SPECULOOS-3

Last updated
SPECULOOS-3
LSPM J2049+3336 as seen by 2MASS.png
SPECULOOS-3 (circled) as seen by 2MASS.
Observation data
Epoch J2000       Equinox J2000
Constellation Cygnus [1]
Right ascension 20h 49m 27.44052s [2]
Declination +33° 36′ 50.9686″ [2]
Apparent magnitude  (V)17.8 (estimate) [3]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Red dwarf
Spectral type M6.5±0.5 [4]
Apparent magnitude  (B)19 [5]
Apparent magnitude  (R)16.4 [5]
Apparent magnitude  (G)15.379 [2]
Apparent magnitude  (J)11.5 [6]
Apparent magnitude  (H)10.867±0.021 [5]
Apparent magnitude  (K)10.54 [6]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ)RA: –207.809  mas/yr [2]
Dec.: –412.215  mas/yr [2]
Parallax (π)59.7005 ± 0.0434  mas [2]
Distance 54.63 ± 0.04  ly
(16.75 ± 0.01  pc) [2]
Details [4]
Mass 0.1009±0.0024  M☉
Radius 0.123±0.0022  R☉
Luminosity 0.000835±0.000019  L☉
Surface gravity (log g)5.265±0.014  cgs
Temperature 2800±29  K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.07±0.1  dex
Rotation 1.34±0.14 d
Rotational velocity (v sin i)4.8±0.5 km/s
Age 6.6+1.8
−2.4  Gyr
Other designations
Gaia DR2  1869054868256849920, Gaia DR3  1869054868256849920, LSPM J2049+3336, TIC  230741378, 2MASS J20492745+3336512, WISE J204927.26+333646.6
Database references
SIMBAD data

SPECULOOS-3, also known as LSPM J2049+3336, is a red dwarf star (spectral type M6.5) located 54.6 light-years from Earth [4] in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the smallest known stars, and is much cooler, dimmer and smaller than the Sun, having 0.1 times the mass, 0.08% the Sun's luminosity, and an effective temperature of 2,800  K (2,530 °C), which is less than half of the Sun's temperature (5,772 K). [4] It is orbited by one known exoplanet, and is the second ultra-cool dwarf discovered to have a planetary system, after TRAPPIST-1. [7] [8]

Contents

Stellar properties

The age of SPECULOOS-3 is constrained at 6.6 billion years, 44% older than the Solar System, with significant margins of error. A bayesian analysis of the star derived a mass of 0.101  M☉, an effective temperature of 2,800  K (2,530 °C; 4,580 °F) and a luminosity of 8.35×10−6  L☉. These characteristics classify SPECULOOS-3 as an ultracool dwarf, which are stars at the end of the main sequence, with low temperatures, low luminosites and sizes similar to Jupiter. It is spinning at a rotational velocity of 4.8 km/s and has a projected rotational period of 1.34 days. [4]

The stellar radius, computed using the Stefan–Boltzmann law, is 0.134  R☉ (93,000 kilometres). [4] This makes SPECULOOS-3 the second-smallest star known to host a transiting planet, just marginally larger than TRAPPIST-1, [4] and its size is similar to that of Jupiter. [9] Its apparent magnitude is estimated at 17.8, [3] which is too faint to be seen by the naked eye.

It was first discovered in 2005 as part of the LSPM-North catalog, whose objective was to map stars in the northern celestial hemisphere with proper motions larger than 0.15" per year and apparent magnitudes smaller than 21m. [3] Its trignometric parallax was first measured in 2014 at 67.5±1.7  mas , translating into a distance of 14.8 parsecs (48.27 ly). [6] Gaia Data Release 3 (2023) published a parallax of 59.7 milliarcseconds, translating into a distance of 16.75 parsecs (54.6 ly). [2] This make this star relatively close to Earth. [10]

Red dwarf stars such as SPECULOOS-3 are the most numerous type of stars, making up 70% of all stars in the Milky Way galaxy. They are expected to live 10 times more than the Sun, with lifespans longer than 100 billion years. [10]

Planetary system

SPECULOOS-3 hosts one exoplanet, discovered in 2024 via the transit method. [11] Named SPECULOOS-3 b, it is an Earth-sized exoplanet that has a radius similar to that of Earth, equivalent to 0.98 Earth radii. [4] It takes only about 17 hours to complete an orbit around SPECULOOS-3, and, because of that proximity, it receives very high levels of radiation and is likely tidally locked, meaning that one side of the planet always faces its host star. [9] Its discovery was made using the SPECULOOS project, and was announced on 15 May 2024 in the academic journal Nature Astronomy. [12]

