Telescopium

Last updated

Telescopium
Constellation
Telescopium IAU.svg
List of stars in Telescopium
AbbreviationTel
Genitive Telescopii
Pronunciation /ˌtɛlɪˈskoʊpiəm/ ,
genitive /ˌtɛlɪˈskoʊpi.aɪ/
Symbolismthe Telescope
Right ascension 19h
Declination −50°
QuadrantSQ4
Area 252 sq. deg. (57th)
Main stars 2
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		13
Stars with planets 0
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)2
Brightest star α Tel  (3.49 m )
Messier objects 0
Bordering
constellations
Visible at latitudes between +40° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August.

Telescopium is a minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, one of twelve named in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and one of several depicting scientific instruments. Its name is a Latinized form of the Greek word for telescope. Telescopium was later much reduced in size by Francis Baily and Benjamin Gould.

Contents

The brightest star in the constellation is Alpha Telescopii, a blue-white subgiant with an apparent magnitude of 3.5, followed by the orange giant star Zeta Telescopii at magnitude 4.1. Eta and PZ Telescopii are two young star systems with debris disks and brown dwarf companions. Telescopium hosts two unusual stars with very little hydrogen that are likely to be the result of two merged white dwarfs: PV Telescopii, also known as HD 168476, is a hot blue extreme helium star, while RS Telescopii is an R Coronae Borealis variable. RR Telescopii is a cataclysmic variable that brightened as a nova to magnitude 6 in 1948.

It had been hypothesized in 2020 that Telescopium would also host the first known visible star system with a black hole, QV Telescopii (HR 6819), however observations in 2022 indicated that this is a binary system of two main-sequence stars without a black hole instead.

History

Seen in the 1824 star chart set Urania's Mirror (in the lower right) Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png
Seen in the 1824 star chart set Urania's Mirror (in the lower right)

Telescopium was introduced in 1751–52 by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille with the French name le Telescope, [1] depicting an aerial telescope, [2] after he had observed and catalogued 10,000 southern stars during a two-year stay at the Cape of Good Hope. He devised 14 new constellations in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere not visible from Europe. All but one honored instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment. [3] Covering 40 degrees of the night sky, [2] the telescope stretched out northwards between Sagittarius and Scorpius. [4] Lacaille had Latinised its name to Telescopium by 1763. [1]

The constellation was known by other names. It was called Tubus Astronomicus in the eighteenth century, during which time three constellations depicting telescopes were recognised—Tubus Herschelii Major between Gemini and Auriga and Tubus Herschelii Minor between Taurus and Orion, both of which had fallen out of use by the nineteenth century. [5] Johann Bode called it the Astronomische Fernrohr in his 1805 Gestirne and kept its size, but later astronomers Francis Baily and Benjamin Gould subsequently shrank its boundaries. [6] The much-reduced constellation lost several brighter stars to neighbouring constellations: Beta Telescopii became Eta Sagittarii, which it had been before Lacaille placed it in Telescopium, [7] Gamma was placed in Scorpius and renamed G Scorpii by Gould, [7] Theta Telescopii reverted to its old appellation of d Ophiuchi, [7] and Sigma Telescopii was placed in Corona Australis. Initially uncatalogued, the latter is now known as HR 6875. [7] The original object Lacaille had named Eta Telescopii—the open cluster Messier 7—was in what is now Scorpius, and Gould used the Bayer designation for a magnitude 5 star, which he felt warranted a letter. [7]

Characteristics

The constellation of Telescopium, the telescope, as it can be seen by the naked eye Constellation Telescopium.jpg
The constellation of Telescopium, the telescope, as it can be seen by the naked eye

A small constellation, Telescopium is bordered by Sagittarius and Corona Australis to the north, Ara to the west, Pavo to the south, and Indus to the east, cornering on Microscopium to the northeast. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Tel". [8] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a quadrilateral. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18h 09.1m and 20h 29.5m, while the declination coordinates are between −45.09° and −56.98°. [9] The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 33°N. [10] [lower-alpha 1]

