List of largest nebulae

Last updated

NGC 604, one of largest nebulae (H II region) is located in the Triangulum Galaxy (viewed by the Hubble Space Telescope). Nursery of New Stars - GPN-2000-000972.jpg
NGC 604, one of largest nebulae (H II region) is located in the Triangulum Galaxy (viewed by the Hubble Space Telescope).

Below is a list of the largest known nebulae so far discovered, ordered by actual diameter. This list is prone to change because of inconsistencies between studies, the great distances of nebulae from our stellar neighborhood, and the constant refinement of technology and engineering.

Contents

Caveats

Nebulae have no standardized boundaries, so the measurements are subject to revision. Furthermore, scientists are still defining the features and parameters of nebulae. Because of these rapid developments and adjustments, this list may be unreliable.

List

List of the largest nebulae
ImageNebulaMaximum dimension
(in light-years/parsecs)		TypeNotes
SDSS NGC 262 sdss.org.jpg NGC 262 Halo Cloud1,300,000 ly (400,000 pc) [1] H I region Spiral nebula surrounding NGC 262, which is one of the largest known galaxies.
Leo Ring.jpg Leo Ring 650,000 ly (200,000 pc) [2] HVC A large ring of cold gas that formed from a collision of two galaxies. [3]
Tracing the origin of the Magellanic Stream.jpg Magellanic Stream 600,000 ly (180,000 pc) [4] complex of HVCs Connects the Large and Small Magellanic clouds; extends across 180° of the sky.
Lyman-alpha blob LAB-1.jpg Lyman-alpha blob 1 300,000 ly (92,000 pc) [5] LαB Largest blob in the LAB Giant Concentration [ citation needed ]
Pia17558.jpg Himiko Gas Cloud 55,000 ly (17,000 pc) [6] Intergalactic cloud
(possible LαB)		One of the most massive lyman-alpha blobs known
HVC 127-41-330 20,000 ly (6,100 pc) [7] HVC
Smith's Cloud - 2008 - Bill Saxton, NRAO, AUI, NSF.jpg Smith's Cloud 9,800 ly (3,000 pc) [8] HVC Extends about 20° of the sky
Tarantula Nebula by JWST.jpg Tarantula Nebula 1,895 ly (581 pc) [9] [lower-alpha 1] H II region Most active starburst region in the Local Group
Nursery of New Stars - GPN-2000-000972.jpg NGC 604 1,520 ly (470 pc) [10] [11] [lower-alpha 2] H II region Largest H II region located in the Triangulum Galaxy
ESO-N44-central region-LMC-phot-31b-03-fullres.jpg N44 1,000 ly (310 pc) [12] Emission nebula Contains a 250 light year wide superbubble that was probably formed from stellar winds. [13]
N11 (Hubble).jpg N11 1,000 ly (310 pc) [14] H II region N11 is the second largest star formation region in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy.
NGC2403-Subaru-HST-L.jpg NGC 2404 940 ly (290 pc) H II region Largest H II region located in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403
NGC 595 center HST.jpg NGC 595 880 ly (270 pc) [15] H II region Contains massive stars that have strong stellar winds.
NGC 6822 Bubble and Ring nebulae.jpg Ring Nebula (NGC 6822) 838 ly (257 pc) H II region The Ring Nebula is located in the lower right of the image
Finkbeiner H-alpha Gum Nebula.jpg Gum Nebula 809–950 ly (248–291 pc) [16] [17] Emission nebula Extends about 36° of the sky
NGC 6822 Bubble and Ring nebulae.jpg Bubble Nebula (NGC 6822) 758 ly (232 pc) [18] [19] [20] H II region The Bubble Nebula is located in the upper left of the image
Rgb-ngc6193.jpg NGC 6188 600 ly (180 pc) [21] Emission nebula
NGC592 - SDSS DR14.jpg NGC 592 580 ly (180 pc) [22] [23] H II region Located in the Triangulum Galaxy
Sh2-310 531–681 ly (163–209 pc) [24] [lower-alpha 3] H II region Nebula surrounding VY Canis Majoris, which is one of largest known stars.
