List of voids

Last updated November 09, 2023

This is a list of voids in astronomy. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.

Voids and supervoids

Largest voids

Named voids

Name	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
Local Void	18^h 38^m+18°	cz=2500 km/s	60 Mpc	^[1]
Northern Local Supervoid		61 Mpc	104 Mpc	Virgo Supercluster, Coma Supercluster, Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, Ursa Major–Lynx Supercluster, Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster, Sculptor Supercluster, Pavo–Corona Australes Supercluster form a sheet between the Northern Local Supervoid and the Southern Local Supervoid.^[2] The Hercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from the Boötes Void.^[2] The Perseus–Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separating the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.^[2]
Southern Local Supervoid		96 Mpc	112 Mpc
Giant Void	13^h 01^m+38.7°	z=0.116	300-400 Mpc	"Giant Void in NGH" or "AR-Lp 36"; NGH stands for "Northern Galactic Hemisphere"; discovered in 1988.^[3] It is the largest void in the NGH where z<0.14.^[4]
KBC Void			600 Mpc	Void containing the Milky Way and Local Group ^[5]

^[6]^[7]

Voids designated by their constellation

Name	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
Boötes Void (Great Void)	14^h 20^m26°	150 Mpc	100 Mpc	The Hercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from the Boötes Void.^[2] The Hercules Supercluster thus forms part of the near edge of the Boötes Void.^[8]
Canis Major Void
Columba Void
Coma Void				Discovered in 1975, along with the Coma Supercluster, it lies in front of the Coma Cluster.^[9] It was the first void to be discovered and is approximately 1/3 as far away as the much larger Boötes Void.^[10]
Corona Borealis Void
Eridanus Void				This void is separated from the Sculptor void by a sheet of galaxies.^[11]
Eridanus Supervoid (Great Void)	03^h 15^m 05^s−19° 35′ 02″	z=1	150 Mpc	The claimed Eridanus Supervoid or "Great Void", reported on 24 August 2007 by the NRAO from Very Large Array Sky Survey data.^[12] This void, if real, would be much larger than the others listed here (except the Giant Void), about 300 h⁻¹ Mpc in diameter and 1800–3000 h⁻¹ Mpc distant (where h is the dimensionless Hubble parameter). It would be associated with (and be the explanation of) a cold spot in the cosmic microwave background at the sky location. The evidence for such a "Great Void" is disputed by Smith and Huterer.^[13] They showed that the claims made of observational evidence for such a void from survey data neglected systematic effects and did not account for a posteriori choices made in analyzing data.
Southern Eridanus Void				The Southern Eridanus void is connected to the Eridanus void by a hole in the distribution of galaxies separating the two. A hole in the distribution of galaxies separating Sculptor and Southern Eridanus voids the size of (redshift) 1250 km/s appears to exist.^[11]
Fornax Void
Hercules Void	15.5^h+30°	cz=7000 km/s	3100 km/s	^[14] Discovered in 1979^[8]^[15]
Hydra Void				The Hydra Void lies beyond the Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster ^[16]
Leo Void	11^h 30^m0°	cz=4000 km/s		^[16]
Microscopium Void				A hole in the distribution of galaxies separating Sculptor and Microscopium voids the size of (redshift) 1250 km/s appears to exist. This is roughly 1/2 of Microscopium's diameter.^[11]
Ophiuchus Void	near 17^h−25°	< 5000 km/s (the outer limit)	perhaps 0–5000 km/s	25% of average universe density is the void density of matter. The far end of this void is defined by the Ophiuchus Supercluster.^[17]
Pegasus Void	22^h+15°	cz=5500 km/s	40 Mpc	^[18] The Perseus–Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.^[2]
Perseus–Pisces Void	1^h+10°	cz=8000 km/s	3000 km/s	Discovered in 1980,^[15] it is also called the Perseus Void
Sagittarius Void
Sculptor Void	23^h 48^m−24° 39′		34.8 Mpc/h	Corresponds to SRSS1 Void 3 and SRSS2 Void 5^[19] This void is separated from the Eridanus Void by a sheet of galaxies. A hole in the distribution of galaxies separating Sculptor and Southern Eridanus Voids the size of 1250 km/s appears to exist.^[11] The Sculptor Void lies next to the Southern Wall or Southern Great Wall.
Taurus Void			30 Mpc	The Taurus Void appears large and circular, and has walls of galaxies surrounding it. It lies next to the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, and is the most visually identifiable. Several galaxies have been found to reside in the void, such as UGC 2627 and UGC 2629, both approximately 185 million light years away.^[20]
^[6]^[7]

