List of smallest known stars

Last updated

This is a list of stars, neutron stars, white dwarfs and brown dwarfs which are the least voluminous known (the smallest stars by volume).

Contents

List

Notable small stars

This is a list of small stars that are notable for characteristics that are not separately listed.

Star nameStar mean radius, kilometres Star classNotesReferences
RX J0720.4−3125 4.50+0.08
−0.09 –5.38+0.13
−0.14		 Neutron star Neutron stars are stellar remnants produced when a star of around 8–9 solar masses or more explodes in a supernova at the end of its life. They are usually produced by stars of less than 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases. [1]
4U 1820-30 9.1 Pulsar [2]
PSR B0943+10 10 or 2.6 [lower-alpha 1] Pulsar (quark star?) [3]
PSR B1257+12 10 Pulsar Orbited by three planets. [4]
PSR B0531+21 (Crab pulsar)10Relatively young at 7200 years old as of June 2023. [5]
Geminga 10 [6]
XTE J1739-285 10.9 Pulsar (quark star?) [7]
PSR J1906+0746 11.99 –12.85 Pulsar [8]
PSR J2043+1711 12.13 –12.96 [8]
PSR J1933–6211 12.15 –12.98 [8]
Vela pulsar 12.52 –13.30 [8]
PSR J0348+0432 A13 ± 2Orbited by a white dwarf star (see below) [9]
PSR J1614−2230 13 ± 2 [10]
GX 13+1 ≲14.50 Neutron star [11]
PSR J1748-2446ad <16 Pulsar Fastest-spinning pulsar known. [12]
RX J1856.5−3754 19 Neutron star Closest neutron star discovered to date. [13]
PSR B1620-26 A24 Pulsar An exoplanet orbits PSR B1620-26 A and its white dwarf companion (see below) in a circumbinary orbit.
HD 49798 1,600 White dwarf One of the smallest white dwarf stars known. [14]
ZTF J1901+1458 1,809Currently the most massive white dwarf known. [15]
GRW +70 8247 3,300 [16]
Janus 3,400A white dwarf with a side or hydrogen and another side of helium. [17]
Wolf 1130 B3,480 [18]
BPM 37093 3,965.5
IK Pegasi B4,174The nearest supernova candidate. (Type Ia) [19]
Sirius B 5,466Historically first detected white dwarf star [20]
LB 1497 5,494.5 [21]
40 Eridani B5,547.5
U Geminorum white dwarf5,565 [22]
Gliese 915 6,748.3 [23]
AR Scorpii 6,950The only known white dwarf pulsar [24]
LP 145-141 6,9504th nearest white dwarf. [25]
PSR B1620-26 B6,950An exoplanet orbits PSR B1620-26 B and its pulsar companion (see above) in a circumbinary orbit.
G 29-38 6,950 [26]
WD 0810–353 6,950 [27]
Van Maanen 2 7,6503rd nearest white dwarf. [28]
QS Virginis A7,658 [29]
Stein 2051 B7,930 [30]
Ross 548 (ZZ Ceti)8,209 [31]
DQ Herculis A8,420 [32] A slow, bright nova that reached peak brightness on 22 December 1934 with an apparent magnitude of 1.5. [33]
Procyon B8,595Second nearest white dwarf. [34]
GD 165 A8,626.5 [31]
ESO 439-26 8,775.5Faintest known white dwarf. [35]
Gliese 293 8,900 [lower-alpha 2] [23]
Wolf 489 9,044 [36]
HD 44120 C9,044 [37]
WD 1856+534 9,113.67 [38]
Epsilon Reticuli B9,185 [39]
KOI-256 B9,350 [40]
RR Caeli white dwarf10,908.5 [41]
WD 1145+017 13,926.84Host star of one of the smallest exoplanets. [42]
NN Serpentis white dwarf14,679.5 [43]
Beta Crateris B18,800 [44]
Central star of the Dumbbell Nebula 38,265 [45]
KPD 0005+5106 41,045Hottest known white dwarf. [46]
PSR J0348+0432 B 45,268A white dwarf that orbits its pulsar companion (see above) [9]
TMTS J052610.43+593445.1 45,916 B-type subdwarf Smallest known non-degenerate star. [47]
WISEA 1810−1010 46,840 Brown dwarf Smallest known brown dwarf. [48]
EPIC 201702477  [ fr ]54,120 [49]
Epsilon Indi Ba55,656 [50]
LHS 6343 C55,978 [51]
Epsilon Indi Bb57,050 [50]
54 Piscium B57,050 [52]
2MASS J1126−5003 57,193.5 [53]