Carina Nebula by Harel Boren (151851961, modified).jpg Carina Nebula 460 ly (140 pc) [25] H II region Nearest giant H II region to Earth
Dragonfish600.jpg Dragonfish Nebula 450 ly (140 pc) [26] Emission nebula
Eso9931d.jpg N119 430–570 ly (131–175 pc) [27] H II region Peculiar S-shape
Rcw49 spitzer c1.jpg RCW 49 350 ly (110 pc) [28] H II region
Celestial Valentine.jpg Soul Nebula 330 ly (100 pc) [29] H II region
Heartandfish32hours.jpg Heart Nebula 330 ly (100 pc) [30] H II region Has been named the “Heart nebula” because of its resemblance to a human heart.
Henize N70 Superbubble Nebula.jpg Henize 70 (N70 or DEM L301) [31] 300 ly (92 pc) [32] H II region The N 70 Nebula, in the Large Magellanic Cloud has a shell structure and is really a bubble in space. It is a "Super Bubble".
BarnardLoopHunterWilson.jpg Barnard's Loop 300 ly (92 pc) [33] [34] H II region Supernova over the last 4 million years probably carved cavities in gas clouds forming the semi circle shape of Barnard’s loop.
The star cluster NGC 6604 and its surroundings.jpg Sh2-54 252 ly (77 pc) [35] [36] H II region
Detailed view of the Prawn Nebula from ESO's VST.jpg Prawn Nebula 250 ly (77 pc) [37] H II region
S147 SH2-240 GeorgesAttard Apod1012020.jpg Simeis 147 160 ly (49 pc) [38] Supernova remnant
Cederblad 214 and NGC 7822 Nebulae - Davidedemartin 6.jpg NGC 7822 150 ly (46 pc) [39] Emission nebula
The Very Large Telescope Snaps a Stellar Nursery and Celebrates Fifteen Years of Operations.jpg IC 2944 142 ly (44 pc) [40] [41] Emission nebula
Eagle Nebula from ESO.jpg Eagle Nebula 140 ly (43 pc) [42] H II region Part of another diffuse nebula IC 4703.
Rosette Nebula Narrowband SHO focal length 384mm Stephan Hamel.jpg Rosette Nebula 130 ly (40 pc) [43] H II region Only 36 stars were known to be in this nebula but the Chandra telescope increased the number of known stars to 160.
VST images the Lagoon Nebula.jpg Lagoon Nebula 110 ly (34 pc) [44] H II region
Veil Nebula - NGC6960.jpg Veil Nebula 100–130 ly (31–40 pc) [45] Supernova remnant Located in the Cygnus Loop
ESO-NGC 3576-phot-17b-08-normal.jpg NGC 3576 100 ly (31 pc) [46] Emission nebula
NebulaN41.jpg N41 100 ly (31 pc) [47] Emission nebula
The following well-known nebulae are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Orion Nebula - Hubble 2006 mosaic 18000.jpg Orion Nebula 20 ly (6.132 pc) [48] Diffuse Nebula The closest major star formation region to Earth. [49]
Crab Nebula.jpg Crab Nebula 11 ly (3.4 pc) [50] Supernova remnant The remnant of a supernova that occurred in 1054 AD. [51]
The Bubble Nebula - NGC 7635 - Heic1608a.jpg Bubble Nebula 6 [52] -10 [53] [54] ly (1.84-3.066 pc) Emission nebula
NGC7293 (2004).jpg Helix Nebula 5.74 ly (1.76 pc) [55] Emission nebula
Southern Ring Nebula (NIRCam Image).png Eightburst Nebula 0.8 ly (0.2453 pc) [56] Emission nebula
EtaCarinae.jpg Homunculus Nebula 0.58 ly (0.1778 pc) [57] Emission nebula Surrounds the star system Eta Carinae.
Stingraynebula.jpg Stingray Nebula 0.16 ly (0.049 pc) [58] Emission nebula One of the smallest nebulae.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,895 ly
  2. ↑ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,520 ly
  3. ↑ Those measurements are based on an apparent diameter of 480 arcminutes (') plus an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc and the current distance of VY CMa which is about 1.17 kpc as the nebula is sometimes found to have the same distance as VY CMa.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangulum Galaxy</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Triangulum

