VX Sagittarii

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VX Sagittarii
VXSgrLightCurve.png
A visual band light curve for VX Sagittarii, plotted from AAVSO data [1]
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0        Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Sagittarius
Right ascension 18h 08m 04.04831s [2]
Declination −22° 13′ 26.6327″ [2]
Apparent magnitude  (V)6.5 - 14.0 [3]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage AGB [4]
Spectral type M4eIa - M10eIa [5]
Apparent magnitude  (U)11.72
Apparent magnitude  (B)9.41
Apparent magnitude  (V)6.52
Apparent magnitude  (I)2.11
Apparent magnitude  (J)1.23
Apparent magnitude  (H)0.13
Apparent magnitude  (K)−0.50
Apparent magnitude  (L)−1.61
Variable type SRc [3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)+6.47±3.37 [6]  km/s
Proper motion (μ)RA: +0.36±0.76 [6]   mas/yr
Dec.: −2.92±0.78 [6]   mas/yr
Parallax (π)0.64 ± 0.04  mas [6]
Distance 5,100 ± 300  ly
(1,560 ± 100  pc)
Details
Mass 12 [7]   M☉
Radius 1,360+250
−230, [4] between 1,120 and 1,550 [6] , 1,350–1,940 (pulsation) [8] , 1,480 [9] [a]   R☉
Luminosity 195000±62000 [6]   L☉
Temperature 2,900 [10] (near min), 3,200-3,400 (near max) [7] , 2,400–3,300 [8]   K
Other designations
VX  Sgr, HIP  88838, BD −22°4575, CD −22°12589, HD  165674, 2MASS  J18080404-2213266, AAVSO  1802-22
Database references
SIMBAD data

VX Sagittarii is an asymptotic giant branch star located more than 1.5 kiloparsec away from the Sun in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is a pulsating variable star with an unusually large magnitude range. It is one of the largest stars discovered, with a radius varying between 1,350 and 1,940 solar radii (940,000,000 and 1.35×109  km ; 6.3 and 9.0  au ). It is the most luminous known AGB star, at bolometric magnitude –8.6, which is brighter than the theoretical limit at –8.0. [4]

Contents

Observations

In 1904 it was announced that Henrietta Leavitt had discovered that the star, then known as BD −22°4575, is a variable star. [11] It was given its variable star designation, VX Sagittarii, in 1911. [12] The star is classed as a cool semiregular variable of type SRc with a pulsational period of 732 days. The variations sometimes have an amplitude comparable to a long period variable, at other times they are much smaller. The spectral type varies between M4e around visual maximum and M9.8e at minimum light, and the luminosity class is Ia indicating a bright supergiant. The spectrum shows emission lines indicating that the star is losing mass through a strong stellar wind. [8]

The annual parallax of VX Sagittarii has been measured as 0.64±0.06 mas, indicating a distance of about 5,100 light years. This is compatible with the distance to Sagittarius OB1, the stellar association that VX Sagittarii is thought to belong to. Its radial velocity and proper motions are also consistent with other members of the association. [6]

Stellar characteristics

The effective temperature of VX Sagittarii is variable from around 2,400 K at visual minimum to around 3,300 K near maximum. Such low temperatures are comparable to the very coolest AGB stars and unprecedented for a massive supergiant. [7] [8] Its atmosphere is extended, irregular, and variable during the pulsations of the star, but the bolometric luminosity varies less than the visual brightness and is calculated to be about 195,000 L☉. At an effective temperature of 3,300 K, the radius is expected to be somewhere between 1,120 R☉ and 1,550 R☉. [6] Older studies frequently calculated higher luminosities. [13] [14]

The atmosphere of VX Sgr shows molecular water layers and SiO masers in the atmosphere, typical of an OH/IR star. [15] The masers have been used to derive a distance of 1,590 parsecs. [16] The spectrum also indicates strong VO and CN. In many respects the atmosphere is similar to low mass AGB stars such as Mira variables, but with a supergiant's luminosity and size. [7]