Other voids

Designation	Location	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Dimensions	Notes
Bahcall & Soneira 1982 void	z = 0.03 – 0.08				150 h⁻¹ Mpc deep 300 h⁻¹ Mpc wide 60 h⁻¹ Mpc tall	^[21] This suspected void ranged 100 degrees across the sky, and has shown up on other surveys as several separate voids.

Voids by search or survey

Tully list

In 1985, Tully determined a local dominant supercluster plane, and found the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex.^[22]

#	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
#	Coordinates	(h⁻¹ Mpc)		Notes
1	17.0^h80°	90	140
2	21.0^h−7°	100	136
3	8.6^h+13°	150	150
4	21.5^h+5°	170	173
5	14.3^h+52°	180	158	Boötes Void
6	23.0^h−16°	190	171
7	12.8^h+14°	190	174
8	10.0^h+35°	250	170
9	2.6^h−11°	280	229
10	8.7^h+58°	310	243
11	16.8^h+5°	310	270

B&B Abell-derived list

In a 1985 study of Abell clusters, 29 voids were determined, in the sphere z<0.1 around Earth.^[23]

#	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
#	Coordinates	(h⁻¹ Mpc)		Notes
1	0.0^h+20°	293	100
2	0.3^h0°	276	100
3	0.7^h+10°	284	100
4	2.0^h−13°	275	150
5	8.0^h+60°	300	100
6	9.0^h+18°	220	100
7	9.0^h+67°	180	120
8	9.2^h+26°	137	140
9	9.5^h+45°	262	200
10	9.8^h0°	285	110
11	9.8^h+35°	219	110
12	10.8^h−10°	293	120
13	12.0^h+14°	206	110
14	12.3^h0°	276	100
15	12.4^h−12°	272	150
16	12.5^h+32°	237	100
17	12.9^h+64°	105	110
18	13.6^h+35°	154	200	Boötes Void
19	13.8^h+20°	297	110
20	14.2^h−4°	265	210
21	14.7^h+70°	283	160
22	15.2^h+42°	286	140
23	16.0^h+7°	295	110
24	16.4^h+41°	291	130
25	16.5^h+59°	110	100
26	17.2^h+58°	237	100
27	22.2^h−2°	155	130
28	22.5^h5°	284	160
29	23.5^h−7°	203	120

SSRS1 list

A redshift survey of galaxies in the southern sky in 1988, out to a distance of 120 Mpc/h, revealed some voids.^[24]

#	Coordinates	Distance (V)	Dimensions W × H × D (h⁻¹ Mpc)	Constellation	Notes
1	1.5^h−50°	3000 km/s	30 × 30 × 40	Phoenix / Eridanus	Located just behind the galaxy concentration in Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado
2	21^h−25°	5000 km/s	30 × 30 × 30	Capricornus / Microscopium
3	23.5^h−35°	6000 km/s	70 × 30 × 50	Sculptor / Grus
4	4^h−40°	9000 km/s	50 × 100 × 50	Horologium / Eridanus

SSRS2 list

In 1994, a redshift survey in the southern sky identified 18 voids, 11 of which are major voids.^[19]

