List of largest nebulae

Last updated

NGC 604, one of largest nebulae (H II region) is located in the Triangulum Galaxy (viewed by the Hubble Space Telescope). Nursery of New Stars - GPN-2000-000972.jpg
NGC 604, one of largest nebulae (H II region) is located in the Triangulum Galaxy (viewed by the Hubble Space Telescope).

Below is a list of the largest known nebulae so far discovered, ordered by actual diameter. This list is prone to change because of inconsistencies between studies, the great distances of nebulae from our stellar neighborhood, and the constant refinement of technology and engineering.

Contents

Caveats

Nebulae have no standardized boundaries, so the measurements are subject to revision. Furthermore, scientists are still defining the features and parameters of nebulae. Because of these rapid developments and adjustments, this list may be unreliable.

Lyman alpha nebulae around quasars can have sizes between 15 kpc and 460 kpc. [1] Especially large Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) can have large sizes of ≳100 kpc. [2] Farina et al. 2019 table 5 has an extensive compilation of Lyman alpha nebulae around quasars. [1] For now this list contains only the largest ELANs, with sizes larger than 300 kpc.

List

List of the largest nebulae
ImageNebulaMaximum dimension
(in light-years/parsecs)		TypeNotes
Abell 3391/3395 ICM [3] 49,000,000 ly (15,000,000 pc) [3] Intracluster medium (ICM)Continuous warm-hot emission filament between two galaxy clusters.
Abell 1659S ICM [4] 2,413,000 ly (740,000 pc) [4] Intracluster medium (ICM)One of the gas clumps of the Abell 1659 galaxy cluster.
Abell 1659N ICM [4] 1,618,000 ly (496,000 pc) [4] Intracluster medium (ICM)One of the gas clumps of the Abell 1659 galaxy cluster.
An image of the nebula around UM 287.jpg Slug Nebula [5] 1,500,000 ly (460,000 pc) [6] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN)Around the quasar UM287 at around z=2.3. Cosmic filament illuminated by the quasar.
MAMMOTH-1 1,441,000 ly (442,000 pc) [7] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN)The nebula is associated with the galaxy overdensity BOSS1441, [7] which is a protocluster at z=2.3. The nebula represents the circumgalactic medium. Its emission is powered by starburst and an obscured AGN. One of the most extended ELAN discovered as of 2019. [8]
SDSS NGC 262 sdss.org.jpg NGC 262 Halo Cloud1,300,000 ly (400,000 pc) [9] H I region Spiral nebula surrounding NGC 262, which is one of the largest known galaxies.
MAMMOTH-Subaru. II. Diverse Populations of Circumgalactic Lya Nebulae at Cosmic Noon, figure 5.jpg Ivory Nebula 1,190,500 ly (365,000 pc) [2] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN)Also called MLAN1 at z=2.31. Another ELAN, called MLAN 10 is nearby.
Q0042-2627 nebula.jpg Q0042−2627 nebula1,040,000 ly (320,000 pc) [10] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN)Around the quasar LBQS 0042-2627, at z=3.280
Jackpot Nebula [11] 1,010,000 ly (310,000 pc) [12] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN)Four quasars embedded in the nebula. Likely progenitor of a massive galaxy cluster at z=2.05.
Fabulous Nebula ESO VLT MUSE.jpg Fabulous Nebula [13] 969,000 ly (297,000 pc) [14] Enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN)Also called SDSS J1020+1040 nebula, after the central quasar (aka 4C 10.29), located at z=3.164. Inspiraling material. [14] Will likely evolve into an elliptical galaxy. [13]