Features

Stars

Within the constellation's borders, there are 57 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. [lower-alpha 2] [10] With a magnitude of 3.5, Alpha Telescopii is the brightest star in the constellation. It is a blue-white subgiant of spectral type B3IV which lies around 250 light-years away. [12] It is radiating nearly 800 times the Sun's luminosity, and is estimated to be 5.2±0.4 times as massive and have 3.3±0.5 times the Sun's radius. [13] Close by Alpha Telescopii are the two blue-white stars sharing the designation of Delta Telescopii. Delta¹ Telescopii is of spectral type B6IV and apparent magnitude 4.9, [14] while Delta² Telescopii is of spectral type B3III and magnitude 5.1. [15] They form an optical double, [16] as the stars are estimated to be around 710 and 1190 light-years away respectively. [17] The faint (magnitude 12.23) Gliese 754, a red dwarf of spectral type M4.5V, is one of the nearest 100 stars to Earth at 19.3 light-years distant. [18] Its eccentric orbit around the Galaxy indicates that it may have originated in the Milky Way's thick disk. [19]

At least four of the fifteen stars visible to the unaided eye are orange giants of spectral class K. [20] The second brightest star in the constellation—at apparent magnitude 4.1—is Zeta Telescopii, an orange subgiant of spectral type K1III-IV. [21] Around 1.53 times as massive as the Sun, it shines with 512 times its luminosity. [22] Located 127 light years away from Earth, it has been described as yellow [16] or reddish in appearance. [23] Epsilon Telescopii is a binary star system: [24] the brighter component, Epsilon Telescopii A, is an orange giant of spectral type K0III with an apparent magnitude of +4.52, [25] while the 13th magnitude companion, Epsilon Telescopii B, is 21 arcseconds away from the primary, and just visible with a 15 cm aperture telescope on a dark night. [24] The system is 417 light-years away. [26] Iota Telescopii and HD 169405—magnitude 5 orange giants of spectral types K0III and K0.5III respectively [27] [28] —make up the quartet. [20] They are around 370 and 497 light-years away from the Sun respectively. [26] Another ageing star, Kappa Telescopii is a yellow giant with a spectral type G9III and apparent magnitude of 5.18. [29] Around 1.87 billion years old, this star of around 1.6 solar masses has swollen to 11 times the Sun's diameter. [30] It is approximately 293 light-years from Earth, and is another optical double. [24]

Xi Telescopii is an irregular variable star that ranges between magnitudes 4.89 and 4.94. [31] Located 1079 light-years distant, it is a red giant of spectral type M2III that has a diameter around 5.6 times the Sun's, [32] and a luminosity around 2973 times that of the Sun. [26] Another irregular variable, RX Telescopii is a red supergiant that varies between magnitudes 6.45 and 7.47, [33] just visible to the unaided eye under good viewing conditions. BL Telescopii is an Algol-like eclipsing binary system that varies between apparent magnitudes 7.09 and 9.08 over a period of just over 778 days (2 years 48 days). [34] The primary is a yellow supergiant that is itself intrinsically variable. [35] Dipping from its baseline magnitude of 9.6 to 16.5, [36] RS Telescopii is a rare R Coronae Borealis variable—an extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. [37] The dimming is thought to be caused by carbon dust expelled by the star. As of 2012, four dimmings have been observed. [37] PV Telescopii is a class B-type (blue) extreme helium star that is the prototype of a class of variables known as PV Telescopii variables. First discovered in 1952, it was found to have a very low level of hydrogen. One theory of its origin is that it is the result of a merger between a helium- and a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. If the combined mass does not exceed the Chandrasekhar limit, the former will accrete onto the latter star and ignite to form a supergiant. Later this will become an extreme helium star before cooling to become a white dwarf. [38]

An artist's depiction of the orbits of the hierarchical triple star system HR 6819, with the inferred black hole (red orbit) in the inner binary HR 6819.jpg
An artist's depiction of the orbits of the hierarchical triple star system HR 6819, with the inferred black hole (red orbit) in the inner binary

While RR Telescopii, also designated Nova Telescopii 1948, is often called a slow nova, it is now classified as a symbiotic nova system composed of an M5III pulsating red giant and a white dwarf; between 1944 and 1948 it brightened by about 7 magnitudes before being noticed at apparent magnitude 6.0 in mid-1948. [39] It has since faded slowly to about apparent magnitude 12. [40] QS Telescopii is a binary system composed of a white dwarf and main sequence donor star, in this case the two are close enough to be tidally locked, facing one another. Known as polars, material from the donor star does not form an accretion disk around the white dwarf, but rather streams directly onto it. [41] This is due to the presence of the white dwarf's strong magnetic field. [42]