The mass of SPECULOOS-3 b has been not measured, [4] but it has been estimated by NASA's Eyes on Exoplanets at 0.894  ME. [13] Its equilibrium temperature is about 553  K (280 °C; 536 °F), meaning that its dayside is likely formed by solid rock. [4] The planet is an optimal target for characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope, giving more information about the planet's mineralogy [12] and the possibility of hosting an atmosphere. [14]

The SPECULOOS-3 planetary system [4]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b —0.007330(55)0.71912603(57)—89.44±0.39 ° 0.977±0.022  R🜨

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SPECULOOS</span> Astronomical observatory

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SPECULOOS-3 b</span> Exoplanet orbiting the ultracool star SPECULOOS-3

SPECULOOS-3 b is an Earth-sized exoplanet, orbiting the ultracool red dwarf star SPECULOOS-3. It is relatively close to Earth, at a distance of 55 light-years. SPECULOOS-3 b takes only about 17 hours to complete an orbit around SPECULOOS-3, and, because of that proximity, it receives very high levels of radiation and is tidally locked, meaning that one side of the planet always faces its host star. Its discovery was made using the SPECULOOS project, and announced in May 2024 in the academic journal Nature Astronomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WD 2317+1830</span> WD 2317+1830 is a white dwarf in the constellation Pegasus

WD 2317+1830 is one of the first white dwarfs with lithium detected in its atmosphere. The white dwarf is surrounded by a debris disk and is actively accreting material. Researchers suggest that the presence of alkali metals indicates the accretion of crust material. Another work however cautions to use alkali metals as a single indicator of crust material. They suggest that such objects could be polluted by mantle material instead. An analysis in 2024 finds that the abundance of lithium is in agreement with Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and galactic nucleosynthesis. WD 2317+1830 likely was a star with sub-solar metallicity, which is evident from its old age, as well as from its thick disk or halo kinematics. This low metallicity means that the planetesimals that formed around this old white dwarf had a composition more similar to BBN abundances. The lithium-enhancement is not in agreement with the accretion of terrestrial continental crust material. The accretion of an exotic exoplanet is not ruled out, but the accretion of a primitive planetesimal is more likely. The accretion of an exomoon as a lithium source is excluded.

References

  1. ↑ "Finding the constellation which contains given sky coordinates". djm.cc. 2 August 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211 . Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . S2CID   244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  3. 1 2 3 Lépine, Sébastien; Shara, Michael M. (2005-03-01). "A Catalog of Northern Stars with Annual Proper Motions Larger than 0.15" (LSPM-NORTH Catalog)". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (3): 1483–1522. arXiv: astro-ph/0412070 . Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1483L. doi:10.1086/427854. ISSN   0004-6256. SPECULOOS-3's database entry at VizieR.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gillon, Michaël; Pedersen, Peter P.; Rackham, Benjamin V.; Dransfield, Georgina; Ducrot, Elsa; Barkaoui, Khalid; Burdanov, Artem Y.; Schroffenegger, Urs; Gómez Maqueo Chew, Yilen; Lederer, Susan M.; Alonso, Roi; Burgasser, Adam J.; Howell, Steve B.; Narita, Norio; de Wit, Julien (2024-05-15). "Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3". Nature Astronomy. 8 (7): 865–878. arXiv: 2406.00794 . Bibcode:2024NatAs...8..865G. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02271-2. ISSN   2397-3366.
  5. 1 2 3 "LSPM J2049+3336". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Dittmann, Jason A.; Irwin, Jonathan M.; Charbonneau, David; Berta-Thompson, Zachory K. (2014-04-01). "Trigonometric Parallaxes for 1507 Nearby Mid-to-late M Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal. 784 (2): 156. arXiv: 1312.3241 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...784..156D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/156. ISSN   0004-637X. SPECULOOS-3's database entry at VizieR.
  7. ↑ Anderson, Natali (2024-05-15). "Earth-Sized Exoplanet Found Orbiting Nearby Ultracool Red Dwarf". Sci.News. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
  8. ↑ "Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
  9. 1 2 Hill, Samantha (2024-05-16). "Found: An Earth-sized exoplanet named SPECULOOS-3 b". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  10. 1 2 "Discovery Alert: An Earth-sized World and Its Ultra-cool Star - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  11. ↑ "The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — SPECULOOS-3 b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia . Paris Observatory . Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  12. 1 2 "Astronomers discover new Earth-sized world orbiting an ultra-cool star". phys.org. May 15, 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  13. ↑ "SPECULOOS-3 b - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  14. ↑ Lea, Robert (2024-05-15). "Earth-size planet discovered around cool red dwarf star shares its name with a biscuit". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
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