#	Coordinates	Distance (r)	Diameter (h⁻¹ Mpc)	Constellation	Notes
1	1^h 33^m−16° 45′	85.7	54.3	Cetus	major void
2	3^h 34^m−28° 50′	99.7	56.2	Fornax	major void SRSS1 Void 4
3	22^h 25^m−14° 46′	107.2	60.8	Aquarius	major void
4	21^h 43^m−14° 40′	66.7	35.6	Capricornus	major void
5	23^h 48^m−24° 39′	53.0	34.8	Aquarius / Sculptor	major void SRSS1 Void 3 (Sculptor Void)
6	3^h 56^m−20° 11′	56.5	32.0	Eridanus	major void
7	3^h 17^m−11° 40′	77.2	25.5	Eridanus	major void
8	23^h 20^m−12° 32′	83.9	27.8	Aquarius	major void
9	3^h 06^m−13° 47′	114.6	39.0	Eridanus	major void
10	0^h 26^m−9° 17′	104.7	34.8	Cetus	major void
11	0^h 21^m−29° 43′	112.8	42.9	Sculptor	major void
12	23^h 03^m−32° 35′	74.8	25.0	Piscis Austrinus / Sculptor
13	1^h 23^m−19° 36′	31.0	22.1	Cetus	SRSS1 Void 1
14	21^h 28^m−29° 28′	87.2	21.3	Piscis Austrinus / Microscopium
15	21^h 24^m−33° 17′	116.1	27.3	Microscopium
16	21^h 43^m−18° 41′	36.5	20.3	Capricornus
17	3^h 42^m−21° 21′	32.1	19.0	Eridanus
18	4^h 18^m−8° 42′	85.9	21.1	Eridanus

1994 EEDTA Whole Sky Survey

A 1994 census lists a total of 27 supervoids within a cube of 740 Mpc a side, centered on us (z=0.1 distant sphere).^[25]

#	Coordinates (B1950.0)	Distance (Mpc/h)	Diameter (Mpc/h) ^{[Note 1]}	Notes
1	19.0° −57.1°	134	88
2	28.2° −12.3°	207	96
3	34.8° −61.9°	216	72
4	36.6° −33.5°	241	86
5	37.8° −36.1°	129	92
6	46.0° −21.4°	236	72
7	62.0° −8.0°	248	100
8	71.2° −38.3°	201	76
9	121.7° −1.5°	96	112	Southern Local Supervoid
10	130.0° +49.3°	246	144
11	140.4° +10.5°	160	92
12	146.9° +27.4°	227	106
13	153.1° −11.4°	246	94
14	159.9° +1.2°	167	68
15	161.6° −32.2°	241	98
16	167.4° +22.8°	222	74
17	186.9° −15.6°	216	94
18	196.8° +9.5°	119	102
19	204.8° +35.7°	119	108
20	214.6° +13.6°	216	78	Boötes Void (Great Void)
21	216.7° +56.5°	143	116
22	219.8° +57.9°	246	96
23	220.2° +33.9°	219	72
24	256.1° −4.8°	61	104	Northern Local Supervoid
25	353.0° −59.4°	198	74
26	356.6° +22.2°	246	80
27	358.9° −33.1°	241	70

Galactic Anti-Center IRAS search

In a 1995 study of IRAS data looking for large-scale structure in the Galactic Anticenter in the Zone of Avoidance, four voids were discovered.^[26]

#	Coordinates (B1950.0)	Distance (km/s)	Dimensions	Notes
V0	5.2^h+18°	1000	96°×36°×2000 km/s
V1	3.5^h+18°	3750	15°×36°×3500 km/s	V1 and V2 are connected, and block the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster from traversing the Zone of Avoidance.
V2	3.5^h+29°	8000	25°×14°×2000 km/s	V1 and V2 are connected, and block the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster from traversing the Zone of Avoidance.
V3	8.0^h+10°	7000	30°×20°×2000 km/s	This void lies in front of the CfA2 Great Wall.

IRAS list

Analysis of the IRAS redshift survey in 1997 revealed 24 voids, 12 of which were termed "significant"^[27]

#	Supergalactic Coordinates (r,X,Y,Z)	Diameter (h⁻¹ Mpc)	Notes
1	(55.2,-10.4,-53.8,6.1)	51.0	significant void
2	(49.6,-25.3,31.4,-28.9)	43.8	significant void
3	(46.0,-24.8,26.7,28.1)	44.5	significant void
4	(46.5,8.7,24.7,38.4)	45.0	significant void (Local Void)
5	(32.0,-13.0,-23.9,-16.9)	36.0	significant void
6	(51.5,17.0,-32.2,36.4)	41.4	significant void
7	(57.1,31.2,44.9,16.5)	43.5	significant void
8	(60.4,-25.8,-22.7,-49.7)	39.5	significant void
9	(49.8,35.9,-25.6,-23.0)	36.0	significant void
10	(63.3,-48.0,-40.9,6.0)	33.6	significant void (Sculptor Void)
11	(48.6,11.8,46.6,-6.9)	32.0	significant void
12	(49.9,-15.6,-35.7,31.3)	31.5	significant void
13	(62.8,14.2,29.3,-53.7)	40.3
14	(19.0,0.7,-16.4,9.6)	28.8
15	(37.6,32.4,-17.0,8.6)	30.4	Perseus–Pisces Void

Notes

↑ This is the diameter of the largest sphere one can describe inside the void that contains no superclusters. Some voids have an elongated shape, so this diameter may underrepresent the size of some voids.