The Triangulum Galaxy is a spiral galaxy 2.73 million light-years (ly) from Earth in the constellation Triangulum. It is catalogued as Messier 33 or NGC (New General Catalogue) 598. With the D25 isophotal diameter of 18.74 kiloparsecs (61,100 light-years), the Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, behind the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 604</span> H II region inside the Triangulum Galaxy

NGC 604 is an H II region inside the Triangulum Galaxy. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 11, 1784. It is among the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies; at the galaxy's estimated distance of 2.7 million light-years, its longest diameter is roughly 1,520 light years (~460 parsecs), over 40 times the size of the visible portion of the Orion Nebula. It is over 6,300 times more luminous than the Orion Nebula, and if it were at the same distance it would outshine Venus. Its gas is ionized by a cluster of massive stars at its center with 200 stars of spectral type O and WR, a mass of 105 solar masses, and an age of 3.5 million years; however, unlike the Large Magellanic Cloud's Tarantula Nebula central cluster (R136), NGC 604's one is much less compact and more similar to a large stellar association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarantula Nebula</span> H II region in the constellation Dorado

The Tarantula Nebula is a large H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), forming its south-east corner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centaurus A</span> Radio galaxy in the constellation Centaurus

Centaurus A is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance. It is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, as well as the closest BL Lac object, so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers. The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky, making it an ideal amateur astronomy target. It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">M2-9</span> Planetary nebula

Minkowski 2-9, abbreviated M2-9 is a planetary nebula that was discovered by Rudolph Minkowski in 1947. It is located about 2,100 light-years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus. This bipolar nebula takes the peculiar form of twin lobes of material that emanate from a central star. Astronomers have dubbed this object as the Twin Jet Nebula because of the jets believed to cause the shape of the lobes. Its form also resembles the wings of a butterfly. The nebula was imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whirlpool Galaxy</span> Galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici

The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51a (M51a) or NGC 5194, is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy with a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus. It lies in the constellation Canes Venatici, and was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. It is 7.22 megaparsecs away and 23.58 kiloparsecs (76,900 ly) in diameter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sombrero Galaxy</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

The Sombrero Galaxy is a peculiar galaxy of unclear classification in the constellation borders of Virgo and Corvus, being about 9.55 megaparsecs from the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. It has an isophotal diameter of approximately 29.09 to 32.32 kiloparsecs, making it slightly bigger in size than the Milky Way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 106</span> Galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici

Messier 106 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781. M106 is at a distance of about 22 to 25 million light-years away from Earth. M106 contains an active nucleus classified as a Type 2 Seyfert, and the presence of a central supermassive black hole has been demonstrated from radio-wavelength observations of the rotation of a disk of molecular gas orbiting within the inner light-year around the black hole. NGC 4217 is a possible companion galaxy of Messier 106. Besides the two visible arms, it has two "anomalous arms" detectable using an X-ray telescope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sculptor Galaxy</span> Intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor

The Sculptor Galaxy is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. The Sculptor Galaxy is a starburst galaxy, which means that it is currently undergoing a period of intense star formation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 891</span> Galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

NGC 891 is an edge-on unbarred spiral galaxy about 30 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 6, 1784. The galaxy is a member of the NGC 1023 group of galaxies in the Local Supercluster. It has an H II nucleus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 185</span> Galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia

NGC 185 is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy located 2.08 million light-years from Earth, appearing in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is a member of the Local Group, and is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). NGC 185 was discovered by William Herschel on November 30, 1787, and he cataloged it "H II.707". John Herschel observed the object again in 1833 when he cataloged it as "h 35", and then in 1864 when he cataloged it as "GC 90" within his General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters. NGC 185 was first photographed between 1898 and 1900 by James Edward Keeler with the Crossley Reflector of Lick Observatory. Unlike most dwarf elliptical galaxies, NGC 185 contains young stellar clusters, and star formation proceeded at a low rate until the recent past. NGC 185 has an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and is usually classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy, though its status as a Seyfert is questioned. It is possibly the closest Seyfert galaxy to Earth, and is the only known Seyfert in the Local Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 2438</span> Planetary nebula in the constellation Puppis

NGC 2438 is a planetary nebula in the southern constellation of Puppis. Parallax measurements by Gaia put the central star at a distance of roughly 1,370 light years. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 19, 1786. NGC 2438 appears to lie within the cluster M46, but it is most likely unrelated since it does not share the cluster's radial velocity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1705</span> Galaxy in the constellation Pictor

NGC 1705 is a peculiar lenticular galaxy and a blue compact dwarf galaxy (BCD) in the southern constellation of Pictor, positioned less than a degree to the east of Iota Pictoris, and is undergoing a starburst. With an apparent visual magnitude of 12.6 it requires a telescope to observe. It is estimated to be approximately 17 million light-years from the Earth, and is a member of the Dorado Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 6822</span> Galaxy in the constellation Sagittarius

NGC 6822 is a barred irregular galaxy approximately 1.6 million light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius. Part of the Local Group of galaxies, it was discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1884, with a six-inch refractor telescope. It is the closest non-satellite galaxy to the Milky Way, but lies just outside its virial radius. It is similar in structure and composition to the Small Magellanic Cloud. It is about 7,000 light-years in diameter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 342</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis

IC 342 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis, located relatively close to the Milky Way. Despite its size and actual brightness, its location behind dusty areas near the galactic equator makes it difficult to observe, leading to the nickname "The Hidden Galaxy", though it can readily be detected even with binoculars. If the galaxy were not obscured, it would be visible by naked eye. The dust makes it difficult to determine its precise distance; modern estimates range from about 7 million light-years (Mly) to about 11 Mly. The galaxy was discovered by William Frederick Denning in 1892. It is one of the brightest in the IC 342/Maffei Group, one of the closest galaxy groups to the Local Group. Edwin Hubble first thought it to be in the Local Group, but it was later determined not to be a member.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 6302</span> Bipolar planetary nebula in the constellation Scorpius

NGC 6302 is a bipolar planetary nebula in the constellation Scorpius. The structure in the nebula is among the most complex ever seen in planetary nebulae. The spectrum of Butterfly Nebula shows that its central star is one of the hottest stars known, with a surface temperature in excess of 250,000 degrees Celsius, implying that the star from which it formed must have been very large.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5253</span> Irregular galaxy in the M83 group of galaxies

NGC 5253 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It was discovered by William Herschel on 15 March 1787.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flame Nebula</span> Emission nebula in the constellation Orion

The Flame Nebula, designated as NGC 2024 and Sh2-277, is an emission nebula in the constellation Orion. It is about 1350 light-years away. At that distance, the Flame Nebula lies within the Orion B cloud of the larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 602</span> Open cluster in the constrellation Hydrus

NGC 602 is a young, bright open cluster of stars located in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), a satellite galaxy to the Milky Way. It was discovered on 1 August 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop. It is embedded in a nebula known as N90.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1313</span> Galaxy in the constellation Reticulum

NGC 1313 is a field galaxy and a irregular galaxy discovered by the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on 27 September 1826. It has a diameter of about 50,000 light-years, or about half the size of the Milky Way.

References

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  2. ↑ Léo Michel-Dansa; Pierre-Alain Duc (2010). "The mysterious Leo giant gas ring explained by a billion year old collision between two galaxies". Canada France Hawaii Telescope. Archived from the original on 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
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  30. ↑ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Deep Field: The Heart Nebula (13 December 2023)
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