List of star extremes

Last updated

A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity. Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme. This is a list of such stars.

Contents

Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background, while those that could change with new information and/or discoveries are recorded on a grey background.

Age and distance

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest star Sun 3rd century BC1 AU Our local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos. Reported for reference
Second-nearest star Proxima Centauri 19151.30 pc Also called Alpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in a trinary star system that includes Alpha Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) and Alpha Centauri B (Toliman). This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established. [NB 1] [1] [2] List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Most distant individually seen star WHL0137-LS (Earendel) 2022 z= 6.2 ± 0.1

12.9 Gly

[3] [4] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant starStars in JADES-GS-z14-0 2024z= 13.27

13.6 Gly (light travel distance)
34 Gly (proper distance)

[5] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxy ULAS J0015+01 2014900,000 light-yearsLocated in the Milky Way's extreme outer halo, far beyond the galactic disc. [6]
Oldest star 2MASS J18082002−5104378 2018 13.53 billion years [7] [8] List of oldest stars
YoungestStars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, see Protostar , Young stellar object and Star formation .
Nearest stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest extrasolar star Proxima Centauri

(Alpha Centauri C)

19151.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)Before Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A & B. [NB 1] [NB 2] [9] [10]
Nearest red dwarf Before Proxima, the title had been held by Barnard's Star
Nearest degenerate star Sirius B 18528.6 light-years (2.6 pc)This is also the nearest white dwarf. [NB 3]
Nearest subdwarf Kapteyn's Star 189812.83 light-years (3.93 pc)Kapteyn's star is either a sdM1 subdwarf [11] or a M1.5V main-sequence star. [12] [13] WISEA 1810−1010 is the nearest undisputed subdwarf, at 29.03 light-years (8.90 pc). [14] [15]
Nearest borderline subgiant Procyon 11.5 light-years (3.5 pc)All stars closer to the Sun are main sequence, degenerate stars or brown dwarfs.
Nearest undisputed subgiant Delta Pavonis 19.9 light-years (6.1 pc)A subgiant, but only slightly brighter than the Sun.
Nearest "true" giant star Pollux 33.8 light-years (10.4 pc) List of nearest giant stars
Nearest red giant Arcturus 36.7 light-years (11.3 pc)
Nearest supergiant Canopus 309 light-years (95 pc)While it is frequently described as a yellow supergiant, especially in evolutionary terms, [16] it is classified as a bright giant based on spectrum. [17] [16] List of nearest supergiants
Nearest hypergiant μ Cephei (Herschel's Garnet Star)3,060 light-years (940 pc) [18]
Nearest carbon star CW Leonis 310 light-years (95 pc)
Nearest M-type star Proxima Centauri 19151.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) List of nearest M-type stars
Nearest K-type star Alpha Centauri B1.33 parsecs (4.3 ly) List of nearest K-type stars
Neraest G-type star Sun 1 AU List of nearest G-type stars
Nearest F-type star Procyon 11.46 light-years (3.51 pc) [19] List of nearest F-type stars
Nearest A-type star Sirius 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc) List of nearest A-type stars
Nearest B-type star Regulus 79.3 light-years (24.3 pc) [20] List of nearest B-type stars
Nearest O-type star Zeta Ophiuchi 420 light-years (130 pc) [21] List of nearest O-type stars
Nearest Wolf–Rayet star Gamma Velorum 1,080 light-years (330 pc)
Nearest neutron star RX J1856.35-3754 2000400 light-years (120 pc) [22] [23] [24]
Nearest white dwarf Sirius B 18528.6 light-years (2.6 pc)Sirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered, after 40 Eridani B. [9] [25] [26]
Nearest brown dwarf Luhman 16 20136.5 light-years (2.0 pc)This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars. [27]
Nearest Luminous Blue Variable P Cygni 5,251 light-years (1,610 pc) [28]