Another paper from May 2018 suggests that VX Sagitarii may be a hypergiant. [6] This would make it one of the very rare red hypergiant stars. However, a 2021 paper concludes that VX Sagittarii is a massive AGB star, rather than a red supergiant or hypergiant. Because it displays rubidium in its spectrum and has a high mass loss and luminosity, it is possible that it is a type of AGB star known as a super-AGB star, a type of star with masses in between low-mass stars and high-mass stars. [4]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Calculated using angular diameter and distance in Table 1

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References

  1. ↑ "Download Data". aavso.org. AAVSO. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  2. 1 2 Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv: 0708.1752 . Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID   18759600.
  3. 1 2 Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Tabernero, H. M.; Dorda, R.; Negueruela, I.; Marfil, E. (2021). "The nature of VX Sagitarii". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 646: A98. arXiv: 2011.09184 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039236. S2CID   227013580.
  5. ↑ Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, G. M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006). "Variability in red supergiant stars: Pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 372 (4): 1721–1734. arXiv: astro-ph/0608438 . Bibcode:2006MNRAS.372.1721K. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x . S2CID   5203133.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Xu, Shuangjing; Zhang, Bo; Reid, Mark J; Menten, Karl M; Zheng, Xingwu; Wang, Guangli (2018). "The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal. 859 (1): 14. arXiv: 1804.00894 . Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...14X. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aabba6 . S2CID   55572194.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Chiavassa, A.; Lacour, S.; Millour, F.; Driebe, T.; Wittkowski, M.; Plez, B.; Thiébaut, E.; Josselin, E.; Freytag, B.; Scholz, M.; Haubois, X. (2009). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometric imaging of VX Sgr's inhomogenous outer atmosphere". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 511: A51. arXiv: 0911.4422 . Bibcode:2010A&A...511A..51C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913288. S2CID   55877127.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Lockwood, G. W.; Wing, R. F. (1982). "The light and spectrum variations of VX Sagittarii, an extremely cool supergiant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 198 (2): 385–404. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.198..385L. doi: 10.1093/mnras/198.2.385 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  9. ↑ Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (7 December 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv: 2312.03467 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN   0004-6361.
  10. ↑ García-Hernández, D. A; García-Lario, P; Plez, B; Manchado, A; d'Antona, F; Lub, J; Habing, H (2007). "Lithium and zirconium abundances in massive Galactic O-rich AGB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 462 (2): 711. arXiv: astro-ph/0609106 . Bibcode:2007A&A...462..711G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065785. S2CID   16016698.
  11. ↑ Leavitt, Henrietta; Pickering, Edward C (August 1904). "Sixteen New Variable Stars in Sagittarius". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 91: 1. Bibcode:1904HarCi..91....1L . Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  12. ↑ Dunér; Hartwig; Müller (December 1911). "Benennung von neu entdeckten veränderlichen Sternen". Astronomische Nachrichten. 190 (4): 57–72. Bibcode:1911AN....190...57.. doi:10.1002/asna.19111900402 . Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  13. ↑ De Jager, C.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Van Der Hucht, K. A. (1988). "Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 72: 259. Bibcode:1988A&AS...72..259D.
  14. ↑ Mauron, N.; Josselin, E. (2010). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 526: A156. arXiv: 1010.5369v1 . Bibcode:2011A&A...526A.156M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201013993. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   119276502.
  15. ↑ Greenhill, L. J.; et al. (1995). "The sio masers and dust shell of VX sgr". Astrophysics and Space Science. 224 (1–2): 469–470. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.224..469G. doi:10.1007/BF00667909. ISSN   0004-640X. S2CID   189849486.
  16. ↑ Chen, X.; Shen, Z. Q.; Xu, Y. (2007). "Measuring the Distance of VX Sagittarii with SiO Maser Proper Motions". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7 (4): 531. Bibcode:2007ChJAA...7..531C. doi: 10.1088/1009-9271/7/4/09 .

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