Related Research Articles

A supercluster is a large group of smaller galaxy clusters or galaxy groups; they are among the largest known structures in the universe. The Milky Way is part of the Local Group galaxy group, which in turn is part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is part of the Laniakea Supercluster. The large size and low density of superclusters means that they, unlike clusters, expand with the Hubble expansion. The number of superclusters in the observable universe is estimated to be 10 million.

The Virgo Supercluster or the Local Supercluster is a mass concentration of galaxies containing the Virgo Cluster and Local Group, which itself contains the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, as well as others. At least 100 galaxy groups and clusters are located within its diameter of 33 megaparsecs. The Virgo SC is one of about 10 million superclusters in the observable universe and is in the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament.

The observable universe is a ball-shaped region of the universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present time; the electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Initially, it was estimated that there may be 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. That number was reduced in 2021 to only several hundred billion based on data from New Horizons. Assuming the universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the observable universe is roughly the same in every direction. That is, the observable universe is a spherical region centered on the observer. Every location in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster</span> Closest neighboring galaxy supercluster

The Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster, or the Hydra and Centaurus Superclusters, is a supercluster in two parts, the closest neighbour of Virgo Supercluster. It is located about 39 Mpc (127 Mly) away.

The Las Campanas Redshift Survey is considered the first attempt to map a large area of the universe out to a redshift of z = 0.2. It was begun in 1991 using the Las Campanas telescope in Chile to catalog 26418 separate galaxies. It is considered one of the first surveys to document the so-called "end of greatness" where the Cosmological Principle of isotropy could be seen. Superclusters and voids are prominent features in the survey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sloan Great Wall</span> Cosmic structure formed by a galaxy filament

The Sloan Great Wall (SGW) is a cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies. Its discovery was announced from Princeton University on October 20, 2003, by J. Richard Gott III, Mario Jurić, and their colleagues, based on data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

The Pavo–Indus Supercluster is a neighboring supercluster located about 60–70 Mpc (196–228 Mly) away in the constellations of Pavo, Indus, and Telescopium. The supercluster contains three main clusters, Abell 3656, Abell 3698, and Abell 3742.

In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of 'walls' of gravitationally bound galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can reach 80 megaparsecs h⁻¹ and form the boundaries between voids. Galaxy filaments form the cosmic web and define the overall structure of the observable universe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hercules Superclusters</span> Superclusters in the constellation Hercules

The Hercules Superclusters refers to a set of two nearby superclusters of galaxies.

The Huge Large Quasar Group, is a possible structure or pseudo-structure of 73 quasars, referred to as a large quasar group, that measures about 4 billion light-years across. At its discovery, it was identified as the largest and the most massive known structure in the observable universe, though it has been superseded by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall at 10 billion light-years. There are also issues about its structure.

Cosmic voids are vast spaces between filaments, which contain very few or no galaxies. The cosmological evolution of the void regions differs drastically from the evolution of the Universe as a whole: there is a long stage when the curvature term dominates, which prevents the formation of galaxy clusters and massive galaxies. Hence, although even the emptiest regions of voids contain more than ~15% of the average matter density of the Universe, the voids look almost empty to an observer. Voids typically have a diameter of 10 to 100 megaparsecs ; particularly large voids, defined by the absence of rich superclusters, are sometimes called supervoids. They were first discovered in 1978 in a pioneering study by Stephen Gregory and Laird A. Thompson at the Kitt Peak National Observatory.

Abell 2162 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue located in the constellation Corona Borealis. It is a member of the Hercules Superclusters, the redshifts of the member galaxies of which lie between 0.0304 and 0.0414. The cluster hosts a massive Type-cD galaxy called NGC 6086.

