Observation data Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
---|---|
Constellation | Pictor |
Right ascension | 05h 54m 04.24050s [1] |
Declination | −60° 01′ 24.4930″ [1] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 7.17 [2] |
Characteristics | |
Spectral type | K2.5V [2] |
B−V color index | 0.93 [2] |
Astrometry | |
Radial velocity (Rv) | 31.08±0.12 [1] km/s |
Proper motion (μ) | RA: −52.174±0.023 mas/yr [1] Dec.: −60.059±0.025 mas/yr [1] |
Parallax (π) | 77.3261 ± 0.0170 mas [1] |
Distance | 42.179 ± 0.009 ly (12.932 ± 0.003 pc) |
Absolute magnitude (MV) | 6.57±0.01 [3] |
Details | |
Mass | 0.75+0.03 −0.04 [4] M☉ |
Radius | 0.716 ± 0.010 [5] R☉ |
Luminosity (bolometric) | 0.23 [6] L☉ |
Luminosity (visual, LV) | 0.20 [note 1] L☉ |
Surface gravity (log g) | 4.47 ± 0.16 [6] cgs |
Temperature | 4977 ± 59 [6] K |
Metallicity [Fe/H] | −0.31 ± 0.03 [6] dex |
Rotation | 31.8±6.7 d [7] |
Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 3 [4] km/s |
Age | 1.2 (≥ 0.2) [4] Gyr |
Other designations | |
Database references | |
SIMBAD | data |
Exoplanet Archive | data |
ARICNS | data |
Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia | data |
HD 40307 is an orange (K-type) main-sequence star located approximately 42 light-years away in the constellation of Pictor (the Easel), taking its primary name from its Henry Draper Catalogue designation. It is calculated to be slightly less massive than the Sun. The star has six known planets, three discovered in 2008 [2] [8] and three more in 2012. One of them, HD 40307 g, is a potential super-Earth in the habitable zone, with an orbital period of about 200 days. This object might be capable of supporting liquid water on its surface, although much more information must be acquired before its habitability can be assessed. [9] [10] [11] [12]
No stellar companions to HD 40307 were detected as in 2018. [13]
HD 40307 was observed during or before 1900 as part of the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung. [14] The designation HD 40307 is from the Henry Draper Catalogue, which is based on spectral classifications made between 1911 and 1915 by Annie Jump Cannon and her co-workers, and was published between 1918 and 1924. [15] [16]
As a K-type star, HD 40307 emits orange-tinted light. [2] It has only about three-quarters of the Sun's radius and mass. [4] Its temperature is measured at slightly under 5,000 K .
The astronomers who discovered the planets orbiting HD 40307 suggested that the metallicities of stars determine whether or not the planetary bodies that orbit them will be terrestrial, like Earth, or gaseous, like Jupiter and Saturn. [6]
Despite its relative proximity to the Sun at 42 light-years, HD 40307 is not visible to the naked eye, given its apparent magnitude of 7.17. [17] It came within 6.4 light-years of the Sun about 413,000 years ago. [18]
A planetary system around HD 40307 contains four confirmed planets and two other possible planets, all within 0.6 AU of the star.
Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | ≥ 4.0 +0.8 −0.7 M🜨 | 0.0468 +0.0023 −0.0024 | 4.3123 +0.0011 −0.0012 | 0.20 +0.16 −0.14 | >0.2022° | — |
c | ≥ 6.6 +1.1 −1.0 M🜨 | 0.0799 ± 0.0040 | 9.6184 +0.0050 −0.0049 | 0.06 +0.06 −0.11 | >0.2109° | — |
d | ≥ 9.5 +1.7 −1.5 M🜨 | 0.1321 +0.0066 −0.0064 | 20.432 +0.022 −0.024 | 0.07 +0.11 −0.07 | >0.2855° | — |
e (disputed) | ≥ 3.5 ± 1.4 M🜨 | 0.1886 +0.083 −0.0104 | 34.62 +0.21 −0.20 | 0.15 +0.13 −0.15 | — | — |
f | ≥ 5.2 +1.5 −1.6 M🜨 | 0.247 +0.011 −0.014 | 51.76 +0.50 −0.46 | 0.02 +0.20 −0.02 | — | — |
g (disputed) | ≥ 7.1 ± 2.6 M🜨 | 0.600 +0.034 −0.033 | 197.8 +9.0 −5.7 | 0.29 +0.31 −0.29 | — | — |
After spending five years observing the star, [21] the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) announced that they had discovered three super-Earths in orbit around HD 40307 in June 2008. All three planets were detected by the radial velocity method, using the HARPS spectrograph system. [22]
In 2012, an independent analysis carried out by a team of astronomers led by Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire confirmed the existence of these planets and found an additional three planets in the systems. [9] [10] The planet HD 40307 f on 51.6-day orbit was confirmed in 2015, with inconclusive evidence for the planets HD 40307 e and HD 40307 g. [19]
Five of the planets orbit very close to the star, [10] with the farthest of them located twice as close to HD 40307 than is the planet Mercury is to the Sun. [23] [note 2] The outermost planet orbits at a distance similar to the distance of Venus to the Sun and is situated well in the system's liquid water habitable zone. [10]
The minimum masses of the planets in the system ranges from three to ten times the mass of the Earth, placing them somewhere between Earth and gas giants like Uranus and Neptune. [10] Dynamical analysis of the innermost planets suggests that planet b is unstable at its age unless it is an ice giant, having migrated from further away. That implies similar for the other planets, even further out. [24] The most recent discovery also indicates via dynamical analysis that the true planetary masses can not be much higher than their minimum masses. [10]
HD 219134 is a main-sequence star in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It is smaller and less luminous than the Sun, with a spectral class of K3V, which makes it an orange-hued star. HD 219134 is relatively close to our system, with an estimated distance of 21.34 light years. This star is close to the limit of apparent magnitude that can still be seen by the unaided eye. The limit is considered to be magnitude 6 for most observers. This star has a magnitude 9.4 optical companion at an angular separation of 106.6 arcseconds.
