List of largest cosmic structures

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Galaxy filaments form massive, thread-like structures on the order of millions of light-years. Computer simulation. Large-scale structure of light distribution in the universe.jpg
Galaxy filaments form massive, thread-like structures on the order of millions of light-years. Computer simulation.

This is a list of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered. The unit of measurement used is the light-year (distance traveled by light in one Julian year; approximately 9.46 trillion kilometres).

Contents

This list includes superclusters, galaxy filaments and large quasar groups (LQGs). The structures are listed based on their longest dimension.

This list refers only to coupling of matter with defined limits, and not the coupling of matter in general (such as, for example, the cosmic microwave background, which fills the entire universe). All structures in this list are defined as to whether their presiding limits have been identified.

There are some reasons to be cautious about this list:

List of largest structures

List of the largest cosmic structures
Structure name
(year discovered)		Maximum dimension
(in light-years)		Notes
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (2014) [1] 9,700,000,000–10,000,000,000 [2] [3] [4] Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping. Existence as a structure is disputed. [5] [6] [7]
Giant GRB Ring (2015) [8] 5,600,000,000 [8] Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping. Largest-known regular formation in the observable universe. [8]
Huge-LQG (2012–2013)4,000,000,000 [9] [10] [11] Decoupling of 73 quasars. Largest-known large quasar group and the first structure found to exceed 3 billion light-years.
"The Giant Arc" (2021)3,300,000,000 [12] Located 9.2 billion light years away.
U1.11 LQG (2011)2,500,000,000Involves 38 quasars. Adjacent to the Clowes-Campusano LQG.
Clowes–Campusano LQG (1991)2,000,000,000Grouping of 34 quasars. Discovered by Roger Clowes and Luis Campusano.
Sloan Great Wall (2003)1,380,000,000Discovered through the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
South Pole Wall (2020)1,370,000,000 [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] The largest contiguous feature in the local volume and comparable to the Sloan Great Wall (see above) at half the distance. It is located at the celestial South Pole.
King Ghidorah Supercluster (2022)1,300,000,000 [19] Consists of at least 15 clusters plus other interconnected filaments. It is the most massive galaxy supercluster discovered so far. [19]
Big Ring (2024)1,300,000,000Made up of galaxy clusters.
(Theoretical limit)1,200,000,000Structures larger than this size are incompatible with the cosmological principle according to all estimates. However, whether the existence of these structures itself constitutes a refutation of the cosmological principle is still unclear. [20]
Ho'oleilana Bubble (2023)1,000,000,000Contains about 56,000 galaxies, located 820 million light years away.
BOSS Great Wall (BGW) (2016)1,000,000,000Structure consisting of 4 superclusters of galaxies. The mass and volume exceeds the amount of the Sloan Great Wall. [21]
Perseus–Pegasus Filament (1985)1,000,000,000This galaxy filament contains the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster.
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex (1987)1,000,000,000Contains the Milky Way, and is the first galaxy filament to be discovered. (The first LQG was found earlier in 1982.) A new report in 2014 confirms the Milky Way as a member of the Laniakea Supercluster.
CfA2 Great Wall (1989)750,000,000Also known as the Coma Wall.
Saraswati Supercluster 652,000,000 [22] The Saraswati Supercluster consists of 43 massive galaxy clusters, which include Abell 2361 and ZWCl 2341.1+0000.
Boötes Supercluster620,000,000
Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster (2005)550,000,000Also known as the Horologium Supercluster.
Laniakea Supercluster (2014)520,000,000Galaxy supercluster in which Earth is located.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11 500,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Hyperion proto-supercluster (2018)489,000,000The largest and earliest known proto– supercluster.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12 480,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Newman LQG (U1.54)450,000,000Discovered Peter R Newman [25] et al.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5 430,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Tesch–Engels LQG 420,000,000
Shapley Supercluster 400,000,000First identified by Harlow Shapley as a cloud of galaxies in 1930, it was not identified as a structure until 1989.
Komberg–Kravstov–Lukash LQG 3 390,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
U1.90380,000,000
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament (LUM Filament)370,000,000
Sculptor Wall 370,000,000Also known as the Southern Great Wall.
Einasto Supercluster360,000,000 [26]
Pisces-Cetus Supercluster 350,000,000
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2 350,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-4423330,000,000
Webster LQG 320,000,000First LQG (Large Quasar Group) discovered. [24] [27]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8 310,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1 280,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6 260,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7 250,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
SCL @ 1338+27 228,314,341One of the most distant known superclusters.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9 200,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
SSA22 Protocluster 200,000,000Giant collection of Lyman-alpha blobs.
Ursa Major Supercluster200,000,000
Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10 180,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash. [23] [24]
Virgo Supercluster 110,000,000A part of the Laniakea Supercluster (see above). It also contains the Milky Way Galaxy, which contains the Solar System where Earth orbits the Sun.
Listed here for reference.

