg
Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313–1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size.

In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62). [77]

In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.

Quasars with z > 6 [78]
QuasarDistanceNotes
UHZ1 z = 10.1Most distant quasar known as of 2023 [69] [79]
QSO J0313–1806 z = 7.64Former most distant quasar. [80] [79]
ULAS J1342+0928 z = 7.54Former most distant quasar. [81] [79]
Pōniuāʻena (Q J1007+2115)z = 7.52 [82] [79]
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)		z = 7.085Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 7. [83]
DELS J003836.10-152723.6 z = 7.02 [84]
HSC J235646.33+001747.3 z = 7.01 [85]
DES J025216.64-050331.8 z = 7.00 [86]
CHFQS J2348-3054
(CHFQS J234833.34-305410.0)		z = 6.90
PSO J172.3556+18.7734 z = 6.82Currently the most distant radio-loud known quasar
HSC J135012.04-002705.2 z = 6.49 [85]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		z = 6.43Former most distant quasar. [87] [88] [89] [90]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		z = 6.419Former most distant quasar. [91] [92] [93] [90] [94] [95]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		z = 6.28Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 6. [96] [94] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637)		z = 6.23 [95]
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112)		z = 6.22 [95]
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524)		z = 6.13 [88]
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130)		z = 6.13 [95]
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926)		z = 6.12 [88]
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12Most distant radio-quasar. [70] [102]
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228)		z = 6.07 [95]
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012)		z = 6.05 [95]
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520)		z = 6.04 [88]
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549)		z = 6.01 [95]
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722)		z = 6.00 [95]
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356)		z = 5.99 [99] [100] [101]
Most Distant Quasar by Type
TypeQuasarDateDistanceNotes
Most distant UHZ1 2023z = 10.2 [103]
Most distant radio loud quasar QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 2008z = 6.12
Most distant radio quiet quasar
Most distant OVV quasar
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders
QuasarDateDistanceNotes
UHZ1 2023–z = 10.2Current distance record holder [103] [69]
QSO J0313−1806 2021–2023z = 7.64 [80] [103]
ULAS J1342+0928 2017–2021z = 7.54 [104]
ULAS J1120+0641 2011–2017z = 7.085Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7. [83]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		2007–2011z = 6.43Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006. [87] [88] [89] [90] [105] [106] [107]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		2003–2007z = 6.419Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58. [91] [92] [93] [90] [105] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		2001–2003z = 6.28Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6. [96] [94] [97] [98] [100] [101]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)		2000–2001z = 5.82Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object. [113] [114] [100] [101] [105] [115] [116]
RD300
(RD J030117+002025)		2000z = 5.50Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [117] [118] [114] [119] [105]
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021)		2000z = 5.03Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [119] [105]
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021)		1998–2000z = 5.00First quasar discovered with z > 5. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998). [105] [113] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124]
PC 1247+3406 1991–1998z = 4.897Most distant object when discovered. [113] [125] [126] [127] [128]
PC 1158+4635 1989–1991z = 4.73Most distant object when discovered. [113] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132]
Q0051-279 1987–1989z = 4.43Most distant object when discovered. [133] [129] [132] [134] [135] [136]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)		1987z = 4.11Most distant object when discovered. [133] [129] [137]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		1987z = 4.04Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4. [113] [129] [138] [139]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)		1987z = 4.01Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4. [133] [129] [138] [140] [141]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		1986–1987z = 3.80Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″. [138] [142] [143]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)		1982–1986z = 3.78Most distant object when discovered. [55] [138] [144] [145]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		1974–1982z = 3.53Most distant object when discovered. [146] [147] [148]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		1973–1974z = 3.408Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". [146] [148] [149] [150] [151]
4C 05.34 1970–1973z = 2.877Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious. [55] [56] [148] [152] [153]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		1968–1970z = 2.399Most distant object when discovered. [153] [154] [77]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		1968z = 2.358Most distant object when discovered. [153] [77] [155]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)		1967–1968z = 2.225Most distant object when discovered. [55] [155] [156] [157] [158]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)		1966–1967z = 2.1291Most distant object when discovered. [77] [158] [159] [160]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)		1965–1966z = 2.0990Most distant object when discovered. [77] [158] [159] [161]
3C 9 1965z = 2.018Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2. [2] [57] [158] [162] [163] [164]
3C 147 1964–1965z = 0.545First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295. [165] [166] [167] [168]
3C 48 1963–1964z = 0.367Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [48] [55] [169] [170] [171] [75] [165]
3C 273 1963z = 0.158First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [48] [75] [170] [171] [172]