Leo Ring.jpg Leo Ring 650,000 ly (200,000 pc) [15] HVC A large ring of cold gas that formed from a collision of two galaxies. [16]
Tracing the origin of the Magellanic Stream.jpg Magellanic Stream 600,000 ly (180,000 pc) [17] complex of HVCs Connects the Large and Small Magellanic clouds; extends across 180° of the sky.
Directly Tracing Cool Filamentary Accretion over 100 kpc into the Interstellar Medium of a Quasar Host at z = 1, figure 1.jpg filament near TXS 0206-048 391,000 ly (120,000 pc) [18] [O II] nebulaLongest cool filament near a quasar as of 2022. Quasar is located at z=1.13. Filament is accreted into the galaxy and subsequently to the quasar.
3C 458 MUSE.jpg EELR of 3C 458 363,000 ly (111,000 pc) [19] emission line nebulaThe size is likely larger. The paper only describes the maximal distance to the nucleus and not the entire size.
The Teacup Galaxy SDSS 1430.jpg nebula around the Teacup galaxy 363,000 ly (111,000 pc) [20] ionized nebulapart of the circumgalactic medium around the Teacup galaxy, illuminated by the AGN
Lyman-alpha blob LAB-1.jpg Lyman-alpha blob 1 300,000 ly (92,000 pc) [21] LαB Largest blob in the LAB Giant Concentration [ citation needed ]
Pia17558.jpg Himiko Gas Cloud 55,000 ly (17,000 pc) [22] Intergalactic cloud
(possible LαB)		One of the most massive lyman-alpha blobs known
HVC 127-41-330 20,000 ly (6,100 pc) [23] HVC
Smith's Cloud - 2008 - Bill Saxton, NRAO, AUI, NSF.jpg Smith's Cloud 9,800 ly (3,000 pc) [24] HVC Extends about 20° of the sky
Tarantula Nebula by JWST.jpg Tarantula Nebula 1,895 ly (581 pc) [25] [a] H II region Most active starburst region in the Local Group
Nursery of New Stars - GPN-2000-000972.jpg NGC 604 1,520 ly (470 pc) [26] [27] [b] H II region Largest H II region located in the Triangulum Galaxy
ESO-N44-central region-LMC-phot-31b-03-fullres.jpg N44 1,000 ly (310 pc) [28] Emission nebula Contains a 250 light year wide superbubble that was probably formed from stellar winds. [29]
N11 (Hubble).jpg N11 1,000 ly (310 pc) [30] H II region N11 is the second largest star formation region in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy.
NGC2403-Subaru-HST-L.jpg NGC 2404 940 ly (290 pc) H II region Largest H II region located in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403
NGC 595 center HST.jpg NGC 595 880 ly (270 pc) [31] H II region Contains massive stars that have strong stellar winds.
NGC 6822 Bubble and Ring nebulae.jpg Ring Nebula (NGC 6822) 838 ly (257 pc) H II region The Ring Nebula is located in the lower right of the image
Finkbeiner H-alpha Gum Nebula.jpg Gum Nebula 809–950 ly (248–291 pc) [32] [33] Emission nebula Extends about 36° of the sky
NGC 6822 Bubble and Ring nebulae.jpg Bubble Nebula (NGC 6822) 758 ly (232 pc) [34] [35] [36] H II region The Bubble Nebula is located in the upper left of the image
Rgb-ngc6193.jpg NGC 6188 600 ly (180 pc) [37] Emission nebula
NGC592 - SDSS DR14.jpg NGC 592 580 ly (180 pc) [38] [39] H II region Located in the Triangulum Galaxy
Sh2-310 531–681 ly (163–209 pc) [40] [c] H II region Nebula surrounding VY Canis Majoris, which is one of largest known stars.
Carina Nebula by Harel Boren (151851961, modified).jpg Carina Nebula 460 ly (140 pc) [41] H II region Nearest giant H II region to Earth
Dragonfish600.jpg Dragonfish Nebula 450 ly (140 pc) [42] Emission nebula
