Tucana

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Tucana
Constellation
Tucana IAU.svg
List of stars in Tucana
AbbreviationTuc [1]
Genitive Tucanae
Pronunciation /tjuːˈkeɪnə/ ,
genitive /-ni/
Symbolismthe toucan
Right ascension 22h 08.45m to 01h 24.82m [2]
Declination −56.31° to −75.35° [2]
QuadrantSQ1
Area 295 sq. deg. (48th)
Main stars 3
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		17
Stars with planets 5
Stars brighter than 3.00m1
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)2 [note 1]
Brightest star α Tuc  (2.87 m )
Messier objects 0
Bordering
constellations		 Grus
Indus
Octans
Hydrus
Eridanus (corner)
Phoenix
Visible at latitudes between +25° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of November.

Tucana (The Toucan) is a constellation of stars in the southern sky, named after the toucan, a South American bird. It is one of twelve constellations conceived in the late sixteenth century by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Tucana first appeared on a 35-centimetre-diameter (14 in) celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille gave its stars Bayer designations in 1756. The constellations Tucana, Grus, Phoenix and Pavo are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".

Contents

Tucana is not a prominent constellation as all of its stars are third magnitude or fainter; the brightest is Alpha Tucanae with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.87. Beta Tucanae is a star system with six member stars, while Kappa is a quadruple system. Five star systems have been found to have exoplanets to date. The constellation contains 47 Tucanae, one of the brightest globular clusters in the sky, and most of the Small Magellanic Cloud.

History

The "southern birds" as seen in Johann Bayer's Uranometria. Tucana (as "Toucan") is in the middle. Johann Bayer - Uraniometria - Southern Birds.jpg
The "southern birds" as seen in Johann Bayer's Uranometria . Tucana (as "Toucan") is in the middle.

Tucana is one of the twelve constellations established by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the Eerste Schipvaart , to the East Indies. It first appeared on a 35-centimetre-diameter (14 in) celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in the German cartographer Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. Both Plancius and Bayer depict it as a toucan. [3] [4] De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue the same year under the Dutch name Den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt "the Indian magpie, named Lang in the Indies", [5] by this meaning a particular bird with a long beak—a hornbill, a bird native to the East Indies. A 1603 celestial globe by Willem Blaeu depicts it with a casque. [6] It was interpreted on Chinese charts as Niǎohuì "bird's beak", and in England as "Brasilian Pye", while Johannes Kepler and Giovanni Battista Riccioli termed it Anser Americanus "American Goose", and Caesius as Pica Indica. [7] Tucana and the nearby constellations Phoenix, Grus and Pavo are collectively called the "Southern Birds". [8]

Characteristics

The constellation of Tucana, the toucan, as it can be seen by the naked eye Constellation Tucana.jpg
The constellation of Tucana, the toucan, as it can be seen by the naked eye

Irregular in shape, Tucana is bordered by Hydrus to the east, Grus and Phoenix to the north, Indus to the west and Octans to the south. Covering 295 square degrees, it ranks 48th of the 88 constellations in size. The recommended three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Tuc". [1] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 10 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 22h 08.45m and 01h 24.82m, while the declination coordinates are between −56.31° and −75.35°. [2] As one of the deep southern constellations, it remains below the horizon at latitudes north of the 30th parallel in the Northern Hemisphere, and is circumpolar at latitudes south of the 50th parallel in the Southern Hemisphere. [9]

Features

Stars

Sidekick or star of the show? Sidekick or star of the show%3F.jpg
Sidekick or star of the show?