Brightness and power

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Brightest star from the Earth: Apparent magnitude Sun prehistoric m=−26.74 Reported for reference
[NB 4] [NB 5]
Brightest star other than the Sun Sirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris)
prehistoricm= −1.46 [NB 4] [NB 5] [NB 6] [NB 1] List of brightest stars
Dimmest star from the Earth UDF 2457 m= 25 [NB 4] [NB 5]
Brightest star in a transient eventProgenitor of SN 1006 1006m= −7.5This was a supernova, and its remnant (SNR) is catalogued as PKS 1459-41 [NB 4] [NB 5] [NB 1] [29]
Most luminous star LGGS J004246.86+413336.4 2022L= 19,953,000 LSun [30] List of most luminous stars
Least luminous star 2MASS J0523−1403 2013L=0.000126LSun [NB 2] [NB 7] [31]
Most luminous star in a transient eventProgenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 V=−40The star exploded in a gamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae [NB 8] List of gamma-ray bursts
Most energetic star R136a1 2010 B=-12.5 [NB 7] [32] List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient eventProgenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 [NB 7]
Hottest star WR 102 T= 200,000  K (200,000  °C ; 360,000  °F ) [33] List of hottest stars
Coolest star S Cassiopeiae T= 1,800 K (1,530 °C; 2,780 °F) [34] List of coolest stars
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Hottest white dwarf RX J0439.8-6809 2015250,000 K (450,000 °F) [35] [36] [37]
Hottest neutron star PSR B0943+10 3,100,000 K (5,580,000 °F)Blackbody temperature of a small emitting area at the poles. [38]
Hottest brown dwarf ZTF J1406+1222 B 202210,462 K (10,189 °C; 18,372 °F) [39]
Coolest neutron star
Coolest white dwarf PSR J2222−0137 B2014<3,000 K (2,730 °C; 4,940 °F) [40] [37]
Coolest brown dwarf WISE 0855−0714 2014285 K (12 °C; 53 °F) [41] [42]

Size and mass

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Largest apparent size star Sun prehistoric
(3rd century BC)
31.6 – 32.7′The apparent size of the Sun was first measured by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC, [43] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However, Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BC, as 1720 the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth) [44] Reported for reference
[NB 5]
Largest extrasolar apparent size star R Doradus 19970.057" This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured. [NB 5] [NB 1] [45]
Smallest apparent size starMost distant stars to Earth [NB 5]
Largest star VY Canis Majoris 20241420±120  R Consistent with the upper limit for red supergiants of roughly 1,500 R based on the four largest stars measured in a survey, which is consistent with the current stellar evolutionary theory. [46] WOH G64 was the previous candidate [47] but was later found to be a smaller yellow hypergiant. [48] Several candidates exist which have a higher radius, however their radii has been measured by less precise methods and as such their radius value is regarded as less certain. [49] [50] List of largest known stars
Smallest star TMTS J052610.43+593445.1 B20240.0661 ± 0.0054  R A subdwarf O star. [51] List of smallest stars
Smallest main sequence star EBLM J0555-57Ab 20170.0844+0.0131
−0.0060
  R
[NB 2] [52] [53] [54] [55]
Most massive star BAT99-98 or R136a1 2022, 2014226  M , 196+34
−27
  M
This exceeds the predicted limit of 150 M, previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories. R136a1 considered the most massive known by the scientific community. [56] [NB 9] [57] [56] List of most massive stars
Least massive star DENIS J1048−3956 0.075  M [NB 2] [58] List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Most massive brown dwarf Lup 607 2021105 MJupiter This is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs. [59] [60] [61]
Most massive degenerate starThe most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder. [NB 3]
Most massive neutron star PSR J0740+6620 20192.14 MSeveral candidates exist which have a higher mass, however their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain. [62] List of most massive neutron stars
Most massive neutron star (disputed) PSR J1748-2021B20152.548 M [63]
Most massive white dwarf RE J0317-853/ZTF J1901+1458 1998/20201.35 MSun [64] [65]
Least massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least massive star DENIS J1048−3956 0.075  M [58] List of least massive stars
Least massive neutron star HESS J1731-347 20220.77  M [66] [67]
Least massive white dwarf NLTT 11748 20210.13–0.16  M [37]
Least massive brown dwarf(unnamed)20233 – 4  MJ Located in the star cluster IC 348 [68] [69] Sub-brown dwarf