UGPS J0521+3640 57,193.5
Wolf 1130 C58,625 [54]
EBLM J0555-57Ab 60,000 Red dwarf This red dwarf has a size comparable to that of the planet Saturn. As of 2019, it is the second lightest hydrogen-fusing star known, marginally heavier (0.0777-0.0852M☉) than the 2MASS J0523-1403. Although its mass is comparable to that of TRAPPIST-1, its radius is 1/3 smaller. [55] [56] [57]
Luhman 16 A60,768 Brown dwarf Luhman 16 A and Luhman 16 B are the closest brown dwarf stars to Earth, and the third-nearest star system to the Solar System. [lower-alpha 3]
SSSPM J0829-130961,300 Red dwarf An L2 dwarf that is fusing hydrogen. Similarly to 2MASS J0523-1403, SSSPM J0829-1309 is one of the least luminous and massive hydrogen-fusing stars, and is smaller than Jupiter. [58] [59]
WISE 1405+5534 61,483 Brown dwarf [60]
2MASS 0939-2448 B62,600 [61]
WISE 0855−0714 63,500Coolest known brown dwarf. [62] [lower-alpha 4]
2MASS 0243−2453 64,000 [63]
W1906+40 64,350In 2015 it was shown to have on its surface a storm the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot. 
2MASS J0348−6022 64,700 [64]
SDSS J1416+1348 A65,772.5 [65]
WISEPC J205628.90+145953.3 66,487.5 [60]
WISE 1738+2732 66,487.5 [60]
SCR 1845−6357 A66,790 Red dwarf
2MASS 0937+2931 67,200 Brown dwarf [66]
WISE 0359−5401 67,200In June 2023, it became the first Y-dwarf with a spectral energy distribution measured by the James Webb Space Telescope. [67] [68]
2MASS J22282889–4310262 67,200 [69]
SDSS J1416+1348 B67,200 [70]
DENIS J081730.0−615520 67,200 [66]
WISE 2150–7520 B67,900 [71]
Kelu-1 B67,900
Kelu-1 A68,180
DENIS 0255−4700 69,570 [72]
R Aquarii B69,570 White dwarf Part of a symbiotic binary star system containing a red giant and a white dwarf. [73]
HD 114762 B69,570 Red dwarf [74]
2MASS J0407+1546 69,570 Brown dwarf [75]
HN Pegasi B70,265 [76]
2MASS J0523-1403 70,600 Red dwarf As in 2019, with mass 67.54±12.79MJ (0.0523-0.0767M☉) is the lowest known mass hydrogen-burning star. [77] [58] [66]
GD 165 B71,492 Brown dwarf [78]
15 Sagittae B71,492 [79]
DENIS-P J1058.7−1548 71,492 [80]
LHS 2924 71,657 Red dwarf [81]
2MASS 0036+1821 72,200 Brown dwarf [66]
UGPS 0722-05 72,850Possibly a rogue planet [82]
WISE 2150–7520 A73,635 [71]
Luhman 16 B74,350Luhman 16 B and Luhman 16 A are the closest brown dwarf stars to Earth, and the third-nearest star system to the Solar System. [lower-alpha 3]
DENIS J1048−3956 75,135.5 Red dwarf [83]
DX Cancri 76,527 [84]
LHS 292 76,527 [85]
TVLM 513-46546 76,527Has one confirmed exoplanet
Gliese 229 B79,000 Brown dwarf
HR 2562 B 79,350Its mass is quite uncertain, at 29±15  MJ . [86] It is cited by the NASA Exoplanet Archive as the most massive exoplanet known. [87] [88]
OGLE-TR-122B 81,100 Red dwarf This was once the smallest known actively fusing star, when found in 2005, through 2013. It is the smallest eclipsing red dwarf, and smallest observationally measured diameter. [89] [90] [91]
CoRoT-15b 82,200 Brown dwarf [92]
VB 10 82,300 Red dwarf It was the smallest known star from 1948 to 1981. [93]
TRAPPIST-1 82,925Hosts a planetary system with at least seven rocky planets. [94]
LHS 2090 83,500 [95]
Teegarden's Star 83,500Has two potentially habitable planets. [96]
VB 8 84,450 [93]
2MASS 0939-2448 A87,220 Brown dwarf [97]
Gliese 412 B90,400 Red dwarf [98]
CFBDSIR 1458+10 B90,450 Brown dwarf
Gliese 1002 95,310 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [99]
Wolf 424 B97,400 [100]
LHS 3154 97,400Has one confirmed exoplanet [101]
Wolf 359 100,180.8Fifth-nearest star system to the Solar System. Has one unconfirmed exoplanet [93]
