Kepler-1625b

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Kepler-1625b
Discovery
Discovery site Kepler Space Observatory
Discovery dateMay 10, 2016
Transit (Kepler Mission)
Orbital characteristics
0.98 ± 0.14 AU
Eccentricity -
287.378949 d
Inclination 89.97 ± 0.02
Star Kepler-1625
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
11.4 ± 1.6 R🜨
Mass ≤11.60 MJ [1]

    Kepler-1625b is a super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1625 about 2,500 parsecs (8,200 light-years ) away in the constellation of Cygnus. [2] The large gas giant is approximately the same radius as Jupiter, [3] and orbits its star every 287.4 days. [4] In 2017, hints of a Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit of the planet was found using photometric observations collected by the Kepler Mission. [5] [6] Further evidence for a Neptunian moon was found the following year using the Hubble Space Telescope, where two independent lines of evidence constrained the mass and radius to be Neptune-like. [3] The mass-signature has been independently recovered by two other teams. [7] [8] However, the radius-signature was independently recovered by one of the teams [8] but not the other. [7] The original discovery team later showed that this latter study appears affected by systematic error sources that may influence their findings. [9]

    Contents

    Characteristics

    Mass and radius

    Kepler-1625b is a Jovian-sized gas giant, a type of planet several times greater in radius than Earth and mostly composed of hydrogen and helium. It is 11.4 times Earth's radius, approximately equal to that of the planet Jupiter. However, it is up to 11.6 times more massive (about 3,700 Earth masses), based on radial velocity observations. [1] This puts it just below the deuterium-fusing limit, which is around 13 Jupiter masses. Any more massive and Kepler-1625b would be a brown dwarf. However, this mass value only corresponds to an 3-sigma upper limit and the mass of the planet remains undetected at this time. [1]

    Orbit and temperature

    Unlike the gas giants in our Solar System, Kepler-1625b orbits much closer, slightly closer than the orbital radius as the Earth around the Sun. [3] The planet takes 287 days (0.786 years ; 9.43 months ) to orbit Kepler-1625, as a result of the star's slightly greater mass than the Sun. Kepler-1625b receives 2.6 times more insolation than the Earth, [3] meaning it lies at the inner edge of the habitable zone. [10] However, as the planet has likely no solid surface, bodies of liquid water are impossible.

    Candidate exomoon

    Exomoon Kepler-1625b I orbiting Kepler-1625b (artist concept). Exomoon Kepler-1625b-I orbiting its planet (artist's impression).tiff
    Exomoon Kepler-1625b I orbiting Kepler-1625b (artist concept).

    In July 2017, researchers found signs of a Neptune-sized exomoon (a moon in another solar system) orbiting Kepler-1625b using archival Kepler Mission data. [5] [6]

    In October 2018, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope published new observations of the star Kepler-1625 which revealed two independent lines of evidence indicative of a large exomoon Kepler-1625b I. [3] [12] These were a 20-minute Transit Timing Variation signature that indicated an approximately Neptune-mass moon, and an additional photometric dip that indicated a Neptune-radius moon. [3] The relative phasing of the two signatures was also consistent with that which a real moon would cause, with the effects in anti-phase. [3] The study concluded that the exomoon hypothesis is the simplest and best explanation for the available observations, though warned that it is difficult to assign a precise probability to its reality and urged follow-up analyses. [11] [3]

    In February 2019, a reanalysis of the combined Kepler and Hubble observations recovered both a moon-like dip and similar transit timing variation signal. [8] However, the authors suggested that the data could also be explained by an inclined hot-Jupiter in the same system that has gone previously undetected, which could be tested using future Doppler spectroscopy radial velocity measurements. A second independent reanalysis was published in April 2019, which recovered one of the two lines of evidence, the transit timing variation, but the not the second, the moon-like dip. [7] The original discovery team responded to this soon after, finding that this re-analysis exhibits stronger systematics in their reduction which may be responsible for their differing conclusion. [9]

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot Jupiter</span> Class of high mass planets orbiting close to a star