Although no star systems in Telescopium have confirmed planets, several have been found to have brown dwarf companions. A member of the 12-million-year-old Beta Pictoris moving group of stars that share a common proper motion through space, [43] Eta Telescopii is a young white main sequence star of magnitude 5.0 and spectral type A0V. [44] It has a debris disk and brown dwarf companion of spectral type M7V or M8V that is between 20 and 50 times as massive as Jupiter. [43] The system is complex, as it has a common proper motion with (and is gravitationally bound to) the star HD 181327, which has its own debris disk. [45] This latter star is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F6V of magnitude 7.0. [46] PZ Telescopii is another young star with a debris disk and substellar brown dwarf companion, though at 24 million years of age appears too old to be part of the Beta Pictoris moving group. [47] HD 191760 is a yellow subgiant—a star that is cooling and expanding off the main sequence—of spectral type G3IV/V. Estimated to be just over four billion years old, it is slightly (1.1 to 1.3 times) more massive as the Sun, 2.69 times as luminous, and has around 1.62 times its radius. Using the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) instrument on the ESO 3.6 m Telescope, it was found to have a brown dwarf around 38 times as massive as Jupiter orbiting at an average distance of 1.35 AU with a period of 505 days. This is an unusually close distance from the star, within a range that has been termed the brown-dwarf desert. [48]

Deep sky objects

The Telescopium group is group of twelve galaxies spanning three degrees in the northeastern part of the constellation, lying around 37 megaparsecs (120 million light-years) from our own galaxy. [23] The brightest member is the elliptical galaxy NGC 6868, [49] and to the west lies the spiral galaxy (or, perhaps, lenticular galaxy) NGC 6861. [23] These are the brightest members of two respective subgroups within the galaxy group, and are heading toward a merger in the future. [49]

The globular cluster NGC 6584, as observed with the Hubble Space Telescope NGC 6584.jpg
The globular cluster NGC 6584, as observed with the Hubble Space Telescope

The globular cluster NGC 6584 lies near Theta Arae and is 45,000 light-years distant from Earth. [23] It is an Oosterhoff type I cluster, and contains at least 69 variable stars, most of which are RR Lyrae variables. [50] The planetary nebula IC 4699 is of 13th magnitude and lies midway between Alpha and Epsilon Telescopii. [23] IC 4889 is an elliptical galaxy of apparent magnitude 11.3, which can be found 2 degrees north-north-west of 5.3-magnitude Nu Telescopii. Observing it through a 40 cm telescope will reveal its central region and halo. [51]

The interacting galaxy system NGC 6845, as observed with GALEX NGC 6845GALEX.jpg
The interacting galaxy system NGC 6845, as observed with GALEX

Occupying an area of around 4' × 2', NGC 6845 is an interacting system of four galaxies—two spiral and two lenticular galaxies—that is estimated to be around 88 megaparsecs (287 million light-years) distant. [52] SN 2008da was a type II supernova observed in one of the spiral galaxies, NGC 6845A, in June 2008. [53] SN 1998bw was a luminous supernova observed in the spiral arm of the galaxy ESO184-G82 in April 1998, and is notable in that it is highly likely to be the source of the gamma-ray burst GRB 980425. [lower-alpha 3] [54]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 33°N and 44°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable. [10]
  2. ↑ Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies. [11]
  3. ↑ chances of signals being unrelated is around 1 in 10,000. [54]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antlia</span> Constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere

Antlia is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means "pump" in Latin and Greek; it represents an air pump. Originally Antlia Pneumatica, the constellation was established by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. Its non-specific (single-word) name, already in limited use, was preferred by John Herschel then welcomed by the astronomic community which officially accepted this. North of stars forming some of the sails of the ship Argo Navis, Antlia is completely visible from latitudes south of 49 degrees north.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corona Australis</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Corona Australis is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its Latin name means "southern crown", and it is the southern counterpart of Corona Borealis, the northern crown. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. The Ancient Greeks saw Corona Australis as a wreath rather than a crown and associated it with Sagittarius or Centaurus. Other cultures have likened the pattern to a turtle, ostrich nest, a tent, or even a hut belonging to a rock hyrax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caelum</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Caelum is a faint constellation in the southern sky, introduced in the 1750s by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille and counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name means "chisel" in Latin, and it was formerly known as Caelum Sculptorium ; it is a rare word, unrelated to the far more common Latin caelum, meaning "sky", "heaven", or "atmosphere". It is the eighth-smallest constellation, and subtends a solid angle of around 0.038 steradians, just less than that of Corona Australis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grus (constellation)</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Grus is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the crane, a type of bird. It is one of twelve constellations conceived by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Grus first appeared on a 35-centimetre-diameter (14-inch) celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille gave Bayer designations to its stars in 1756, some of which had been previously considered part of the neighbouring constellation Piscis Austrinus. The constellations Grus, Pavo, Phoenix and Tucana are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrus</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Hydrus is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman and it first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in late 1597 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted the brighter stars and gave their Bayer designations in 1756. Its name means "male water snake", as opposed to Hydra, a much larger constellation that represents a female water snake. It remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microscopium</span> Minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Microscopium is a minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, one of twelve created in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and one of several depicting scientific instruments. The name is a Latinised form of the Greek word for microscope. Its stars are faint and hardly visible from most of the non-tropical Northern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyxis</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Pyxis is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. Abbreviated from Pyxis Nautica, its name is Latin for a mariner's compass. Pyxis was introduced by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century, and is counted among the 88 modern constellations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangulum</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Triangulum is a small constellation in the northern sky. Its name is Latin for "triangle", derived from its three brightest stars, which form a long and narrow triangle. Known to the ancient Babylonians and Greeks, Triangulum was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. The celestial cartographers Johann Bayer and John Flamsteed catalogued the constellation's stars, giving six of them Bayer designations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tucana</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Tucana is a constellation of stars in the southern sky, named after the toucan, a South American bird. It is one of twelve constellations conceived in the late sixteenth century by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Tucana first appeared on a 35-centimetre-diameter (14 in) celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille gave its stars Bayer designations in 1756. The constellations Tucana, Grus, Phoenix and Pavo are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangulum Australe</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Triangulum Australe is a small constellation in the far Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name is Latin for "the southern triangle", which distinguishes it from Triangulum in the northern sky and is derived from the acute, almost equilateral pattern of its three brightest stars. It was first depicted on a celestial globe as Triangulus Antarcticus by Petrus Plancius in 1589, and later with more accuracy and its current name by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ursa Minor</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Ursa Minor, also known as the Little Bear, is a constellation located in the far northern sky. As with the Great Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. Ursa Minor was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners, because of Polaris being the north pole star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phoenix (constellation)</span> Minor constellation in the southern sky

Phoenix is a minor constellation in the southern sky. Named after the mythical phoenix, it was first depicted on a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted the brighter stars and gave their Bayer designations in 1756. The constellation stretches from roughly −39° to −57° declination, and from 23.5h to 2.5h of right ascension. The constellations Phoenix, Grus, Pavo and Tucana, are known as the Southern Birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sculptor (constellation)</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris, but the name was later shortened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perseus (constellation)</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus. It is one of the 48 ancient constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and among the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is located near several other constellations named after ancient Greek legends surrounding Perseus, including Andromeda to the west and Cassiopeia to the north. Perseus is also bordered by Aries and Taurus to the south, Auriga to the east, Camelopardalis to the north, and Triangulum to the west. Some star atlases during the early 19th century also depicted Perseus holding the disembodied head of Medusa, whose asterism was named together as Perseus et Caput Medusae; however, this never came into popular usage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circinus</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Circinus is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky, first defined in 1756 by the French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for compass, referring to the drafting tool used for drawing circles. Its brightest star is Alpha Circini, with an apparent magnitude of 3.19. Slightly variable, it is the brightest rapidly oscillating Ap star in the night sky. AX Circini is a Cepheid variable visible with the unaided eye, and BX Circini is a faint star thought to have been formed from the merger of two white dwarfs. Two sun-like stars have planetary systems: HD 134060 has two small planets, and HD 129445 has a Jupiter-like planet. Supernova SN 185 appeared in Circinus in 185 AD and was recorded by Chinese observers. Two novae have been observed more recently, in the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pictor</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Pictor is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Its name is Latin for painter, and is an abbreviation of the older name Equuleus Pictoris. Normally represented as an easel, Pictor was named by Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. The constellation's brightest star is Alpha Pictoris, a white main-sequence star around 97 light-years away from Earth. Pictor also hosts RR Pictoris, a cataclysmic variable star system that flared up as a nova, reaching apparent (visual) magnitude 1.2 in 1925 before fading into obscurity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Musca</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Musca is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of 12 constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, and it first appeared on a celestial globe 35 cm (14 in) in diameter published in 1597 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. It was also known as Apis for 200 years. Musca remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leo Minor</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Leo Minor is a small and faint constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for "the smaller lion", in contrast to Leo, the larger lion. It lies between the larger and more recognizable Ursa Major to the north and Leo to the south. Leo Minor was not regarded as a separate constellation by classical astronomers; it was designated by Johannes Hevelius in 1687.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavo (constellation)</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Pavo is a constellation in the southern sky whose name is Latin for 'peacock'. Pavo first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603, and was likely conceived by Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille gave its stars Bayer designations in 1756. The constellations Pavo, Grus, Phoenix and Tucana are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha Telescopii</span> Star in the constellation Telescopium