The Taurus Void is a vast, near-empty region of space situated between the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster and the Virgo Supercluster. The Taurus void is unique because of its relatively close proximity to Earth, and because it helps to define the edge of latter's home supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster. Despite its close proximity to Earth, the Taurus Void is not well-studied because it is partially obscured by the Milky Way when viewed from Earth. In contrast to its ambiguous boundary in the section of sky obscured by the Milky Way, the Taurus Void has a very well-defined boundary with the Perseus-Pisces supercluster.

The KBC Void is an immense, comparatively empty region of space, named after astronomers Ryan Keenan, Amy Barger, and Lennox Cowie, who studied it in 2013. The existence of a local underdensity has been the subject of many pieces of literature and research articles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Supercluster</span> Closest neighboring galaxy supercluster

The Southern Supercluster is a nearby supercluster located around 19.5 Mpc (63.6 Mly) in the constellations of Cetus, Fornax, Eridanus, Horologium, and Dorado. It was first identified in 1953 by Gérard de Vaucouleurs.

The NGC 4065 Group is a group of galaxies located about 330 Mly (100 Mpc) in the constellation Coma Berenices. The group's brightest member is NGC 4065 and located in the Coma Supercluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Draco Supercluster</span> Galaxy supercluster in the constellation Draco

Draco Supercluster (SCL 114) is a galaxy supercluster in the constellation Draco. It is located at a distance of 300 Mpc h⁻¹ on a side of a void of diameter of about 130 Mpc h⁻¹. The near side of the void is bordered by the Ursa Major supercluster. The estimated size of the supercluster reaches 410 million light years and a mass of 10¹⁷ M_☉, making it one of the largest and most massive superclusters known in the observable universe.

