Kepler-68

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Kepler-68
Observation data
Epoch J2000       Equinox J2000
Constellation Cygnus [1]
Right ascension 19h 24m 07.76597s [2]
Declination +49° 02′ 24.9283″ [2]
Apparent magnitude  (V)10.08 [3]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Main sequence [4]
Spectral type G1V [5]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−20.50±0.23 [2] km/s
Proper motion (μ)RA: −7.305 mas/yr [2]
Dec.: −10.454 mas/yr [2]
Parallax (π)6.9298±0.0100  mas [2]
Distance 470.7 ± 0.7  ly
(144.3 ± 0.2  pc)
Details
Mass 1.057+0.022
−0.020 [6]   M☉
Radius 1.2564±0.0084 [6]   R☉
Luminosity 1.55 [7]   L☉
Temperature 5847±75 [6]   K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.11±0.03 [7]   dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)2.4 [8]  km/s
Age 6.84+0.90
−1.04 [6]   Gyr
Other designations
BD+48 2893, KOI-246, KIC 11295426, TYC 3551-189-1, GSC 03551-00189, 2MASS J19240775+4902249 [9]
Database references
SIMBAD data
KIC data

Kepler-68 is a Sun-like main sequence star located 471 light-years (144 parsecs ) away in the constellation Cygnus. It is known to have at least four planets orbiting around it. [6] The third planet has a mass similar to Jupiter but orbits within the habitable zone. [4]

High resolution imaging observations of Kepler-68 carried out with the lucky imaging instrument AstraLux on the 2.2m telescope at Calar Alto Observatory detected a wide companion candidate approximately 11 arcseconds away. Comparing these observations to the 2MASS positions shows that the companions proper motion is consistent with it being bound to the Kepler-68 system, but further observations are needed to confirm this conclusion. [10] Eleven arcseconds at the distance of Kepler-68 leads to a sky projected separation of approximately 1600 Astronomical units. A circular orbit at that distance would have a period of roughly 50,000 years. [11]

Planetary system

Currently, four planets have been discovered to orbit around Kepler-68. The two innermost planets were discovered by the planetary transit method. Follow-up Doppler measurements helped to determine the mass of Kepler-68b and helped to discover Kepler-68d. [4] [12] There is an additional signal present in the radial velocity measurements indicating another body in the system at a period of greater than 10 years. The mass of this object was initially unknown and it could be either another planet or a stellar companion. [11] In 2023, this fourth planet was confirmed, with a minimum mass about that of Saturn. [6]

The Kepler-68 planetary system [6]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 8.03±0.67  M🜨 0.06135±0.000435.39875259<0.09087.23+0.22
−0.17 ° 		2.357±0.023  R🜨
c <1.3  M🜨 0.09008±0.000639.605027<0.09987.071+0.087
−0.094 ° 		0.979±0.019  R🜨
d ≥0.749±0.017  MJ 1.469±0.010632.62±1.030.102±0.016——
e≥0.272±0.032  MJ 4.60+0.32
−0.16		3455+348
−169		0.33±0.11——

References

  1. ↑ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a constellation from a position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 99 (617): 695. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi: 10.1086/132034 . Constellation record for this object at VizieR.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv: 2208.00211 . Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . S2CID   244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  3. ↑ Høg, E. (2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 355: L27 –L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H.
  4. 1 2 3 Gilliland, Ronald L.; et al. (2013). "Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density Between That of Earth and Ice Giants". The Astrophysical Journal. 766 (1). 40. arXiv: 1302.2596 . Bibcode: 2013ApJ...766...40G . doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40 .
  5. ↑ Grieves, N.; Ge, J.; Thomas, N.; Willis, K.; Ma, B.; Lorenzo-Oliveira, D.; Queiroz, A. B. A.; Ghezzi, L.; Chiappini, C.; Anders, F.; Dutra-Ferreira, L.; Porto De Mello, G. F.; Santiago, B. X.; Da Costa, L. N.; Ogando, R. L. C.; Del Peloso, E. F.; Tan, J. C.; Schneider, D. P.; Pepper, J.; Stassun, K. G.; Zhao, B.; Bizyaev, D.; Pan, K. (2018). "Chemo-kinematics of the Milky Way from the SDSS-III MARVELS survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 481 (3): 3244. arXiv: 1803.11538 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.481.3244G. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2431 .
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bonomo, A. S.; Dumusque, X.; et al. (April 2023). "Cold Jupiters and improved masses in 38 Kepler and K2 small-planet systems from 3661 high-precision HARPS-N radial velocities. No excess of cold Jupiters in small-planet systems". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 677. arXiv: 2304.05773 . Bibcode:2023A&A...677A..33B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346211. S2CID   258078829.
  7. 1 2 Yu, Jie; Khanna, Shourya; Themessl, Nathalie; Hekker, Saskia; Dréau, Guillaume; Gizon, Laurent; Bi, Shaolan (2023). "Revised Extinctions and Radii for 1.5 Million Stars Observed by APOGEE, GALAH, and RAVE". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 264 (2): 41. arXiv: 2206.00046 . Bibcode:2023ApJS..264...41Y. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/acabc8 .
  8. ↑ Buchhave, Lars A.; Latham, David W.; Johansen, Anders; Bizzarro, Martin; Torres, Guillermo; Rowe, Jason F.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Borucki, William J.; Brugamyer, Erik; Caldwell, Caroline; Bryson, Stephen T.; Ciardi, David R.; Cochran, William D.; Endl, Michael; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Ford, Eric B.; Geary, John C.; Gilliland, Ronald L.; Hansen, Terese; Isaacson, Howard; Laird, John B.; Lucas, Philip W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Morse, Jon A.; Robertson, Paul; Shporer, Avi; Stefanik, Robert P.; Still, Martin; Quinn, Samuel N. (2012). "An abundance of small exoplanets around stars with a wide range of metallicities". Nature. 486 (7403): 375–377. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..375B. doi:10.1038/nature11121. PMID   22722196.
  9. ↑ "Kepler-68". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2019-10-16.
  10. ↑ Ginski, C.; et al. (2016). "A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars – II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (2): 2173–2191. arXiv: 1601.01524 . Bibcode: 2016MNRAS.457.2173G . doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw049 .
  11. 1 2 Mills, Sean M.; et al. (2019). "Long-period Giant Companions to Three Compact, Multiplanet Systems". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (4). 145. arXiv: 1903.07186 . Bibcode:2019AJ....157..145M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab0899 . S2CID   119197547.
  12. ↑ Marcy, Geoffrey W.; et al. (2014). "Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 210 (2). 20. arXiv: 1401.4195 . Bibcode: 2014ApJS..210...20M . doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20 .
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