Motion

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Highest proper motion Barnard's Star 10.3  "/yr This is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System. [70] [71]
Lowest proper motion N/AN/A~0 "/yrBillions of stars on the other end of the galaxy
Highest radial velocity
Lowest radial velocity EY Aquarii2013-870 km/sMira variable [NB 10] [72]
Highest peculiar motion
Lowest peculiar motion
Highest rotational speed of a normal star VFTS 102 2013600 km/s [NB 2] [73]
Lowest rotational speed Przybylski's Star 19610.0014 km/s
Fastest velocity of a star S5-HVS1 20191,755 km/s [74] [75] [76] [77]

Star systems

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least stars in a star systemThere are many single star systems.
Most stars in a star system

QZ Carinae

Nonuple star system [78] System contains at least nine stars. [78] [NB 11] [78]
Stars in the closest orbit around one anotherThere are many stars that are in contact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one another Regulus/SDSS J1007+19302024~3.9 parsecs (13 ly) [79]
Nearest multiple star system Alpha Centauri 18391.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured. [80] [81] [9] [82]
Nearest solitary star Barnard's Star 19161.83 parsecs (6.0 ly)
Nearest binary star system Luhman 16 20131.998 parsecs (6.52 ly)Brown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary is Sirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars is Luyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star system Alpha Centauri 18391.38 parsecs (4.5 ly)Also nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star system Gliese 570 5.88 parsecs (19.2 ly)K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf.
Nearest quintenary star system V1054 Ophiuchi 6.46 parsecs (21.1 ly)M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star.
Nearest sextenary star system Castor 171815.6 parsecs (51 ly)A1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other.
Nearest septenary star system Nu Scorpii 150 parsecs (490 ly)A B3V star orbited by an unknown-type star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Other than the Sun
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming a degenerate star, black hole, or post-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
  3. 1 2 Not including stellar-mass black holes or exotic stars
  4. 1 2 3 4 By visual magnitude (m)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 This is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
  6. This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts
  7. 1 2 3 Energetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths.
  8. Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away, in visible light.
  9. Not including stellar black holes
  10. Stars with particularly high radial velocities are usually erroneously recorded, so all large values should be taken with a grain of salt.
  11. The allowable distance between components of a star system is debated.

Related Research Articles

HD 63454, formally named Ceibo, is a star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon near the border with Mensa. To see the star, one needs a small telescope because it has an apparent magnitude of 9.36, which is below the limit for naked eye visibility. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 123 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 33.8 km/s. At its current distance, HD 63454's brightness is diminished by two tenths of a magnitude due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +6.68.

36 Ursae Majoris is a double star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.8, it can be seen with the naked eye in suitable dark skies. Based upon parallax measurements, this binary lies at a distance of 42 light-years from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">YZ Canis Minoris</span> Star in the constellation Canis Minor

YZ Canis Minoris is a red-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Minor. With an apparent visual magnitude of 11.15, it is much too faint to be viewed with the naked eye. The distance to YZ CMi can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 167 mas, yielding a value of 19.5 light years. Presently the star is moving further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of +26.5 km/s. It made its closest approach some 162,000 years ago when it made perihelion passage at a distance of 10.2 ly. YZ CMi is a potential member of the Beta Pictoris moving group.

HD 197037 is a binary star system. Its primary or visible star, HD 197037 A, is a F-type main-sequence star. Its surface temperature is 6150±34 K. HD 197037 A is depleted in heavy elements compared to the Sun, with a metallicity Fe/H index of −0.16±0.03, but is younger at an age of 3.408±0.924 billion years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 27022</span> Star in the constellation Camelopardalis

HD 27022, also known as HR 1327, is a star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. The object has also been designated as 20 H. Camelopardalis, but is not commonly used in modern times. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.27, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements from Gaia DR3, the star has been estimated to be 347 light years away. It appears to be approaching the Solar System, having a heliocentric radial velocity of −19.5 km/s.

HD 194012 is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.15, making it visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is relatively close at a distance of only 85 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 4.5 km/s.

HR 8526, also known as HD 212168, is the primary of a triple star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. The star and its companion have apparent magnitudes of 6.12 and 9.36 respectively. The system is located relatively close at a distance of 76 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 15 km/s.