References

↑ Nakanishi, Kouichiro; et al. (October 1997). "Search and Redshift Survey for IRAS Galaxies behind the Milky Way and Structure of the Local Void". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 112 (2): 245–270. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..245N. doi: 10.1086/313039 .
1 2 3 4 5 Einasto, Jaan; Einasto, Maret; Gramann, Mirt (May 1989). "Structure and formation of superclusters – IX - Self-similarity of voids". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 238: 155–177. Bibcode:1989MNRAS.238..155E. doi: 10.1093/mnras/238.1.155 .
↑ "The Northern Cone of Metagalaxy" (Kopylov et al. 1988)
↑ Kopylov, A. I.; Kopylova, F. G. (February 2002). "Search for streaming motion of galaxy clusters around the Giant Void" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics . 382 (2): 389–396. Bibcode:2002A&A...382..389K. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011500 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2018.
↑ Keenan, Ryan C.; Barger, Amy J.; Cowie, Lennox L. (20 September 2013). "Evidence for a ~300 Mpc Scale Under-density in the Local Galaxy Distribution". The Astrophysical Journal . 775 (1): 62. arXiv: 1304.2884 . Bibcode:2013ApJ...775...62K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/62. S2CID 118433293.
1 2 SIMBAD, "list of objects in '*void' wildcard search" (accessed 15 September 2009)
1 2 SIMBAD, "list of objects of type 'vid'" (accessed 15 September 2009)
1 2 Freudling, Wolfram; Martel, Hugo; Haynes, Martha P. (20 August 1991). "The Peculiar Velocity Field in the Hercules Region". The Astrophysical Journal . 377: 349–364. Bibcode:1991ApJ...377..349F. doi:10.1086/170366.
↑ Rood, Herbert J. (September 1988). "Supplemental Topics on Voids". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 (631): 1071–1075. Bibcode:1988PASP..100.1071R. doi: 10.1086/132272 . JSTOR 40679326.
↑ Gregory, Stephen A. (November 1988). "VII. Redshift Surveys of Emission-Line Galaxies". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 (633): 1340–1342. Bibcode:1988PASP..100.1340G. doi: 10.1086/132330 . JSTOR 40679225.
1 2 3 4 Maurellis, A.; Fairall, Anthony P.; Matravers, David R.; Ellis, George F. R. (March 1990). "A two-dimensional sheet of galaxies between two southern voids". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 229: 75–79. Bibcode:1990A&A...229...75M.
↑ "Astronomers Find Enormous Hole in the Universe" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017.
↑ Smith, Kendrick M.; Huterer, Dragan (8 March 2010). "No evidence for the cold spot in the NVSS radio survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 403 (1): 2–8. arXiv: 0805.2751 . Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403....2S. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15732.x .
↑ Freudling, Wolfram (September 1989). "An Upper Limit on Streaming Motion Around the Hercules Void". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 21: 1140. Bibcode:1989BAAS...21.1140F.
1 2 Krumm, Nathan Allyn; Brosch, Noah (October 1984). "Neutral Hydrogen in Cosmic Voids". The Astronomical Journal . 89 (10): 1461–1463. Bibcode:1984AJ.....89.1461K. doi: 10.1086/113647 .
1 2 Willmer, Christopher N. A.; da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci; Pellegrini, Paulo S.; Fairall, Anthony Patrick; Latham, David W.; Freudling, Wolfram (January 1995). "The Hydra–Centaurus region and the nearby universe". The Astronomical Journal . 109 (1669): 61–72. Bibcode:1995AJ....109...61W. doi: 10.1086/117256 .
↑ Hasegawa, Takashi; et al. (August 2000). "Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 316 (2): 326–344. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.316..326H. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x .
↑ Pustilnik, Simon A.; et al. (April 2006). "HS 2134+0400—a new very metal-poor galaxy, a representative of the void population?". Astronomy Letters . 32 (4): 228–235. arXiv: astro-ph/0508255 . Bibcode:2006AstL...32..228P. doi:10.1134/S1063773706040025. S2CID 6215394.
1 2 El-Ad, Hagai; Piran, Tsvi (20 December 1997). "Voids in the Large-Scale Structure". The Astrophysical Journal . 491 (2): 421–435. arXiv: astro-ph/9702135 . Bibcode:1997ApJ...491..421E. doi: 10.1086/304973 .
↑ NASA, "Cosmic Distance Scale"
↑ Bahcall, Neta A.; Soneira, Raymond M. (15 November 1982). "A ~ 300 MPC Void of Rich Clusters of Galaxies?". The Astrophysical Journal . 262: 419–423. Bibcode:1982ApJ...262..419B. doi: 10.1086/160436 .
↑ Tully, R. Brent (1 April 1986). "Alignment of Clusters and Galaxies on Scales Up To 0.1c". The Astrophysical Journal . 303: 25–38. Bibcode:1986ApJ...303...25T. doi:10.1086/164049.
↑ Batuskivol, David J.; Burns, Jack O. (August 1985). "Finding Lists of Candidate Superclusters and Voids of Abell Clusters". The Astronomical Journal . 90 (8): 1413–1424. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1413B. doi: 10.1086/113849 .
↑ da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci; et al. (15 April 1988). "The Southern Sky Redshift Survey". The Astrophysical Journal . 327: 544–560. Bibcode:1988ApJ...327..544D. doi: 10.1086/166215 .
↑ Einasto, Maret; Einasto, Jaan; Tago, Erik; Dalton, Gavin B.; Andernach, Heinz (15 July 1994). "The Structure of the Universe Traced by Rich Clusters of Galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 269 (2): 301–322. Bibcode:1994MNRAS.269..301E. doi: 10.1093/mnras/269.2.301 .
↑ Lu, Nanyao Y.; Freudling, Wolfram (20 August 1995). "Large-Scale Structures in the Zone of Avoidance: The Galactic Anticenter Region". The Astrophysical Journal . 449: 527–549. Bibcode:1995ApJ...449..527L. doi: 10.1086/176077 .
↑ El-Ad, Hagai; Piran, Tsvi; da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci (June 1997). "A catalogue of the voids in the IRAS 1.2-Jy survey" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 287 (4): 790–798. arXiv: astro-ph/9608022 . Bibcode:1997MNRAS.287..790E. doi:10.1093/mnras/287.4.790. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2020.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[26] This is the diameter of the largest sphere one can describe inside the void that contains no superclusters. Some voids have an elongated shape, so this diameter may underrepresent the size of some voids.

[1] Nakanishi, Kouichiro; et al. (October 1997). "Search and Redshift Survey for IRAS Galaxies behind the Milky Way and Structure of the Local Void". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 112 (2): 245–270. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..245N. doi: 10.1086/313039 .