Although he depicted Tucana on his chart, Bayer did not assign its stars Bayer designations. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille labelled them Alpha to Rho in 1756, but omitted Omicron and Xi, and labelled a pair of stars close together Lambda Tucanae, and a group of three stars Beta Tucanae. In 1879, American astronomer Benjamin Gould designated a star Xi Tucanae—this had not been given a designation by Lacaille who had recognized it as nebulous, and it is now known as the globular cluster 47 Tucanae. Mu Tucanae was dropped by Francis Baily, who felt the star was too faint to warrant a designation, and Kappa's two components came to be known as Kappa1 and Kappa2. [11]

The layout of the brighter stars of Tucana has been likened to a kite. [12] Within the constellation's boundaries are around 80 stars brighter than an apparent magnitude of 7. [13] At an apparent magnitude of 2.86, [14] Alpha Tucanae is the brightest star in the constellation and marks the toucan's head. [9] It is an orange subgiant of spectral type K3III around 199 light-years distant from the Solar System. [14] A cool star with a surface temperature of 4300 K, it is 424 times as luminous as the Sun and 37 times its diameter. It is 2.5 to 3 times as massive. [15] Alpha Tucanae is a spectroscopic binary, which means that the two stars have not been individually resolved using a telescope, but the presence of the companion has been inferred from measuring changes in the spectrum of the primary. The orbital period of the binary system is 4197.7 days (11.5 years). [16] Nothing is known about the companion. [15] Two degrees southeast of Alpha is the red-hued Nu Tucanae, [9] of spectral type M4III and lying around 290 light-years distant. [17] It is classified as a semiregular variable star and its brightness varies from magnitude +4.75 to +4.93. [18] Described by Richard Hinckley Allen as bluish, [7] Gamma Tucanae is a yellow-white sequence star of spectral type F4V and an apparent magnitude of 4.00 located around 75 light-years from Earth. [19] It also marks the toucan's beak. [20]

Beta, Delta and Kappa are multiple star systems containing six, two and four stars respectively. Located near the tail of the toucan, [9] Beta Tucanae's two brightest components, Beta1 and Beta2 are separated by an angle of 27 arcseconds and have apparent magnitudes of 4.4 and 4.5 respectively. They can be separated in small telescopes. A third star, Beta3 Tucanae, is separated by 10 arcminutes from the two, and able to be seen as a separate star with the unaided eye. Each star is itself a binary star, making six in total. [21] Lying in the southwestern corner of the constellation around 251 light-years away from Earth, Delta Tucanae consists of a blue-white primary contrasting with a yellowish companion. [12] Delta Tucanae A is a main sequence star of spectral type B9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4.49. [22] The companion has an apparent magnitude of 9.3. [23] The Kappa Tucanae system shines with a combined apparent magnitude of 4.25, and is located around 68 light-years from the Solar System. [24] The brighter component is a yellowish star, [21] known as Kappa Tucanae A with an apparent magnitude of 5.33 and spectral type F6V, [25] while the fainter lies 5 arcseconds to the northwest. [21] Known as Kappa Tucanae B, it has an apparent magnitude of 7.58 and spectral type K1V. [26] Five arcminutes to the northwest is a fainter star of apparent magnitude 7.24—actually a pair of orange main sequence stars of spectral types K2V and K3V, [27] which can be seen individually as stars one arcsecond apart with a telescope such as a Dobsonian with high power. [21]

Most of the Small Magellanic Cloud lies within Tucana. Small Magellanic Cloud (Digitized Sky Survey 2).jpg
Most of the Small Magellanic Cloud lies within Tucana.

Lambda Tucanae is an optical double—that is, the name is given to two stars (Lambda1 and Lambda2) which appear close together from the Earth, but are in fact far apart in space. Lambda1 is itself a binary star, with two components—a yellow-white star of spectral type F7IV-V and an apparent magnitude of 6.22, [28] and a yellow main sequence star of spectral type G1V and an apparent magnitude of 7.28. [29] The system is 186 light-years distant. [28] Lambda2 is an orange subgiant of spectral type K2III that is expanding and cooling and has left the main sequence. Of apparent magnitude 5.46, it is approximately 220 light-years distant from Earth. [30]

Epsilon Tucanae traditionally marks the toucan's left leg. [20] A B-type subgiant, it has a spectral type B9IV and an apparent magnitude of 4.49. It is approximately 373 light-years from Earth. [31] It is around four times as massive as the Sun. [32]