NN Serpentis red dwarf103,660 [102]
CFBDSIR 1458+10 A104,350 Brown dwarf
NY Virginis A105,050 B-type subdwarf [103]
Gliese 1061 105,746.4 Red dwarf Has three confirmed exoplanets, two of them are in the habitable zone. [93]
LP 890-9 106,580Has two confirmed exoplanets, one of them (LP 890-9c) is in the habitable zone. [104]
Proxima Centauri 107,277This is the nearest neighbouring star to the Sun. Has 2 confirmed exoplanets and one disputed planet [105]
Luyten 726-8 B(UV Ceti)110,615The archetypal type of the flare stars, and the eight-nearest star system to the Solar System. [106]
NY Virginis B111,300 [107]
TZ Arietis 112,000Has one confirmed exoplanet [108]
Luyten 726-8 A(BL Ceti)114,790Luyten 726-8 A and B are the eight-nearest star system to the Solar System. [106]
YZ Ceti 116,877.5Has three confirmed exoplanets [109]
LP 791-18 (TOI-736)118,270Has three confirmed exoplanets [110]
HR 858 B118,270 [111]
UY Sextantis 118,270 B-type subdwarf [112]
Wolf 424 A118,270 Red dwarf [100]
Kepler-42 121,750Has three confirmed exoplanets [113]
EZ Aquarii A(Luyten 789-6 A)121,750 [100]
HW Virginis B121,835 [114]
Gliese 1151 123,900Has one confirmed exoplanet [115]
Groombridge 34 B125,200 [116]
Wolf 1069 126,130Has one confirmed potentially habitable exoplanet [117]
HW Virginis A127,404.6 B-type subdwarf [114]
Gliese 3323 129,539.5 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [118]
Barnard's Star 130,100The star with the highest proper motion, [119] and the second-nearest star system to the Solar system. [93]
LHS 3844 (Batsũ̀)131,500Has one confirmed exoplanet [120]
Ross 248 132,200Tenth-nearest star system to the Solar System. [98]
Gliese 1128 132,200 [121]
Alpha Mensae B132,200 [122]
Ross 128 136,844Has one confirmed potentially habitable exoplanet [123]
LTT 1445 C137,050 [124]
Ross 154 139,140Ninth-nearest star system to our Solar System. [93]
Gliese 1062 141,000Other sources cites 258,800 km (0.372 R☉) [125] and 285,935 km (0.411 R☉) [126] [127]
Kepler-70 141,225 B-type subdwarf Has two unconfirmed exoplanets, which may be the hottest exoplanets known. [128]
RR Caeli red dwarf141,225 Red dwarf
Gliese 1214 141,922Has a confirmed exoplanet [93]
Gliese 754 142,618.5 [129]
LHS 1140 142,618.5Has two confirmed exoplanets [93]
EZ Aquarii B (Luyten 789-6 B)146,100 [130]
Gliese 1132 149,575Has two confirmed exoplanets [93]
LSR J1835+3259 150,133 Brown dwarf [131]
CT Chamaeleontis B157,282.4
V391 Pegasi 160,000 B-type subdwarf Has one exoplanet candidate [132]
Kepler-1649 161,400 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [133]
LTT 1445 B164,185 [124]
CM Draconis B166,700 [134]
Kepler-429 167,000 B-type subdwarf Has three exoplanet candidates [135]
Ross 695 167,000 Red dwarf [136]
Kruger 60 B167,000 [137]
2M1207 A173,925 Brown dwarf Has one confirmed exoplanet [138]
CM Draconis A176,000 Red dwarf [139]
DG Canum Venaticorum 176,000 [140]
AM Herculis red dwarf180,882 [141]
Z Andromedae B184,530.63 White dwarf Largest known white dwarf. Part of a symbiotic binary star system containing a red giant and a white dwarf. [142]
55 Cancri B186,447.5 Red dwarf [143]
LTT 1445 A188,500 Red dwarf Has three confirmed exoplanets, one of them is in the habitable zone [144]
Struve 2398 B189,925 [98]
Gliese 105 B (268 G. Ceti B)193,405 [98]
LHS 475 194,030.5Has one confirmed exoplanet [145]
HR 7703 B194,800 [137]
Mu Cassiopeiae Ab201,750 [146]
Kapteyn's Star 202,448.7This is the closest halo star to the Sun. [147]
Stein 2051 A203,150 [148]