HD 192310 is a star in the southern constellation of Capricornus. It is located in the solar neighborhood at a distance of 28.7 light-years, and is within the range of luminosity needed to be viewed from the Earth with the unaided eye. HD 192310 is suspected of being a variable star, but this is unconfirmed.
HD 70642 is a star with an exoplanetary companion in the southern constellation of Puppis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +7.17, which is too dim to be readily visible to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of 95.6 light-years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +49.4 km/s. It came to within 55.3 ly of the Solar System some 329,000 years ago.
Pi Mensae, also known as HD 39091, is a yellow dwarf star in the constellation of Mensa. This star has a high proper motion. The apparent magnitude is 5.67, which can be visible to the naked eye in exceptionally dark, clear skies. It is nearly 60 light-years away. The star is slightly larger than the Sun in terms of mass, size, luminosity, temperature and metallicity, and is about 730 million years younger. It hosts three known planets.
HD 40307 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the European Southern Observatory's HARPS apparatus, in June 2008. It is the second smallest of the planets orbiting the star, after HD 40307 e. The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity, supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form.
HD 40307 c is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the HARPS apparatus, in June 2008. Of the six proposed planets in the HD 40307 star system, it is the third-largest, and has the second-closest orbit from the star. The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity, supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form.
HD 40307 d is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years from Earth in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the HARPS apparatus in June 2008. It is the most massive of the six proposed planets in the system. The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity, supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form.
HD 47186 is a star located approximately 129 light-years away in the constellation of Canis Major. It is a G6V star with the characteristics very similar to the Sun, but it is 1.7 times more metal-rich. In 2008, two extrasolar planets were discovered orbiting the star.
HD 45364 is a star in the southern constellation of Canis Major. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 8.08. The distance to this system is 112 light years based on parallax. It is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +16.4 km/s, having come within 49 light-years some 1.5 million years ago.
HD 10180, also designated 2MASS J01375356-6030414, is a Sun-like star in the southern constellation Hydrus that is notable for its large planetary system. Since its discovery, at least six exoplanets have been observed orbiting it, and some studies have proposed up to nine potential planets, which would make it potentially the largest of all known planetary systems, including the Solar System.
HD 38858 is a G-type star, much like The Sun, with one detected planet. The planet, designated HD 38858 b, is about twice the mass of Uranus and orbits in the star's habitable zone.
HD 40307 g is an exoplanet candidate suspected to be orbiting in the habitable zone of HD 40307. It is located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the European Southern Observatory's HARPS apparatus by a team of astronomers led by Mikko Tuomi at the University of Hertfordshire and Guillem Anglada-Escude of the University of Göttingen, Germany.
HD 40307 e is an extrasolar planet candidate suspected to be orbiting the star HD 40307. It is located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the European Southern Observatory's HARPS apparatus by a team of astronomers led by Mikko Tuomi at the University of Hertfordshire and Guillem Anglada-Escude of the University of Göttingen, Germany.
HD 40307 f is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307. It is located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the European Southern Observatory's HARPS apparatus by a team of astronomers led by Mikko Tuomi at the University of Hertfordshire and Guillem Anglada-Escude of the University of Göttingen, Germany. The existence of planet was confirmed in 2015.
Mikko Tuomi is a Finnish astronomer from the University of Hertfordshire, most known for his contributions to the discovery of a number of exoplanets, among them the Proxima Centauri b which orbits the closest star to the Sun. Mikko Tuomi was the first to find indications of the existence of Proxima Centauri b in archival observation data. Other exoplanets to whose discovery or study Tuomi has contributed include HD 40307, HD 154857 c, Kapteyn c, Gliese 682 c, HD 154857, Gliese 221, Gliese 581 g and the planetary system orbiting Tau Ceti. He has led the development of new data analysis techniques for distinguishing observations caused by natural activity of the star and those caused by planets orbiting them.
HD 189567 is a G3V star located 58.5 light years away, in the constellation of Pavo. The star HD 189567 is also known as Gliese 776, CD-67 2385, and HR 7644.