Theta Tucanae is a white A-type star around 423 light-years distant from Earth, [33] which is actually a close binary system. The main star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable—a class of short period (six hours at most) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study asteroseismology. [34] It is around double the Sun's mass, having siphoned off one whole solar mass from its companion, now a hydrogen-depleted dwarf star of around only 0.2 solar masses. [35] The system shines with a combined light that varies between magnitudes 6.06 to 6.15 every 70 to 80 minutes. [36] [37]

Zeta Tucanae is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4.20 located 28 light-years away from the Solar System. [38] Despite having a slightly lower mass, this star is more luminous than the Sun. [39] The composition and mass of this star are very similar to the Sun, with a slightly lower mass and an estimated age of three billion years. The solar-like qualities make it a target of interest for investigating the possible existence of a life-bearing planet. [40] It appears to have a debris disk orbiting it at a minimum radius of 2.3 astronomical units. [41] As of 2009, no planet has been discovered in orbit around this star. [42]

Five star systems have been found to have planets, four of which have been discovered by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile. HD 4308 is a star with around 83% of the Sun's mass located 72 light-years away with a super-Earth planet with an orbital period of around 15 days. [43] HD 215497 is an orange star of spectral type K3V around 142 light-years distant. It is orbited by a hot super-Earth every 3 days and a second planet around the size of Saturn with a period of around 567 days. [44] HD 221287 has a spectral type of F7V and lies 173 light-years away, and has a super-Jovian planet. [45] HD 7199 has spectral type KOIV/V and is located 117 light-years away. It has a planet with around 30% the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of 615 days. [46] HD 219077 has a planet around 10 times as massive as Jupiter in a highly eccentric orbit. [47]

Deep-sky objects

Globular Cluster 47 Tuc. Credit ESO The Globular Cluster 47 Tu.jpg
Globular Cluster 47 Tuc. Credit ESO

The second-brightest globular cluster in the sky after Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) lies just west of the Small Magellanic Cloud. Only 14,700 light-years distant from Earth, it is thought to be around 12 billion years old. [13] Mostly composed of old, yellow stars, it does possess a contingent of blue stragglers, hot stars that are hypothesized to form from binary star mergers. [48] 47 Tucanae has an apparent magnitude of 3.9, meaning that it is visible to the naked eye; it is a Shapley class III cluster, which means that it has a clearly defined nucleus. Near to 47 Tucana on the sky, and often seen in wide-field photographs showing it, are two much more distant globular clusters associated with the SMC: NGC 121, 10 arcminutes away from the bigger cluster's edge, and Lindsay 8. [49]

NGC 362 is another globular cluster in Tucana with an apparent magnitude of 6.4, 27,700 light-years from Earth. Like neighboring 47 Tucanae, NGC 362 is a Shapley class III cluster and among the brightest globular clusters in the sky. Unusually for a globular cluster, its orbit takes it very close to the center of the Milky Way—approximately 3,000 light-years. It was discovered in the 1820s by James Dunlop. [50] Its stars become visible at 180x magnification through a telescope. [12]

Globular cluster NGC 121 The oldest cluster in its cloud.jpg
Globular cluster NGC 121

Located at the southern end of Tucana, the Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy that is one of the nearest neighbors to the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of 210,000 light-years. Though it probably formed as a disk shape, tidal forces from the Milky Way have distorted it. Along with the Large Magellanic Cloud, it lies within the Magellanic Stream, a cloud of gas that connects the two galaxies. [48] NGC 346 is a star-forming region located in the Small Magellanic Cloud. It has an apparent magnitude of 10.3. [12] Within it lies the triple star system HD 5980, each of its members among the most luminous stars known. [52]

Open star cluster NGC 299 is located within the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Toucan and the cluster.jpg
Open star cluster NGC 299 is located within the Small Magellanic Cloud.