List of largest voids

Voids are immense spaces between galaxy filaments and other large-scale structures. Technically they are not structures. They are vast spaces which contain very few or no galaxies. They are theorized to be caused by quantum fluctuations during the early formation of the universe.

A list of the largest voids so far discovered is below. Each is ranked according to its longest dimension.

List of the largest voids
Void name/designationMaximum dimension
(in light-years)		Notes
LOWZ North 13788 void2,953,000,000One of largest known voids, containing 109,066 known galaxies. [28]
KBC Void 2,000,000,000Proposed void containing the Milky Way galaxy and Local Group as an explanation for the discrepancy in the Hubble constant. Existence is still disputed. [29] [30]
LOWZ North 4739 void1,846,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 16634 void1,671,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 11627 void1,663,000,000 [28]
LOWZ South 4653 void1,610,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 13222 void1,515,000,000 [28]
Giant Void 1,300,000,000Also known as Canes Venatici Supervoid
LOWZ North 14348 void1,277,000,000 [28]
LOWZ South 5589 void1,110,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 13721 void1,095,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 11918 void998,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 5692 void984,000,000 [28]
Bahcall & Soneiro 1982 void978,000,000This suspected void ranged 100 degrees across the sky, and has shown up on other surveys as several separate voids. [31]
LOWZ North 11446 void944,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 15734 void938,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 16394 void934,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 8541 void917,000,000 [28]
LOWZ South 4775 void899,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 12092 void891,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 3294 void887,000,000 [28]
Tully-11 void880,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
CMASS South 7225 void865,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 14775 void848,000,000 [28]
LOWZ South 6334 void846,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 10254 void843,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 13568 void841,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 11954 void827,000,000 [28]
LOWZ North 3404 void812,000,000 [28]
LOWZ South 3713 void805,000,000 [28]
LOWZ South 4325 void804,000,000 [28]
CMASS South 5582 void796,000,000 [28]
Tully-10 void792,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
LOWZ North 6177 void789,000,000 [28]
Tully-9 void746,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-20 void684,000,000
B&B Abell-9 void652,000,000
Tully-7 void567,240,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-4 void564,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-6 void557,460,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-8 void554,200,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-21 void521,600,000
B&B Abell-28 void521,600,000
Eridanus Supervoid 489,000,000
(most likely value)		A recent analysis of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in 2007 has found an irregularity of the temperature fluctuation of the cosmic microwave background within the vicinity of the constellation Eridanus with analysis found to be 70 microkelvins cooler than the average CMB temperature. One speculation is that a void could cause the cold spot, with the possible size on the left. However, it may be as large as 1 billion light-years, close to the size of the Giant Void.
B&B Abell-4 void 489,000,000
B&B Abell-15 void 489,000,000
Tully-3 void 489,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
1994EEDTAWSS-10 void 469,440,000
Tully-1 void 456,400,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-8 void 456,000,000
B&B Abell-22 void 456,000,000
Tully-2 void 443,360,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-24 void 423,800,000
B&B Abell-27 void 423,800,000
CMASS North 4407 void 414,000,000 [28]
B&B Abell-7 void 391,200,000
B&B Abell-12 void 391,200,000
B&B Abell-29 void 391,200,000
1994EEDTAWSS-21 void 378,160,000
Southern Local Supervoid 365,120,000
B&B Abell-10 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-11 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-13 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-17 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-19 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-23 void 358,600,000
CMASS North 11496 void 342,000,000 [28]
1994EEDTAWSS-19 void 342,100,000
Northern Local Supervoid 339,000,000 Virgo Supercluster, Coma Supercluster, Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, Ursa Major-Lynx Supercluster, Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster, Sculptor Supercluster, Pavo–Corona Australes Supercluster form a sheet between the Northern Local Supervoid and the Southern Local Supervoid. The Hercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from the Boötes Void. The Perseus-Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void. [32]
Boötes Void 330,000,000Also known as The Giant Nothing
1994EEDTAWSS-12 void 328,000,000
CMASS North 15935 void 252,000,000 [28]
SSRS1 4 void 217,000,000
GACIRASS V0 void 215,000,000
CMASS North 60 void 210,000,000 [28]
SSRS2 3 void 198,000,000
Local Void 195,000,000The nearest void to the Milky Way.
SSRS2 1 void 177,000,000
IRAS 1 void 166,000,000
Sculptor void 163,000,000
IRAS 3 void 145,000,000
IRAS 2 void 142,000,000
IRAS 7 void 141,000,000
SSRS2 11 void 139,000,000
IRAS 6 void 135,000,000
IRAS 13 void 131,000,000
Pegasus Void130,000,000 [33] The Perseus–Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void. [32]
IRAS 8 void 128,000,000
SSRS2 9 void 127,000,000
IRAS 9 void 117,000,000
IRAS 5 void 117,000,000
SSRS2 4 void 116,000,000
SSRS2 10 void 113,000,000
SSRS1 1 void 108,000,000Located just behind the galaxy concentration Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado.
IRAS 11 void 104,000,000
SSRS2 6 void 104,000,000
CMASS North 10020 void 104,000,000 [28]
IRAS 12 void 102,000,000
Perseus-Pisces void 99,000,000
SSRS1 2 void 97,000,000
IRAS 14 void 93,000,000
SSRS2 8 void 90,000,000
SSRS2 15 void 89,000,000
GACIRASS V1 void 83,000,000
SSRS2 7 void 83,000,000
SSRS2 12 void 81,000,000
GACIRASS V3 void 81,000,000
SSRS2 14 void 69,000,000
SSRS2 18 void 68,000,000
SSRS2 16 void 66,000,000
GACIRASS V2 void 63,000,000
SSRS2 17 void 61,000,000