References

  1. (in German) "Innes' Sterne bei α Centauri", Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 206, 1918 Bibcode : 1918AN....206...97H
  2. Harold L. Aden, "Alpha and Proxima Centauri", Astronomical Journal, vol. 39, issue 913, 1918 Bibcode : 1928AJ.....39...20A
  3. Welch, Brian; et al. (30 March 2022). "A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2". Nature . 603 (7903): 815–818. arXiv: 2209.14866 . Bibcode:2022Natur.603..815W. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04449-y. PMID   35354998. S2CID   247842625 . Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  4. Gianopoulos, Andrea (30 March 2022). "Record Broken: Hubble Spots Farthest Star Ever Seen". NASA . Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  5. Crane, Leah (7 April 2022). "Astronomers have found what may be the most distant galaxy ever seen – A galaxy called HD1 appears to be about 33.4 billion light years away, making it the most distant object ever seen – and its extreme brightness is puzzling researchers". New Scientist . Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  6. "Team discovers two stars most distant ever observed in the Milky Way". phys.org. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
  7. Schlaufman, Kevin C.; Thompson, Ian B.; Casey, Andrew R. (5 November 2018). "An ultra metal-poor star near the hydrogen-burning limit". The Astrophysical Journal . 867 (2): 98. arXiv: 1811.00549 . Bibcode:2018ApJ...867...98S. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97 . S2CID   54511945.
  8. "One of Milky Way's oldest stars discovered". SciNews.com. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 Richard Powell (30 July 2006), "The Universe within 12.5 Light Years: The Nearest Stars", Atlas of the Universe (accessed 2010-11-01)
  10. Fraser Cain (13 November 2009), "How Far is the Nearest Star?", Universe Today (accessed 2010-11-02)
  11. Koen, C.; Kilkenny, D.; van Wyk, F.; Marang, F. (2010-04-01). "UBV(RI)C JHK observations of Hipparcos-selected nearby stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 403 (4): 1949–1968. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403.1949K. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16182.x . ISSN   0035-8711.
  12. Guinan, Edward F.; Engle, Scott G.; Durbin, Allyn (2016-04-13). "Living with a Red Dwarf: Rotation and X-ray and Ultraviolet Properties of the Halo Population Kapteyn's Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 821 (2): 81. arXiv: 1602.01912 . Bibcode:2016ApJ...821...81G. doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/81 . ISSN   1538-4357.
  13. Demory, B.-O.; Segransan, D.; Forveille, T.; Queloz, D.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Delfosse, X.; Di Folco, E.; Kervella, P.; Bouquin, J.-B. Le; Perrier, C. (October 2009). "Mass-radius relation of low and very low-mass stars revisited with the VLTI". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 505 (1): 205–215. arXiv: 0906.0602 . Bibcode:2009A&A...505..205D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911976. ISSN   0004-6361.
  14. Lodieu, N.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Martín, E. L.; Rebolo López, R.; Gauza, B. (2022-07-01). "Physical properties and trigonometric distance of the peculiar dwarf WISE J181005.5−101002.3". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 663: A84. arXiv: 2206.13097 . Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..84L. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243516 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  15. Vallenari, A.; et al. (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211 . Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940.
  16. 1 2 Domiciano de Souza, A.; Zorec, J.; Millour, F.; Le Bouquin, J. -B.; Spang, A.; Vakili, F. (2021-10-01). "Refined fundamental parameters of Canopus from combined near-IR interferometry and spectral energy distribution". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 654: A19. arXiv: 2109.07153 . Bibcode:2021A&A...654A..19D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140478. ISSN   0004-6361.
  17. Gray, R. O.; Garrison, R. F. (1989-02-01). "The Early F-Type Stars: Refined Classification, Confrontation with Stroemgren Photometry, and the Effects of Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 69: 301. Bibcode:1989ApJS...69..301G. doi:10.1086/191315. ISSN   0067-0049.