HN Librae 208,000Has one confirmed planet and one unconfirmed [149]
Gliese 402 208,700
L 98-59 210,800Has four confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed [150]
Gliese 581 215,650Has three confirmed exoplanets [93]
40 Eridani C215,650 [151]
Wolf 1061 221,900Has three confirmed exoplanets [93]
Gliese 3929 222,600Has two confirmed exoplanets [152]
Xi Ursae Majoris Ab222,600 [153]
YZ Canis Minoris 225,400 [108]
Wolf 437 (Gar)228,190Has one confirmed exoplanet [154]
Gliese 1 229,580 [155]
Wolf 1130 A229,580 [156]
Gliese 357 231,650Has three confirmed exoplanets [157]
Gliese 667 C231,650Has two confirmed exoplanets [93]
Kepler-47 B235,150There are three exoplanets orbiting Kepler-47 B and its companion, Kepler-47 A, in a circumbinary orbit. [158] [159]
Luyten's Star 243,500Has two confirmed exoplanets and other two unconfirmed [160]
Kruger 60 A243,500 [137]
Struve 2398 A246,300 [93]
EV Lacertae 250,500On 25 April 2008, a record-setting stellar flare was observed on its surface by NASA's Swift, that was thousands of times more powerful than any solar flare. [161] [162]
Theta Cygni B250,500 [163]
Gliese 251 253,235Has one confirmed exoplanet [164]
DT Virginis B256,000 [165]
AT Microscopii B257,400 [166]
Regulus C257,400 [167]
Gliese 876 (Ross 780)258,800Has four confirmed exoplanets [93]
LHS 6343 A259,495 [51]
LTT 3780 (TOI-732)260,190Has two confirmed exoplanets [168]
TOI-270 263,000Has three confirmed exoplanets [169]
Gliese 412 A264,400 [98]
Groombridge 34 A267,800Has two confirmed exoplanets [93]
L 34-26 270,000It hosts the exoplanet with the longest known orbital period, COCONUTS-2b, which takes about 1.1 million years to complete an orbit around its star. [170] [171]
Teide 1 270,240 Brown dwarf [172] [173]
Gliese 908 271,323 Red dwarf [136]
Gliese 1252 272,000Has one confirmed exoplanet, an ultra-short-period planet with a daytime temperature measured at 1140 °C. [174] [175]
HIP 79431 (Sharjah)272,000Has one confirmed exoplanet. Other sources cites radius of 307,500 km (0.442 R☉) [176] and 375,680 km (0.54 R☉) [177] [178]
Lalande 21185 273,500Sixth-nearest star system to the Solar System. Has two confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed [179]
LHS 6343 B274,100 [51]
Gliese 22 B274,100 [180]
Gliese 179 278,300Has two confirmed exoplanets [118]
HIP 57050 278,300Has two confirmed exoplanets [181]
KOI-4777 278,300Has one confirmed exoplanet [182]
Gliese 163 284,550Has five confirmed exoplanets [93]
AT Microscopii A285,250 [166]
Gliese 588 292,200 [183]
Gliese 686 292,200Has a confirmed exoplanet [184]
TOI 700 292,200Has four confirmed exoplanets [185]
QS Virginis B292,404 [29]
Gliese 180 294,211.5Has two confirmed exoplanets [118]
AD Leonis 294,500 [186]
Gliese 408 299,150 [137]
Gliese 3634 299,150Has a confirmed exoplanet [187]
Gliese 569 A299,150 [188]
U Geminorum red dwarf299,150 [22]
Gliese 436 300,542Has a confirmed exoplanet [93]
Sigma Coronae Borealis C304,000 [189]
HD 260655 (TOI-4599)305,400Has two confirmed exoplanets [190]
WR 93b 306,108 Wolf-Rayet [191]
Gliese 832 307,500 Red dwarf Has two exoplanets [93]
Gliese 877 307,500 [157]
Gliese 393 310,212.5 [118]
Tabby's Star B313,065 [192]
Gliese 367 (Añañuca)317,935Has three confirmed exoplanets [193]
Gliese 849 322,800Has two confirmed exoplanets [93]
K2-18 (EPIC 201912552)326,300Has two confirmed exoplanets [194]
Gliese 521 327,000 [195]
BAT99-123 327,000 Wolf-Rayet [196]
Lacaille 9352 329,750 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed [93]