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virgo Supercluster</span> Galactic supercluster containing the Virgo Cluster

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sloan Great Wall</span> Cosmic structure formed by a galaxy filament

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavo–Indus Supercluster</span> Neighboring supercluster in the constellations Pavo, Indus and Telescopium

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galaxy filament</span> Largest structures in the universe, made of galaxies

In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can commonly reach 50/h to 80/h Megaparsecs — with the largest found to date being the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall at around 3 gigaparsecs (9.8 Gly) in length — and form the boundaries between voids. Due to the accelerating expansion of the universe, the individual clusters of gravitationally bound galaxies that make up galaxy filaments are moving away from each other at an accelerated rate; in the far future they will dissolve.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Local Sheet</span> Nearby extragalactic region of space

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huge-LQG</span> Possible astronomical structure

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall</span> Largest known structure in the observable universe

The Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (HCB) or simply the Great Wall is a galaxy filament that is the largest known structure in the observable universe, measuring approximately 10 billion light-years in length. This massive superstructure is a region of the sky seen in the data set mapping of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) that has been found to have a concentration of similarly distanced GRBs that is unusually higher than the expected average distribution. It was discovered in early November 2013 by a team of American and Hungarian astronomers led by István Horváth, Jon Hakkila and Zsolt Bagoly while analyzing data from the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission, together with other data from ground-based telescopes. It is the largest known formation in the universe, exceeding the size of the prior Huge-LQG by about a factor of two.

U1.11 is a large quasar group located in the constellations of Leo and Virgo. It is one of the largest LQG's known, with the estimated maximum diameter of 780 Mpc and contains 38 quasars. It was discovered in 2011 during the course of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Until the discovery of the Huge-LQG in November 2012, it was the largest known structure in the universe, beating Clowes–Campusano LQG's 20-year record as largest known structure at the time of its discovery.

The KBC Void is an immense, comparatively empty region of space, named after astronomers Ryan Keenan, Amy Barger, and Lennox Cowie, who studied it in 2013. The existence of a local underdensity has been the subject of many pieces of literature and research articles.

The Giant GRB Ring is a ring of 9 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) that may be associated with one of the largest known cosmic structures. It was discovered in July 2015 by a team of Hungarian and American astronomers led by L.G. Balazs while analyzing data from different gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes, in particular the Swift Spacecraft.