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Exomoon</span> Moon beyond the Solar System

    An exomoon or extrasolar moon is a natural satellite that orbits an exoplanet or other non-stellar extrasolar body.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Methods of detecting exoplanets</span>

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 189733 b</span> Hot Jupiter exoplanet in the constellation Vulpecula

    HD 189733 b is an exoplanet in the constellation of Vulpecula approximately 64.5 light-years away from the Solar System. Astronomers in France discovered the planet orbiting the star HD 189733 on October 5, 2005, by observing its transit across the star's face. With a mass 11.2% higher than that of Jupiter and a radius 11.4% greater, HD 189733 b orbits its host star once every 2.2 days at an orbital speed of 152.0 kilometers per second, making it a hot Jupiter with poor prospects for extraterrestrial life.

    This page describes exoplanet orbital and physical parameters.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Discoveries of exoplanets</span> Detecting planets located outside the Solar System

    An exoplanet is a planet located outside the Solar System. The first evidence of an exoplanet was noted as early as 1917, but was not recognized as such until 2016; no planet discovery has yet come from that evidence. What turned out to be the first detection of an exoplanet was published among a list of possible candidates in 1988, though not confirmed until 2003. The first confirmed detection came in 1992, with the discovery of terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star 51 Pegasi. Some exoplanets have been imaged directly by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods, such as the transit method and the radial-velocity method. As of 18 June 2024, there are 6,140 confirmed exoplanets in 4,527 planetary systems, with 969 systems having more than one planet. This is a list of the most notable discoveries.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Mini-Neptune</span> Planet smaller than Neptune with a gas atmosphere

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-47c</span> Temperate gas giant in Kepler-47 system

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler</span> Space research project

    The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) is a project whose aim is to search for exomoons, natural satellites of exoplanets, using data collected by the Kepler space telescope. Founded by British exomoonologist David Kipping and affiliated with the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, HEK submitted its first paper on June 30, 2011. HEK has since submitted five more papers, finding some evidence for an exomoon around a planet orbiting Kepler-1625b in July 2017.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-90h</span> Exoplanet in the constellation Draco

    Kepler-90h is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the early G-type main sequence star Kepler-90, the outermost of eight such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,840 light-years, from Earth in the constellation Draco. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-90g</span> Super-puff exoplanet in the constellation Draco

    Kepler-90g is a super-puff exoplanet orbiting the early G-type main sequence star Kepler-90, one of eight planets around this star discovered using NASA's Kepler space telescope. It is located about 2,840 light-years (870 pc) from Earth, in the constellation Draco. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. It orbits its parent star about every 210.5 days at a distance of 0.71 astronomical units.

    Kepler-419c is a super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the star Kepler-419, the outermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 3,400 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit timing variation method, in which the variations of transit data from an exoplanet are studied to reveal a more distant companion.

    Kepler-1625 is a 14th-magnitude solar-mass star located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 7,200 light-years away. Its mass is within 5% of that of the Sun, but its radius is approximately 70% larger reflecting its more evolved state. A candidate gas giant exoplanet was detected by the Kepler Mission around the star in 2015, which was later validated as a real planet to >99% confidence in 2016. In 2018, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler project reported evidence for a Neptune-sized exomoon around this planet, based on observations from NASA’s Kepler mission and the Hubble Space Telescope. Subsequently, the evidence for and reality of this exomoon candidate has been subject to debate.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-1625b I</span> Possible exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b in the constellation of Cygnus

    Kepler-1625b I, a possible moon of exoplanet Kepler-1625b, may be the first exomoon ever discovered, and was first indicated after preliminary observations by the Kepler Space Telescope. A more thorough observing campaign by the Hubble Space Telescope took place in October 2017, ultimately leading to a discovery paper published in Science Advances in early October 2018. Studies related to the discovery of this moon suggest that the host exoplanet is up to several Jupiter masses in size, and the moon is thought to be approximately the mass of Neptune. Like several moons in the Solar System, the large exomoon would theoretically be able to host its own moon, called a subsatellite, in a stable orbit, although no evidence for such a subsatellite has been found.