Eso9931d.jpg N119 430–570 ly (131–175 pc) [43] H II region Peculiar S-shape
Rcw49 spitzer c1.jpg RCW 49 350 ly (110 pc) [44] H II region
Celestial Valentine.jpg Soul Nebula 330 ly (100 pc) [45] H II region
Heartandfish32hours.jpg Heart Nebula 330 ly (100 pc) [46] H II region Has been named the “Heart nebula” because of its resemblance to a human heart.
Henize N70 Superbubble Nebula.jpg Henize 70 (N70 or DEM L301) [47] 300 ly (92 pc) [48] H II region The N 70 Nebula, in the Large Magellanic Cloud has a shell structure and is really a bubble in space. It is a "Super Bubble".
BarnardLoopHunterWilson.jpg Barnard's Loop 300 ly (92 pc) [49] [50] H II region Supernova over the last 4 million years probably carved cavities in gas clouds forming the semi circle shape of Barnard’s loop.
The star cluster NGC 6604 and its surroundings.jpg Sh2-54 252 ly (77 pc) [51] [52] H II region
Detailed view of the Prawn Nebula from ESO's VST.jpg Prawn Nebula 250 ly (77 pc) [53] H II region
S147 SH2-240 GeorgesAttard Apod1012020.jpg Simeis 147 160 ly (49 pc) [54] Supernova remnant
Cederblad 214 and NGC 7822 Nebulae - Davidedemartin 6.jpg NGC 7822 150 ly (46 pc) [55] Emission nebula
The Very Large Telescope Snaps a Stellar Nursery and Celebrates Fifteen Years of Operations.jpg IC 2944 142 ly (44 pc) [56] [57] Emission nebula
Eagle Nebula from ESO.jpg Eagle Nebula 140 ly (43 pc) [58] H II region Part of another diffuse nebula IC 4703.
Rosette Nebula Narrowband SHO focal length 384mm Stephan Hamel.jpg Rosette Nebula 130 ly (40 pc) [59] H II region Only 36 stars were known to be in this nebula but the Chandra telescope increased the number of known stars to 160.
VST images the Lagoon Nebula.jpg Lagoon Nebula 110 ly (34 pc) [60] H II region
Veil Nebula - NGC6960.jpg Veil Nebula 100–130 ly (31–40 pc) [61] Supernova remnant Located in the Cygnus Loop
ESO-NGC 3576-phot-17b-08-normal.jpg NGC 3576 100 ly (31 pc) [62] Emission nebula
NebulaN41.jpg N41 100 ly (31 pc) [63] Emission nebula
The following well-known nebulae are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Orion Nebula - Hubble 2006 mosaic 18000.jpg Orion Nebula 20 ly (6.132 pc) [64] Diffuse Nebula The closest major star formation region to Earth. [65]
Crab Nebula.jpg Crab Nebula 11 ly (3.4 pc) [66] Supernova remnant The remnant of a supernova that occurred in 1054 AD. [67]
The Bubble Nebula - NGC 7635 - Heic1608a.jpg Bubble Nebula 6 [68] -10 [69] [70] ly (1.84-3.066 pc) Emission nebula
NGC7293 (2004).jpg Helix Nebula 5.74 ly (1.76 pc) [71] Emission nebula
Southern Ring Nebula (NIRCam Image).png Eightburst Nebula 0.8 ly (0.2453 pc) [72] Emission nebula
EtaCarinae.jpg Homunculus Nebula 0.58 ly (0.1778 pc) [73] Emission nebula Surrounds the star system Eta Carinae.
Stingraynebula.jpg Stingray Nebula 0.16 ly (0.049 pc) [74] Emission nebula One of the smallest nebulae.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,895 ly
  2. ↑ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,520 ly
  3. ↑ Those measurements are based on an apparent diameter of 480 arcminutes (') plus an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc and the current distance of VY CMa which is about 1.17 kpc as the nebula is sometimes found to have the same distance as VY CMa.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reionization</span> Cosmological process in the early universe