Most powerful quasars

10 most luminous quasars[ Actually 11 in list ]
RankQuasarDataRefs.
1 SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 Intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts [173]
2 HS 1946+7658 Intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts [174] [175]
3 SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 Luminosity of over 1041 watts [176] [177]
4 HS 1700+6416 Luminosity of over 1041 watts [178]
5 SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 Luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts [179]
6 SBS 1425+606 Luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 [180]
J1144-4308 Luminosity of 4.7 × 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = −29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr [181]
SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 [182] [183]
S5 0014+813 [178] [184]
SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84
SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 [185]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Subir Sarkar (20 January 2021). "Re-examining cosmic acceleration" (PDF). Sommerfeld Theory Colloquium, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. p. 41.
  2. 1 2 "Toward the Edge of the Universe". Time Magazine. 21 May 1965. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.
  3. ↑ "Astronomers and immersion kumu announce newly-named discovery: Pōniuāʻena", ʻImiloa Astronomy Center, 25 June 2020
  4. ↑ Magain, P.; Surdej, J.; Swings, J.-P.; Borgeest, U.; Kayser, R. (1988). "Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117". Nature. 334 (6180): 325–327. Bibcode:1988Natur.334..325M. doi:10.1038/334325a0. S2CID   4366260.
  5. ↑ Venturini, S.; Solomon, P. M. (2003). "The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar". The Astrophysical Journal. 590 (2): 740–745. arXiv: astro-ph/0210529 . Bibcode:2003ApJ...590..740V. doi:10.1086/375050. S2CID   761080.
  6. ↑ Inada, N.; et al. (2003). "A Gravitationally lensed quasar with quadruple images separated by 14.62 arcseconds". Nature. 426 (6968): 810–812. arXiv: astro-ph/0312427 . Bibcode:2003Natur.426..810I. doi:10.1038/nature02153. PMID   14685230. S2CID   4411894.
  7. ↑ Oguri, M.; et al. (2004). "Observations and Theoretical Implications of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112". The Astrophysical Journal. 605 (1): 78–97. arXiv: astro-ph/0312429 . Bibcode:2004ApJ...605...78O. doi:10.1086/382221. S2CID   15594674.
  8. ↑ Inada, N.; et al. (2005). "Discovery of a Fifth Image of the Large Separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 57 (3): L7 –L10. arXiv: astro-ph/0503310 . Bibcode:2005PASJ...57L...7I. doi:10.1093/pasj/57.3.L7.
  9. ↑ Inada, Naohisa; et al. (2006). "SDSS J1029+2623: A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar with an Image Separation of 22."5". The Astrophysical Journal. 653 (2): L97 –L100. arXiv: astro-ph/0611275 . Bibcode:2006ApJ...653L..97I. doi:10.1086/510671. S2CID   7368712.
  10. ↑ Oguri, Masamune; et al. (2008). "The Third Image of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623". The Astrophysical Journal. 676 (1): L1 –L4. arXiv: 0802.0002 . Bibcode:2008ApJ...676L...1O. doi:10.1086/586897. S2CID   740758.
  11. ↑ Kratzer, Rachael M; et al. (2011). "Analyzing the Flux Anomalies of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623". The Astrophysical Journal. 728 (1): L18. arXiv: 1008.2315 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...728L..18K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/728/1/L18. S2CID   119154857.
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