References

  1. ↑ Horvath, Istvan; Bagoly, Zsolt; Hakkila, Jon; Tóth, L. Viktor (2014). "Anomalies in the GRB spatial distribution". Proceedings of Science: 78. arXiv: 1507.05528 . Bibcode:2014styd.confE..78H. doi: 10.22323/1.233.0078 .
  2. ↑ Horvath, Istvan; Hakkila, Jon; Bagoly, Zsolt (2014). "Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561: id.L12. arXiv: 1401.0533 . Bibcode:2014A&A...561L..12H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323020. S2CID   24224684.
  3. ↑ Horvath, I.; Hakkila, J.; Bagoly, Z. (2013). "The largest possible structure of the Universe, defined by Einstein in his Big Bang theory (1901)". 7th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, GRB 2013: Paper 33 in EConf Proceedings C1304143. 1311: 1104. arXiv: 1311.1104 . Bibcode:2013arXiv1311.1104H.
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  11. ↑ Clowes, Roger; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Söchting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013-01-11). "A structure in the early Universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1211 (4): 6256. arXiv: 1211.6256 . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.2910C. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497. S2CID   486490.
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  14. ↑ Pomerede, D.; et al. (January 2020). "The South Pole Wall". Harvard University . p. 453.01. Bibcode:2020AAS...23545301P.
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  16. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (10 July 2020). "Beyond the Milky Way, a Galactic Wall - Astronomers have discovered a vast assemblage of galaxies hidden behind our own, in the "zone of avoidance"". The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2020.
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  21. ↑ H.Lietzen; E.Tempel; L. J.Liivamägi (20 March 2016). "Discovery of a massive supercluster system at z ~ 0.47". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 588: L4. arXiv: 1602.08498 . Bibcode:2016A&A...588L...4L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628261. S2CID   56126854.
  22. ↑ "News | IUCAA". www.iucaa.in.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Komberg, Boris V.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Lukash, Vladimir N. (1996). "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 282 (3): 2090. arXiv: astro-ph/9602090 . Bibcode:1996MNRAS.282..713K. doi:10.1093/mnras/282.3.713. S2CID   14700144.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN   1-58381-065-X  ; Bibcode : 2001ASPC..232..108C
  25. ↑ Newman, Peter R (1999). Large groups of quasars in an ultraviolet-excess survey. University of Central Lancashire. doi:10.17030/uclan.thesis.00020658.
  26. ↑ Sankhyayan, Shishir; Okabe, Joydeep; Tempel, Elmo; More, Surhud; Einasto, Maret; Dabhade, Pratik; Raychaudhury, Somak; Athreya, Ramana; Heinämäki, Pekka (13 November 2023). "Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Using the WHL Cluster Catalog". The Astrophysical Journal. 958 (1): 62. arXiv: 2309.06251 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...958...62S. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acfaeb .
  27. ↑ Webster, Adrian (May 1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 199 (3): 683–705. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.199..683W. doi: 10.1093/mnras/199.3.683 .
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Mao, Qingqing; Berlind, Andreas A.; Scherrer, Robert J.; Neyrinck, Mark C.; Scoccimarro, Román; Tinker, Jeremy L.; McBride, Cameron K.; Schneider, Donald P.; Pan, Kaike; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor (2017). "A Cosmic Void Catalog of SDSS DR12 BOSS Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 835 (2): 161. arXiv: 1602.02771 . Bibcode:2017ApJ...835..161M. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/161 . S2CID   119098071.
  29. ↑ Kenworthy, W. D'Arcy; Scolnic, Dan; Riess, Adam (2019-04-24). "The Local Perspective on the Hubble Tension: Local Structure Does Not Impact Measurement of the Hubble Constant". The Astrophysical Journal. 875 (2): 145. arXiv: 1901.08681 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...875..145K. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0ebf . ISSN   1538-4357. S2CID   119095484.
  30. ↑ Haslbauer, Moritz; Banik, Indranil; Kroupa, Pavel (October 23, 2020). "The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict $\Lambda$CDM on a Gpc scale $-$ Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 2845–2883. arXiv: 2009.11292 . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.2845H. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2348.
  31. ↑ Bahcall, N. A.; Soneira, R. M. (1982) "An approximately 300 MPC void of rich clusters of galaxies" (PDF) Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 262, Nov. 15, 1982, p. 419-423. Bibcode : 1982ApJ...262..419B doi : 10.1086/160436
  32. 1 2 Einasto, Jaan; Einasto, Maret; Gramann, Mirt (1989) "Structure and formation of superclusters. IX - Self-similarity of voids" (PDF) Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711), vol. 238, May 1, 1989, p. 155-177. Bibcode : 1989MNRAS.238..155E
  33. ↑ S.A. Pustilnik (SAO), D. Engels (Hamburg), A.Y. Kniazev (ESO, SAO), A.G. Pramskij, A.V. Ugryumov (SAO), H.-J. Hagen (Hamburg) (2005) [ "HS 2134+0400 - new very metal-poor galaxy, a representative of void population?"] arXiv:astro-ph/0508255v1 Bibcode : 2006AstL...32..228P doi : 10.1134/S1063773706040025
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