  18. Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Jones, Terry J.; Marengo, Massimo; Gehrz, Robert D.; Helton, L. Andrew; Hoffmann, William F.; Skemer, Andrew J.; Hinz, Philip M. (February 2016). "Searching for Cool Dust in the Mid-to-Far Infrared: The Mass-Loss Histories of the Hypergiants μ Cep, VY CMa, IRC+10420, AND ρ Cas*". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (3): 51. arXiv: 1512.01529 . Bibcode:2016AJ....151...51S. doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/51 . ISSN   1538-3881.
  19. van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv: 0708.1752 . Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 . ISSN   0004-6361.
  20. Rappaport, S.; Podsiadlowski, Ph; Horev, I. (2009-06-10). "The Past and Future History of Regulus". The Astrophysical Journal. 698 (1): 666–675. arXiv: 0904.0395 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...698..666R. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/666 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  21. Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211 . Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . S2CID   244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR .
  22. NASA Images, "Hubble Sees Bare Neutron Star Streaking Across Space" Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine , NASA, 9 November 2000 (accessed 2010-11-01)
  23. RedOrbit, "The Motion of RX J185635-3754 - The Nearest Neutron Star to Earth", 8 February 2005 (accessed 2010-11-01)
  24. Astronomy 122: Astronomy of Stars and Galaxies, "Lecture 19: Neutron Stars" [ permanent dead link ], Sharon Morsink, University of Alberta, term:Winter 2011, published:2010 (accessed 2010-11-01)
  25. Christine McGourty (14 December 2005), "Hubble finds mass of white dwarf", BBC News (accessed 2010-11-01)
  26. E. Schatzman, White Dwarfs, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1958, p. 1
  27. Barbara K. Kennedy (12 March 2013), "The Closest Star System Found in a Century", SpaceDaily
  28. de Almeida, E S G; Hugbart, M; Domiciano de Souza, A; Rivet, J-P; Vakili, F; Siciak, A; Labeyrie, G; Garde, O; Matthews, N; Lai, O; Vernet, D; Kaiser, R; Guerin, W (2022-06-15). "Combined spectroscopy and intensity interferometry to determine the distances of the blue supergiants P Cygni and Rigel". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 515 (1): 1–12. arXiv: 2204.00372 . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac1617 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  29. NOAO, "Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star", 5 March 2003 (accessed 2010-10-25)
  30. Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Hahn, David; Martin, John C.; Weis, Kerstin (2017-07-20). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. V. The Upper HR Diagram". The Astrophysical Journal. 844 (1): 40. arXiv: 1707.01916 . Bibcode:2017ApJ...844...40H. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cef . ISSN   0004-637X.
  31. Dieterich, Sergio B.; Henry, Todd J.; Jao, Wei-Chun; Winters, Jennifer G.; Hosey, Altonio D.; Riedel, Adric R.; Subasavage, John P. (2014). "The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (5): 94. arXiv: 1312.1736 . Bibcode:2014AJ....147...94D. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94. S2CID   21036959.
  32. Crowther, Paul A. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv: 1007.3284 . Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x . S2CID   53001712.
  33. Sander, Andreas A. C.; Hamann, Wolf-Rainer; Todt, Helge; Hainich, Rainer; Shenar, Tomer; Ramachandran, Varsha; Oskinova, Lidia M. (January 2019). "The Galactic WC and WO stars: The impact of revised distances from Gaia DR2 and their role as massive black hole progenitors". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 621: A92. arXiv: 1807.04293 . Bibcode:2019A&A...621A..92S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833712. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   67754788.
  34. Ramstedt, S.; Olofsson, H. (2014). "The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type. Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566: A145. arXiv: 1405.6404 . Bibcode:2014A&A...566A.145R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423721. S2CID   59125036.
  35. Universitaet Tübingen (24 November 2015). "The hottest white dwarf in the Galaxy". Science Daily.
  36. K. Werner; T. Rauch (29 September 2015). "Analysis of HST/COS spectra of the bare C–O stellar core H1504+65 and a high-velocity twin in the Galactic halo". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 584 (published December 2015): A19. arXiv: 1509.08942 . Bibcode:2015A&A...584A..19W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527261. S2CID   118458007. A19.