Smallest stars by type

List of the smallest stars by star type
TypeStar nameRadius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1)		Radius
Earth radii
(Earth = 1)		Radius
(km / mi)		DateNotesReferences
Red dwarf EBLM J0555-57Ab 0.0840.849.4160,000 km (37,000 mi)2017The red dwarf stars are considered the smallest stars known, and representative of the smallest star possible. [55] [56] [57]
Brown dwarf WISEA 1810−1010 0.0670.6557.2946,840 km (29,110 mi)Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to build up the pressure in the central regions to allow nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. They are best described as extremely massive gas giants that were not able to ignite into a hydrogen-fusing star. [48]
White dwarf HD 49798 0.00230.0230.251,600 km (990 mi)2021White dwarfs are stellar remnants produced when a star with around 8 solar masses or less sheds its outer layers into a planetary nebula. The leftover core becomes the white dwarf. It is thought that white dwarfs cool down over quadrillions of years to produce a black dwarf. [14]
Neutron star RX J0720.4−3125 0.0000064683 –0.00000773320.00006294 –0.000075250.0007055 –0.00084354.50+0.08
−0.09 –5.38+0.13
−0.14		2012Neutron stars are stellar remnants produced when stars with around 9 solar masses or more explode in supernovae at the ends of their lives. They are usually produced by stars with less than 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases. [1]

Timeline of smallest red dwarf star recordholders

Red dwarfs are considered the smallest star known that are active fusion stars, and are the smallest stars possible that is not a brown dwarf.

List of smallest red dwarf titleholders
Star nameDateRadius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1)		Radius
km
(mi)		Notes
EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017-0.0840.8460,000 km (37,000 mi)This star has a size comparable to that of Saturn. [55] [56] [57]
2MASS J0523-1403 2013-20170.1021.0170,600 km (43,900 mi)Lowest mass main sequence star as in 2020. [77] [58] [197] [66]
OGLE-TR-122B 2005-20130.1171.1681,100 km (50,400 mi) [89] [90] [91]

Notes

  1. ↑ If PSR B0943+10 is a neutron star, its radius is 10 km. If it is a quark star, its radius is 2.6 km.
  2. ↑ From surface gravity and mass
  3. 1 2 From : , where is the luminosity, is the radius, is the effective surface temperature and is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.
  4. ↑ Radius derived from a effective temperature of 285 K and a luminosity of 0.000000049545 L☉. These values, in the Stefan–Boltzmann law (, where T is the effective temperature and L is the luminosity), derive a radius of 0.0913 R☉, which, converted to Jupiter radius (RJ), gives about 0.8884 RJ.