Alpha Telescopii, Latinized from α Telescopii, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Telescopium, with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.5. The ancient Roman astronomer Ptolemy included it in the constellation Corona Australis, but it was moved to Telescopium when that constellation was created by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. Parallax measurements put it at a distance of 278 light-years from Earth. At that range, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction of 0.22 due to interstellar dust.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Ridpath, Star Tales Lacaille.
  2. 1 2 Wagman 2003, p. 299.
  3. ↑ Wagman 2003, pp. 6–7.
  4. ↑ Ridpath, Star Tales Telescopium.
  5. ↑ Ellis 1997.
  6. ↑ Allen 1963, p. 414.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Wagman 2003, p. 300.
  8. ↑ Russell 1922, p. 469.
  9. ↑ IAU, The Constellations, Telescopium.
  10. 1 2 3 Ridpath, Constellations – 2.
  11. ↑ The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale.
  12. ↑ Kaler, Alpha Telescopii.
  13. ↑ Hubrig et al. 2009.
  14. ↑ SIMBAD HR 6934.
  15. ↑ SIMBAD HR 6938.
  16. 1 2 Ridpath & Tirion 2007, pp. 242–43.
  17. ↑ van Leeuwen 2007.
  18. ↑ SIMBAD LHS 60.
  19. ↑ Innanen & Flynn 2010.
  20. 1 2 Bagnall 2012, pp. 434–35.
  21. ↑ Gray et al. 2006.
  22. ↑ Liu et al. 2007.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Streicher 2009, pp. 168–71.
  24. 1 2 3 Ferreira 2009, pp. 166–67.
  25. ↑ SIMBAD Epsilon Telescopii.
  26. 1 2 3 McDonald et al. 2012.
  27. ↑ SIMBAD Iota Telescopii.
  28. ↑ SIMBAD HD 169405.
  29. ↑ SIMBAD Kappa Telescopii.
  30. ↑ da Silva et al. 2006.
  31. ↑ AAVSO NSV 12783.
  32. ↑ Pasinetti Fracassini et al. 2001.
  33. ↑ AAVSO RX Telescopii.
  34. ↑ AAVSO BL Telescopii.
  35. ↑ Zsoldos 1994.
  36. ↑ AAVSO RS Telescopii.
  37. 1 2 Tisserand 2012.
  38. ↑ Pandey 2006.
  39. ↑ Robinson 1975.
  40. ↑ Light Curve Generator.
  41. ↑ Gerke 2006.
  42. ↑ Traulsen 2011.
  43. 1 2 Smith 2009.
  44. ↑ SIMBAD Eta Telescopii.
  45. ↑ Neuhäuser 2011.
  46. ↑ SIMBAD HD 181327.
  47. ↑ Jenkins 2012.
  48. ↑ Jenkins 2009.
  49. 1 2 Machacek et al. 2010.
  50. ↑ Toddy et al. 2012, pp. 63–71.
  51. ↑ Bakich 2010, p. 277.
  52. ↑ Gordon 2003.
  53. ↑ Morrell 2008.
  54. 1 2 galama 1998.

Sources

Online sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.