  37. 1 2 3 Lacki, Brian C.; Brzycki, Bryan; Croft, Steve; Czech, Daniel; DeBoer, David; DeMarines, Julia; Gajjar, Vishal; Isaacson, Howard; Lebofsky, Matt; MacMahon, David H. E.; Price, Danny C.; Sheikh, Sofia Z.; Siemion, Andrew P. V.; Drew, Jamie; Worden, S. Pete (2021-11-24). "One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 257 (2): 42. arXiv: 2006.11304 . Bibcode:2021ApJS..257...42L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac168a . ISSN   0067-0049.
  38. Yue, Y. L.; Cui, X. H.; Xu, R. X. (2006-10-01). "Is PSR B0943+10 a low-mass quark star?". The Astrophysical Journal. 649 (2): L95 –L98. arXiv: astro-ph/0603468 . Bibcode:2006ApJ...649L..95Y. doi:10.1086/508421. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   18183996.
  39. Burdge, Kevin B.; Marsh, Thomas R.; Fuller, Jim; Bellm, Eric C.; Caiazzo, Ilaria; Chakrabarty, Deepto; Coughlin, Michael W.; De, Kishalay; Dhillon, V. S.; Graham, Matthew J.; Rodríguez-Gil, Pablo; Jaodand, Amruta D.; Kaplan, David L.; Kara, Erin; Kong, Albert K. H. (May 2022). "A 62-minute orbital period black widow binary in a wide hierarchical triple". Nature. 605 (7908): 41–45. arXiv: 2205.02278 . Bibcode:2022Natur.605...41B. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04551-1. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   35508781.
  40. Kaplan, David L.; Boyles, Jason; Dunlap, Bart H.; Tendulkar, Shriharsh P.; Deller, Adam T.; Ransom, Scott M.; McLaughlin, Maura A.; Lorimer, Duncan R.; Stairs, Ingrid H. (2014). "A 1.05MCompanion to PSR J2222–0137: The Coolest Known White Dwarf?". The Astrophysical Journal. 789 (2): 119. arXiv: 1406.0488v1 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...789..119K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/119. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   19986066.
  41. Wright, Edward L.; Mainzer, Amy; et al. (2014). "NEOWISE-R Observation of the Coolest Known Brown Dwarf". The Astronomical Journal . 148 (5): 82. arXiv: 1405.7350 . Bibcode:2014AJ....148...82W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/82. S2CID   29278388.
  42. Luhman, K. L.; Tremblin, P.; Alves de Oliveira, C.; Birkmann, S. M.; Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; et al. (January 2024). "JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf". The Astronomical Journal. 167 (1): 5. arXiv: 2311.17316 . Bibcode:2024AJ....167....5L. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad0b72 . S2CID   265498620.
  43. "The Solution That Looks For A Problem: Mathematical Modeling And Its Applications For Teaching And Learning In Mathematics". Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  44. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BC – c. 546 BC)", Patricia O'Grady, 17 September 2004 (accessed 2010-10-25)
  45. ESO, "The Biggest Star in the Sky", 11 March 1997 (accessed 2010-10-25)
  46. Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not as Cool as We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv: astro-ph/0504337 . Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. S2CID   15109583.
  47. Levesque, E. M.; Massey, P.; Plez, B.; Olsen, K. A. G. (2009). "The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64: The Largest Star Known?". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (6): 4744. arXiv: 0903.2260 . Bibcode:2009AJ....137.4744L. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4744. S2CID   18074349.
  48. Munoz-Sanchez, G.; et al. (28 November 2024). "The dramatic transition of the extreme Red Supergiant WOH G64 to a Yellow Hypergiant". arXiv: 2411.19329 [astro-ph.SR].
  49. Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv: 1203.5194 . Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. S2CID   54044968.
  50. Gordon, Michael S.; Jones, Terry J.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Ertel, Steve; Hinz, Philip M.; Hoffman, William F.; Stone, Jordan; Spalding, Eckhart; Vaz, Amali (February 2019). "Thermal Emission in the Southwest Clump of VY CMa". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (2): 57. arXiv: 1811.05998 . Bibcode:2019AJ....157...57G. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaf5cb . S2CID   119044678.
  51. Lin, Jie; Wu, Chengyuan; Xiong, Heran; Wang, Xiaofeng; Németh, Péter; Han, Zhanwen; Li, Jiangdan; Elias-Rosa, Nancy; Salmaso, Irene; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Brink, Thomas G.; Yang, Yi; Chen, Xuefei; Yan, Shengyu; Zhang, Jujia (April 2024). "A seven-Earth-radius helium-burning star inside a 20.5-min detached binary". Nature Astronomy. 8 (4): 491–503. arXiv: 2312.13612 . Bibcode:2024NatAs...8..491L. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-02188-2. ISSN   2397-3366.