In the fields of Big Bang theory and cosmology, reionization is the process that caused electrically neutral atoms in the universe to reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages". Detecting and studying the reionization process is challenging but multiple avenues have been pursued. This reionization was driven by the formation of the first stars and galaxies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messier 60</span> Elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo

Messier 60 or M60, also known as NGC 4649, is an elliptical galaxy approximately 57 million light-years away in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. Together with NGC 4647, it forms a pair known as Arp 116. Messier 60 and nearby elliptical galaxy Messier 59 were discovered by Johann Gottfried Koehler in April 1779, observing a comet in the same part of the sky. Charles Messier added both to his catalogue about three days after this.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5189</span> Planetary nebula in the constellation Musca

NGC 5189 is a planetary nebula in the constellation Musca. It was discovered by James Dunlop on 1 July 1826, who catalogued it as Δ252. For many years, well into the 1960s, it was thought to be a bright emission nebula. It was Karl Gordon Henize in 1967 who first described NGC 5189 as quasi-planetary based on its spectral emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4309</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4309 is a lenticular galaxy located about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Christian Peters in 1881 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4323</span> Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

NGC 4323 is a lenticular or dwarf elliptical galaxy located about 52.5 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered in 1882 by astronomer Wilhelm Tempel and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3C 249.1</span> Galaxy in the constellation Draco

3C 249.1 is a Seyfert galaxy located in the constellation Draco. It hosts a powerful radio source and is located at redshift 0.3115, with a peculiar radio structure. One of its radio lobes is classified as having a Fanaroff-Riley classification Type II, while the other lobe has no features nor containing hotspots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1893</span> Open cluster in the constellation Auriga

NGC 1893 is an open cluster in the constellation Auriga. It is about 12,400 light years away. The star cluster is embedded in the Tadpole Nebula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TON 618</span> Quasar and Lyman-alpha blob in the constellation Canes Venatici

TON 618 is a hyperluminous, broad-absorption-line, radio-loud quasar, and Lyman-alpha blob located near the border of the constellations Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices, with the projected comoving distance of approximately 18.2 billion light-years from Earth. It possesses one of the most massive black holes ever found, at 40.7 billion M☉.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4660</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 4660 is an elliptical galaxy located about 63 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 15, 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 708</span> Galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

NGC 708 is an elliptical galaxy located 240 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda and was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 21, 1786. It is classified as a cD galaxy and is the brightest member of Abell 262. NGC 708 is a weak FR I radio galaxy and is also classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1460</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1460 is a barred lenticular galaxy with a peanut-shaped bar approximately 65 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus. It was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on November 28, 1837. It is a member of the Fornax cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teacup galaxy</span> Low redshift quasar in the constellation Boötes

The Teacup galaxy, also known as the Teacup AGN or SDSS J1430+1339 is a low redshift type 2 quasar, showing an extended loop of ionized gas resembling a handle of a teacup, which was discovered by volunteers of the Galaxy Zoo project and labeled as a Voorwerpje.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UM 287</span> Quasar located in the constellation Cetus

UM 287 known as PHL 868 and LBQS 0049+0045, is a quasar located in the Cetus constellation. Its redshift is 2.267134 estimating the object to be located 10.9 billion light-years away from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4325</span> Galaxy

NGC 4325 is an elliptical galaxy located about 330 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 15, 1865, who described it as "vF, vS, iR, nf of 2". Despite being listed in the Virgo Cluster catalog as VCC 616, it is not a member of the Virgo Cluster but instead a background galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 1419</span> Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus

NGC 1419 is an elliptical galaxy located 62 million light years away in the constellation of Eridanus. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on October 22, 1835, and is a member of the Fornax Cluster. NGC 1419 is a host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 25 million solar masses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J1000+1242</span> Type 2 quasar located in the constellation Leo

J1000+1242 known as SDSS J1000+1242 or J1000+12 is a radio-quiet type-2 quasar, located in the constellation Leo. It is located 2 billion light years from Earth and is classified as a Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LMC N79</span> Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud

LMC N79 is an emission nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The nebula is part of the catalog of H-alpha stars and nebulae by Karl G. Henize, published in 1956. It is composed of the smaller nebulae N79A to N79E From a CO survey it was however seen that the nebula is larger and contains N79-S, N79-W and N79-E. These nebulae were described by Henize with other names, with N79-S being the original N79 nebula, N79-W being N77 and N79-E being N83.

References

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