[EEG1989-2] 1 2 3 4 5 Einasto, Jaan; Einasto, Maret; Gramann, Mirt (May 1989). "Structure and formation of superclusters – IX - Self-similarity of voids". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 238: 155–177. Bibcode:1989MNRAS.238..155E. doi: 10.1093/mnras/238.1.155 .

[3] "The Northern Cone of Metagalaxy" (Kopylov et al. 1988)

[4] Kopylov, A. I.; Kopylova, F. G. (February 2002). "Search for streaming motion of galaxy clusters around the Giant Void" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics . 382 (2): 389–396. Bibcode:2002A&A...382..389K. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011500 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2018.

[kbc-5] Keenan, Ryan C.; Barger, Amy J.; Cowie, Lennox L. (20 September 2013). "Evidence for a ~300 Mpc Scale Under-density in the Local Galaxy Distribution". The Astrophysical Journal . 775 (1): 62. arXiv: 1304.2884 . Bibcode:2013ApJ...775...62K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/62. S2CID 118433293.

[autogenerated1-6] 1 2 SIMBAD, "list of objects in '*void' wildcard search" (accessed 15 September 2009)

[autogenerated3-7] 1 2 SIMBAD, "list of objects of type 'vid'" (accessed 15 September 2009)

[PeculiarHercules-8] 1 2 Freudling, Wolfram; Martel, Hugo; Haynes, Martha P. (20 August 1991). "The Peculiar Velocity Field in the Hercules Region". The Astrophysical Journal . 377: 349–364. Bibcode:1991ApJ...377..349F. doi:10.1086/170366.

[9] Rood, Herbert J. (September 1988). "Supplemental Topics on Voids". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 (631): 1071–1075. Bibcode:1988PASP..100.1071R. doi: 10.1086/132272 . JSTOR 40679326.

[10] Gregory, Stephen A. (November 1988). "VII. Redshift Surveys of Emission-Line Galaxies". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 (633): 1340–1342. Bibcode:1988PASP..100.1340G. doi: 10.1086/132330 . JSTOR 40679225.

[AA-229-1-11] 1 2 3 4 Maurellis, A.; Fairall, Anthony P.; Matravers, David R.; Ellis, George F. R. (March 1990). "A two-dimensional sheet of galaxies between two southern voids". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 229: 75–79. Bibcode:1990A&A...229...75M.

[12] "Astronomers Find Enormous Hole in the Universe" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017.

[13] Smith, Kendrick M.; Huterer, Dragan (8 March 2010). "No evidence for the cold spot in the NVSS radio survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 403 (1): 2–8. arXiv: 0805.2751 . Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403....2S. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15732.x .

[14] Freudling, Wolfram (September 1989). "An Upper Limit on Streaming Motion Around the Hercules Void". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 21: 1140. Bibcode:1989BAAS...21.1140F.

[KB1984AJ-15] 1 2 Krumm, Nathan Allyn; Brosch, Noah (October 1984). "Neutral Hydrogen in Cosmic Voids". The Astronomical Journal . 89 (10): 1461–1463. Bibcode:1984AJ.....89.1461K. doi: 10.1086/113647 .

[HydCen95-16] 1 2 Willmer, Christopher N. A.; da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci; Pellegrini, Paulo S.; Fairall, Anthony Patrick; Latham, David W.; Freudling, Wolfram (January 1995). "The Hydra–Centaurus region and the nearby universe". The Astronomical Journal . 109 (1669): 61–72. Bibcode:1995AJ....109...61W. doi: 10.1086/117256 .

[17] Hasegawa, Takashi; et al. (August 2000). "Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 316 (2): 326–344. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.316..326H. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x .

[18] Pustilnik, Simon A.; et al. (April 2006). "HS 2134+0400—a new very metal-poor galaxy, a representative of the void population?". Astronomy Letters . 32 (4): 228–235. arXiv: astro-ph/0508255 . Bibcode:2006AstL...32..228P. doi:10.1134/S1063773706040025. S2CID 6215394.