Related Research Articles

HD 63454, formally named Ceibo, is a star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon near the border with Mensa. To see the star, one needs a small telescope because it has an apparent magnitude of 9.36, which is below the limit for naked eye visibility. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 123 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 33.8 km/s. At its current distance, HD 63454's brightness is diminished by two tenths of a magnitude due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +6.68.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 61005</span> Star in the constellation Puppis

HD 61005, also known as HIP 36948 and The Moth, is a young star located in the southern constellation Puppis, the poop deck. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.22, making it readily visible in binoculars, but not to the naked eye. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 119 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 22.6 km/s.

HD 194012 is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.15, making it visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is relatively close at a distance of only 85 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 4.5 km/s.

HD 58425, also known as HR 2830, is an astrometric binary located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as an orang point of light at an apparent magnitude of 5.64. Based on parallax measurements from Gaia DR3, the system is estimated to be 470 light years away from Earth. It appears to be rapidly receding from the Sun, having a heliocentric radial velocity of 58.6 km/s. HD 58425 is listed as 54 Ursae Majoris in Johann Hevelius' catalogue, but this was dropped after the official IAU's official constellation borders were drawn.

HR 8526, also known as HD 212168, is the primary of a triple star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. The star and its companion have apparent magnitudes of 6.12 and 9.36 respectively. The system is located relatively close at a distance of 76 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 15 km/s.

References

  1. 1 2 Hohle, M.M.; Haberl, F.; Vink, J.; de Vries, C.P.; et al. (2012). "The Continued Spectral and Temporal Evolution of RX J0720.4-3125". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 423 (2): 1194–99. arXiv: 1203.3708 . Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423.1194H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20946.x. S2CID   55696761.
  2. ↑ Wanas, M. I.; Ammar, Samah A.; Foda, Mona M. (July 2024). "Structure of compact stars: A pure geometric approach". New Astronomy. 109. Bibcode:2024NewA..10902201W. doi:10.1016/j.newast.2024.102201. ISSN   1384-1076.
  3. ↑ Yue, Y. L.; Cui, X. H.; Xu, R. X. (2006-10-01). "Is PSR B0943+10 a low-mass quark star?". The Astrophysical Journal. 649 (2): L95–L98. arXiv: astro-ph/0603468 . Bibcode:2006ApJ...649L..95Y. doi:10.1086/508421. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   18183996.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2017-10-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ↑ "psr b0531 21 radius - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
  6. ↑ "Geminga | pulsar". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  7. ↑ Zhang, C. M.; Yin, H. X.; Zhao, Y. H.; Wei, Y. C.; Li, X. D. (October 2007). "Does Sub-millisecond Pulsar XTE J1739-285 Contain a Low Magnetic Neutron Star or Quark Star ?". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 119 (860): 1108–1113. arXiv: 0708.3566 . Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1108Z. doi:10.1086/522796. ISSN   0004-6280. S2CID   15651718.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Sen, Debashree; Guha, Atanu (21 February 2024). "Estimating the dark matter halo velocity and surface temperature of some known pulsars due to dark matter capture". arXiv: 2402.13795 [hep-ph].
  9. 1 2 Antoniadis, J.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Tauris, T. M.; Lynch, R. S.; Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Kramer, M.; Bassa, C.; Dhillon, V. S.; Driebe, T.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Kaspi, V. M.; Kondratiev, V. I.; Langer, N.; Marsh, T. R.; McLaughlin, M. A.; Pennucci, T. T.; Ransom, S. M.; Stairs, I. H.; Van Leeuwen, J.; Verbiest, J. P. W.; Whelan, D. G. (2013). "A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary". Science. 340 (6131): 1233232. arXiv: 1304.6875 . Bibcode:2013Sci...340..448A. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.769.4180 . doi:10.1126/science.1233232. PMID   23620056. S2CID   15221098.
  10. ↑ Demorest, Paul; Pennucci, Tim; Ransom, Scott; Roberts, Mallory; Hessels, Jason (October 2010). "Shapiro delay measurement of a two solar mass neutron star". Nature. 467 (7319): 1081–1083. arXiv: 1010.5788 . doi:10.1038/nature09466. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   20981094.
  11. ↑ Giridharan, L.; Thomas, Neal Titus; Gudennavar, S. B.; Bubbly, S. G. (21 December 2023). "Spectral and temporal features of GX 13+1 as revealed by AstroSat". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 527 (4): 11855–11865. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3941 . ISSN   0035-8711.
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