The Tucana Dwarf galaxy, which was discovered in 1990, is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy of type dE5 that is an isolated member of the Local Group. [54] It is located 870 kiloparsecs (2,800  kly ) from the Solar System and around 1,100 kiloparsecs (3,600 kly) from the barycentre of the Local Group—the second most remote of all member galaxies after the Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy. [55]

The barred spiral galaxy NGC 7408 is located 3 degrees northwest of Delta Tucanae, and was initially mistaken for a planetary nebula. [12]

In 1998, part of the constellation was the subject of a two-week observation program by the Hubble Space Telescope, which resulted in the Hubble Deep Field South. [56] The potential area to be covered needed to be at the poles of the telescope's orbit for continuous observing, with the final choice resting upon the discovery of a quasar, QSO J2233-606, in the field. [57]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ These are Zeta Tucanae and LHS 1208.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grus (constellation)</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrus</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangulum</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangulum Australe</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telescopium</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phoenix (constellation)</span> Minor constellation in the southern sky

Phoenix is a minor constellation in the southern sky. Named after the mythical phoenix, it was first depicted on a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted the brighter stars and gave their Bayer designations in 1756. The constellation stretches from roughly −39° to −57° declination, and from 23.5h to 2.5h of right ascension. The constellations Phoenix, Grus, Pavo and Tucana, are known as the Southern Birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circinus</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pictor</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Musca</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Musca is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of 12 constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, and it first appeared on a celestial globe 35 cm (14 in) in diameter published in 1597 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. It was also known as Apis for 200 years. Musca remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leo Minor</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Leo Minor is a small and faint constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for "the smaller lion", in contrast to Leo, the larger lion. It lies between the larger and more recognizable Ursa Major to the north and Leo to the south. Leo Minor was not regarded as a separate constellation by classical astronomers; it was designated by Johannes Hevelius in 1687.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavo (constellation)</span> Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere

Pavo is a constellation in the southern sky whose name is Latin for 'peacock'. Pavo first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603, and was likely conceived by Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille gave its stars Bayer designations in 1756. The constellations Pavo, Grus, Phoenix and Tucana are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha Tucanae</span> Binary star system in the constellation Tucana

Alpha Tucanae is a binary star system in the southern circumpolar constellation of Tucana. With an apparent visual magnitude of 2.86, it can be seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Using parallax measurements, the distance to this system can be estimated as 184 light-years. A cool star with a surface temperature of 4300 K, it is 424 times as luminous as the sun and 37 times its diameter. It is 2.5 to 3 times as massive. It is unclear what stage of evolution the star is in.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamma Tucanae</span> Star in the constellation Tucana

Gamma Tucanae, Latinized from γ Tucanae, is a star in the constellation Tucana, marking the toucan's beak. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.99. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 43.37 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located about 75 light years from the Sun. It is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +18 km/s.

Kappa Tucanae, Latinised from, κ Tucanae, is a quadruple star system in the southern constellation Tucana. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of either +4.25 or +4.86, depending on the source. The system is located approximately 68 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +8 km/s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iota Tucanae</span> Star in the constellation Tucana

Iota Tucanae is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Tucana. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.72 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 304 light years from the Sun. With an apparent visual magnitude of +5.33, it is faintly visible to the naked eye.

Pi Tucanae is a double star in the southern constellation of Tucana. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +5.49. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.25 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 317 light years from the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theta Tucanae</span> Variable star in the constellation Tucana

Theta Tucanae is a star in the constellation Tucana.

Lambda1 Tucanae is the Bayer designation for one member of a pair of stars sharing a common proper motion through space, which lie within the southern constellation of Tucana. As of 2013, the pair had an angular separation of 20.0 arc seconds along a position angle of 82°. Together, they are barely visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 6.21. Based upon an annual parallax shift for both stars of approximately 16.5 mas as seen from Earth, this system is located roughly 198 light years from the Sun.

Lambda2 Tucanae is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Tucana. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.45. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.6 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 223 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.09 due to interstellar dust.

HD 109749 is a binary star system about 206 light years away in the constellation of Centaurus. The pair have a combined apparent visual magnitude of 8.08, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. The primary component has a close orbiting exoplanet companion. The system is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −13.2 km/s.

References

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  27. ↑ "GJ 55.1 – Double or multiple star". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
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