[autogenerated2-19] 1 2 El-Ad, Hagai; Piran, Tsvi (20 December 1997). "Voids in the Large-Scale Structure". The Astrophysical Journal . 491 (2): 421–435. arXiv: astro-ph/9702135 . Bibcode:1997ApJ...491..421E. doi: 10.1086/304973 .

[20] NASA, "Cosmic Distance Scale"

[21] Bahcall, Neta A.; Soneira, Raymond M. (15 November 1982). "A ~ 300 MPC Void of Rich Clusters of Galaxies?". The Astrophysical Journal . 262: 419–423. Bibcode:1982ApJ...262..419B. doi: 10.1086/160436 .

[22] Tully, R. Brent (1 April 1986). "Alignment of Clusters and Galaxies on Scales Up To 0.1c". The Astrophysical Journal . 303: 25–38. Bibcode:1986ApJ...303...25T. doi:10.1086/164049.

[23] Batuskivol, David J.; Burns, Jack O. (August 1985). "Finding Lists of Candidate Superclusters and Voids of Abell Clusters". The Astronomical Journal . 90 (8): 1413–1424. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1413B. doi: 10.1086/113849 .

[24] Costa, Luiz Nicolaci; et al. (15 April 1988). "The Southern Sky Redshift Survey". The Astrophysical Journal . 327: 544–560. Bibcode:1988ApJ...327..544D. doi: 10.1086/166215 .

[25] Einasto, Maret; Einasto, Jaan; Tago, Erik; Dalton, Gavin B.; Andernach, Heinz (15 July 1994). "The Structure of the Universe Traced by Rich Clusters of Galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 269 (2): 301–322. Bibcode:1994MNRAS.269..301E. doi: 10.1093/mnras/269.2.301 .

[27] Lu, Nanyao Y.; Freudling, Wolfram (20 August 1995). "Large-Scale Structures in the Zone of Avoidance: The Galactic Anticenter Region". The Astrophysical Journal . 449: 527–549. Bibcode:1995ApJ...449..527L. doi: 10.1086/176077 .

[28] El-Ad, Hagai; Piran, Tsvi; da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci (June 1997). "A catalogue of the voids in the IRAS 1.2-Jy survey" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 287 (4): 790–798. arXiv: astro-ph/9608022 . Bibcode:1997MNRAS.287..790E. doi:10.1093/mnras/287.4.790. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[Note 1]

[26]

[27]

v t e Galaxies
Morphology	Disc Lenticular barred unbarred Spiral anemic barred flocculent grand design intermediate Magellanic unbarred Dwarf galaxy elliptical irregular spheroidal spiral Elliptical galaxy cD Irregular barred Peculiar Ring Polar
Structure	Active galactic nucleus Bar Bulge Central massive object Galactic Center Dark matter halo Disc Disc galaxy Halo corona Galactic plane Galactic ridge Interstellar medium Protogalaxy Galaxy filament Spiral arm Supermassive black hole Ultramassive
Active nuclei	Blazar LINER Markarian Quasar BL Lacertae object Radio X-shaped DRAGN Relativistic jet Seyfert
Energetic galaxies	Lyman-alpha emitter Lyman-break Luminous infrared ULIRG HLIRG ELIRG Starburst blue compact dwarf pea faint blue Luminous infrared galaxy Hot dust-obscured Green bean galaxy Hanny's Voorwerp Wolf-Rayet galaxy
Low activity	Low surface brightness Ultra diffuse Dark galaxy Red nugget Blue Nugget Dead disk
Interaction	Field Galactic tide Groups and clusters group cluster Brightest cluster galaxy fossil group Interacting merger collision cannibalism Jellyfish Satellite Stellar stream Superclusters Walls Voids and supervoids void galaxy
Lists	Galaxies Galaxies named after people Largest Nearest Polar-ring Ring Spiral Groups and clusters Large quasar groups Quasars List of the most distant astronomical objects Starburst galaxies Superclusters Voids
See also	Extragalactic astronomy Galactic astronomy Galactic coordinate system Galactic empire Galactic habitable zone Galactic magnetic fields Galactic orientation Galactic quadrant Galaxy color–magnitude diagram Galaxy formation and evolution Galaxy rotation curve Gravitational lens Gravitational microlensing Illustris project Intergalactic dust Intergalactic stars Intergalactic travel Population III stars Galaxy X (galaxy)
Category Portal