  52. Eric Mack (11 July 2017). "Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered". cnet.
  53. "Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers". University of Cambridge. 2017.
  54. Alexander von Boetticher; Amaury H.M.J. Triaud; Didier Queloz; Sam Gill; Monika Lendl; Laetitia Delrez; David R. Anderson; Andrew Collier Cameron; Francesca Faedi; Michaël Gillon; Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew; Leslie Hebb; Coel Hellier; Emmanuël Jehin; Pierre F.L. Maxted; David V. Martin; Francesco Pepe; Don Pollacco; Damien Ségransan; Barry Smalley; Stéphane Udry; Richard West (12 June 2017). "The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 604: L6. arXiv: 1706.08781 . Bibcode:2017A&A...604L...6V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731107. S2CID   54610182. EBLM_III.
  55. Boetticher, Alexander von; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Queloz, Didier; Gill, Sam; Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Almleaky, Yaseen; Anderson, David R.; Bouchy, François; Burdanov, Artem; Cameron, Andrew Collier; Delrez, Laetitia; Ducrot, Elsa; Faedi, Francesca; Gillon, Michaël; Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo (2019-05-01). "The EBLM Project - V. Physical properties of ten fully convective, very-low-mass stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 625: A150. arXiv: 1903.10808 . Bibcode:2019A&A...625A.150V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834539. ISSN   0004-6361.
  56. 1 2 Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022-07-26). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv: 2207.13078 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424 . S2CID   251067072.
  57. Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf–Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv: 1401.5474 . Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. S2CID   55123954.
  58. 1 2 Lienhard, F.; Queloz, D.; Gillon, M.; Burdanov, A.; Delrez, L.; Ducrot, E.; Handley, W.; Jehin, E.; Murray, C. A.; Triaud, A H M J.; Gillen, E.; Mortier, A.; Rackham, B. V. (2020), "Global analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 497 (3): 3790–3808, arXiv: 2007.07278 , Bibcode:2020MNRAS.497.3790L, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa2054
  59. Rebolo, R. (1996). "Brown Dwarfs in the Pleiades Cluster Confirmed by the Lithium Test". The Astrophysical Journal. 469: L53 –L56. arXiv: astro-ph/9607002 . Bibcode:1996ApJ...469L..53R. doi:10.1086/310263. S2CID   119485127.
  60. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 'In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun: Ninth Cambridge Workshop', "An I. K Survey of the Pleiades", Jameson, R. F.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Pinfield, D. J., vol. 109, p. 363, eds. R. Pallavicini, A. K. Dupree, 1996, Bibcode : 1996ASPC..109..363J
  61. Rilinger, Anneliese M.; Espaillat, Catherine C. (2021-11-01). "Disk Masses and Dust Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks around Brown Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal. 921 (2): 182. arXiv: 2106.05247 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...921..182R. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e5 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  62. Antoniadis, J.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Tauris, T. M.; Lynch, R. S.; Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Kramer, M.; Bassa, C.; Dhillon, V. S.; Driebe, T.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Kaspi, V. M.; Kondratiev, V. I.; Langer, N.; Marsh, T. R.; McLaughlin, M. A.; Pennucci, T. T.; Ransom, S. M.; Stairs, I. H.; Van Leeuwen, J.; Verbiest, J. P. W.; Whelan, D. G. (2013). "A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary". Science. 340 (6131): 1233232. arXiv: 1304.6875 . Bibcode:2013Sci...340..448A. doi:10.1126/science.1233232. PMID   23620056. S2CID   15221098.
  63. Jiang, Jin-Liang; Tang, Shao-Peng; Wang, Yuan-Zhu; Fan, Yi-Zhong; Wei, Da-Ming (2020-03-01). "PSR J0030+0451, GW170817, and the Nuclear Data: Joint Constraints on Equation of State and Bulk Properties of Neutron Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 892 (1): 55. arXiv: 1912.07467 . Bibcode:2020ApJ...892...55J. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab77cf . ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   209376461.
  64. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, "The Record Breaking Magnetic White Dwarf RE J0317-853", Burleigh, M. R.; Jordan, S., Vol. 29, p.1234, January 1998, Bibcode : 1998AAS...191.1511B