    Kepler-1708b is a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1708, located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 5,600 light years away from Earth. It was first detected in 2011 by NASA's Kepler mission using the transit method, but was not identified as a candidate planet until 2019. In 2021, a candidate Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit around Kepler-1708b was found by astronomer David Kipping and colleagues in an analysis using Kepler transit data. However, subsequent research has raised discrepancies about the possible existence of an exomoon, similar to that of Kepler-1625b.

    Kepler-167 is a K-type main-sequence star located about 1,119 light-years (343 pc) away from the Solar System in the constellation of Cygnus. The star has about 78% the mass and 75% the radius of the Sun, and a temperature of 4,884 K. It hosts a system of four known exoplanets. There is also a companion red dwarf star at a separation of about 700 AU, with an estimated orbital period of over 15,000 years.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">TOI-2180 b</span> Jovian-sized exoplanet orbiting TOI-2180

    TOI-2180 b is a giant exoplanet orbiting the G-type star TOI-2180, also known as HD 238894. It was discovered with the help of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and is currently the exoplanet with the longest orbital period TESS was able to uncover. TOI-2180 b orbits its host star every 260.16 days.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 Timmermann, Anina; Heller, Rene; Reiner, Ansgar; Zechmeister, Mathias (2020). "Radial velocity constraints on the long-period transiting planet Kepler-1625 b with CARMENES". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 635: 59. arXiv: 2001.10867 . Bibcode:2020A&A...635A..59T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937325. S2CID   210942758.
    2. ↑ Luri, X.; Brown, A.; Sarro, L. (August 10, 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 616: 19. arXiv: 1804.09376 . Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...9L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832964. S2CID   244895570 . Retrieved April 1, 2022.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Teachey, Alex; et al. (October 3, 2018). "Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaav1784. arXiv: 1810.02362 . Bibcode:2018SciA....4.1784T. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav1784. PMC   6170104 . PMID   30306135.
    4. ↑ "Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018.
    5. 1 2 Crane, Leah (July 27, 2017). "First exomoon might have been spotted 4000 light years away". NewScientist. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
    6. 1 2 Teachey, Alex; et al. (December 22, 2017). "HEK. VI. On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler, and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I". The Astronomical Journal . 155 (1). 36. arXiv: 1707.08563 . Bibcode:2018AJ....155...36T. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa93f2 . S2CID   118911978.
    7. 1 2 3 Kreidberg, Laura; Luger, Rodrigo; Bedell, Megan (April 24, 2019). "No Evidence for Lunar Transit in New Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Kepler-1625 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 877 (2): L15. arXiv: 1904.10618 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...877L..15K. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8 . S2CID   129945202.
    8. 1 2 3 Heller, Rene; Rodenbeck, Kai; Giovanni, Bruno (April 17, 2019). "An alternative interpretation of the exomoon candidate signal in the combined Kepler and Hubble data of Kepler-1625". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 624. 8. arXiv: 1902.06018 . Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..95H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834913. S2CID   119311103 . Retrieved April 1, 2022.
    9. 1 2 Teachey, Alex; Kipping, David M.; Burke, Christopher (March 5, 2020). "Loose Ends for the Exomoon Candidate Host Kepler-1625b". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (4): 142. arXiv: 1904.11896 . Bibcode:2020AJ....159..142T. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab7001 . S2CID   135465103.
    10. ↑ Zsom, Andras; Seager, Sara; et al. (2013). "Towards the Minimum Inner Edge Distance of the Habitable Zone". The Astrophysical Journal. 778 (2): 109. arXiv: 1304.3714 . Bibcode:2013ApJ...778..109Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/109. S2CID   27805994.
    11. 1 2 Drake, Nadia (3 October 2018). "Weird giant may be the first known alien moon - Evidence is mounting that a world the size of Neptune could be orbiting a giant planet far, far away". National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
    12. ↑ "Kelpler-1625b-I". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia . 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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