  65. Wolfram Scienceworld, "White Dwarf", Eric W. Weisstein, 2007 (accessed 2010-30-10)
  66. Doroshenko, Victor; Suleimanov, Valery; Pühlhofer, Gerd; Santangelo, Andrea (December 2022). "A strangely light neutron star within a supernova remnant". Nature Astronomy. 6 (12): 1444–1451. Bibcode:2022NatAs...6.1444D. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01800-1. ISSN   2397-3366.
  67. Zhang, Shu-Rui; Rueda, Jorge A.; Negreiros, Rodrigo (2025). "Can the central compact object in HESS J1731--347 be indeed the lightest neutron star observed?". The Astrophysical Journal. 978 (1): 1. arXiv: 2411.19382 . Bibcode:2025ApJ...978....1Z. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad96b5 .
  68. "NASA's Webb Identifies Tiniest Free-Floating Brown Dwarf". NASA. 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  69. "Webb identifies tiniest free-floating brown dwarf". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  70. Hayden Planetarium, "Stellar Orbits" Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine , Sébastien Lépine, Brian Abbott (accessed 2010-11-20)
  71. Ohio State University, Astronomy 143: The History of the Universe (Fall 2009); "Stars and Galaxies in Motion" Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine , Barbara Sue Ryden, 15 October 2009 (accessed 2010-11-20)
  72. Steinmetz, Matthias; Guiglion, Guillaume; McMillan, Paul J.; Matijevič, Gal; Enke, Harry; Kordopatis, Georges; Zwitter, Tomaž; Valentini, Marica; Chiappini, Cristina; Casagrande, Luca; Wojno, Jennifer; Anguiano, Borja; Bienaymé, Olivier; Bijaoui, Albert; Binney, James (July 2020). "The Sixth Data Release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (Rave). II. Stellar Atmospheric Parameters, Chemical Abundances, and Distances". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (2): 83. arXiv: 2002.04512 . Bibcode:2020AJ....160...83S. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ab8 . ISSN   1538-3881.
  73. Jiang, Dengkai; Han, Zhanwen; Yang, Liheng; Li, Lifang (2013). "The binary merger channel for the progenitor of the fastest rotating O-type star VFTS 102". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (2): 1218. arXiv: 1302.6296 . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428.1218J. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sts105 .
  74. Overbye, Dennis (14 November 2019). "A Black Hole Threw a Star Out of the Milky Way Galaxy - So long, S5-HVS1, we hardly knew you". The New York Times . Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  75. Koposov, Sergey E.; et al. (11 November 2019). "Discovery of a nearby 1700 km/s star ejected from the Milky Way by Sgr A*". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv: 1907.11725 . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz3081 .
  76. Starr, Michelle (31 July 2019). "Bizarre Star Found Hurtling Out of Our Galaxy Centre Is Fastest of Its Kind Ever Seen". ScienceAlert.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  77. Irving, Michael (13 November 2019). "Fastest star ever found is being flicked out of the Milky Way". NewAtlas.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  78. 1 2 3 Mayer, P.; Harmanec, P.; Zasche, P.; Brož, M.; Catalan-Hurtado, R.; Barlow, B. N.; Frondorf, W.; Wolf, M.; Drechsel, H.; Chini, R.; Nasseri, A.; Pigulski, A.; Labadie-Bartz, J.; Christie, G. W.; Walker, W. S. G.; Blackford, M.; Blane, D.; Henden, A. A.; Bohlsen, T.; Božić, H.; Jonák, J. (2022). "Towards a consistent model of the hot quadruple system HD 93206 = QZ Carinæ — I. Observations and their initial analyses". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 666: A23. arXiv: 2204.07045 . Bibcode:2022A&A...666A..23M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142108. S2CID   248177961.
  79. Mamajek, Eric E.; Burgasser, Adam J. (2024-12-05). "SDSS J100711.74+193056.2: A Candidate Common Motion Substellar Companion to the Nearest B-Type Star Regulus". The Astronomical Journal. 169 (2): 77. arXiv: 2412.04599 . doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad991b .
  80. "Report of the Council of the Society to the Nineteenth Annual General Meeting", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 4 No. 20, 8 February 1839, Royal Astronomical Society, Bibcode : 1836MNRAS...4....3M
  81. Kentucky New Era, "A Problem That The Star Sharps Are Trying To Solve", New York World, 3 July 1895 (accessed 22 March 2010)
  82. Universe Today, "Distance to Nearest Star", Fraser Cain, 30 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-02)