List of space telescopes

Last updated

The Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg
The Hubble Space Telescope
Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter Space telescopes comparison.jpg
Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter
Overview of active and future telescopes (as of January 2021) Space observatories.png
Overview of active and future telescopes (as of January 2021)

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth.

Contents

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the minimum and maximum altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the Sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Gamma ray

Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified. [1]

X-ray

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space. [118] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies. [119]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes.

Visible light

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm. [149] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things. [150]

Infrared and submillimetre

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies. [169]

Microwave

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from the Milky Way Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. [199]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Cobe vision1.jpg Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) NASA 18 Nov 198923 Dec 1993Earth orbit (900 km) [200] [201]
Odin Swedish Space Corporation 20 Feb 2001—Earth orbit (622 km) [202] [203]
WMAP2.jpg WMAP NASA 30 Jun 2001Oct 2010 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [204]
Model of the Planck Satellite.jpg Planck ESA 14 May 2009Oct 2013 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point (mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)		 [191] [205] [206]

Radio

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.[ citation needed ]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Haruka HALCA VSOP MUSES-B.jpg Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B) ISAS 12 Feb 199730 Nov 2005Earth orbit (560–21,400 km) [207] [208] [209]
RIAN archive 930415 Russian Spektr R space-born radio telescope.jpg Spektr-R (RadioAstron) ASC LPI 18 Jul 201111 Jan 2019Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km) [210] [211] [212]

Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the Sun (Solar Energetic Particles), the Milky Way galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

To be launched

PhotoNameSpace agencyPlanned launch dateLocationRef(s)
SPHEREx March2022 Update.jpg SPHEREx NASA 2025Earth orbit [222]
Xuntian Space Telescope mockup at NMC 01.jpg Xuntian CNSA/CAS 2026Low Earth orbit [223] [224] [225]
PLATO spacecraft.jpg PLATO ESA 2026Geosynchronous orbit [226]
Ultrasat model1.jpg ULTRASAT Israel Space Agency 2026Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [227]
ROMANNewModelV8RomanStill00049.png Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope NASA 2027Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [228]
COSI higher quality.jpg Compton Spectrometer and Imager NASA 2027Low Earth orbit [229]
Ariel key visual ESA499933.jpg ARIEL ESA 2029Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [230]
New view UVEX3.png UVEX NASA 2030Highly elliptical orbit [231]
Taiji CNSA/CAS 2033 Heliocentric orbit [232]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena) ESA/NASA/JAXA 2035Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [233]
LISA-waves.jpg Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) ESA 2037 Heliocentric orbit [234]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Explorers Program</span> Ongoing NASA space exploration program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">XMM-Newton</span> X-ray space observatory

XMM-Newton, also known as the High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission, is an X-ray space observatory launched by the European Space Agency in December 1999 on an Ariane 5 rocket. It is the second cornerstone mission of ESA's Horizon 2000 programme. Named after physicist and astronomer Sir Isaac Newton, the spacecraft is tasked with investigating interstellar X-ray sources, performing narrow- and broad-range spectroscopy, and performing the first simultaneous imaging of objects in both X-ray and optical wavelengths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</span> NASA space observatory designed to detect X-rays and gamma rays (1991–2000)

The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was a space observatory detecting photons with energies from 20 keV to 30 GeV, in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000. The observatory featured four main telescopes in one spacecraft, covering X-rays and gamma rays, including various specialized sub-instruments and detectors. Following 14 years of effort, the observatory was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its deorbit on June 4, 2000. It was deployed in low Earth orbit at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the Van Allen radiation belt. It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 16,300 kilograms (35,900 lb).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herschel Space Observatory</span> ESA space telescope in service 2009–2013

The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was active from 2009 to 2013, and was the largest infrared telescope ever launched until the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope in 2021. Herschel carries a 3.5-metre (11.5 ft) mirror and instruments sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre wavebands (55–672 μm). Herschel was the fourth and final cornerstone mission in the Horizon 2000 programme, following SOHO/Cluster II, XMM-Newton and Rosetta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ohsumi (satellite)</span> First Japanese satellite put into orbit, launched in 1970

The Ohsumi satellite, Japan’s first artificial satellite, was launched on February 11, 1970, at 04:25 UTC by the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (ISAS) from the Kagoshima Space Center, which is located on the Ohsumi peninsula in Japan .This location was chosen for its strategic position in coordinating eastward launches, optimizing the rocket's trajectory. The launch vehicle was the Lambda 4S-5, a rocket developed by the ISAS of the University of Tokyo. Such an achievement marks Japan as the fourth nation to independently place a satellite into orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar Orbiter</span> European space-based solar observatory

The Solar Orbiter (SolO) is a Sun-observing probe developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) with a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contribution. Solar Orbiter, designed to obtain detailed measurements of the inner heliosphere and the nascent solar wind, will also perform close observations of the polar regions of the Sun which is difficult to do from Earth. These observations are important in investigating how the Sun creates and controls its heliosphere.

This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space.

XEUS was a space observatory plan developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a successor to the successful XMM-Newton X-ray satellite telescope. It was merged to the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) around 2008, but as that project ran into issues in 2011, the ESA component was forked off into Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orbiting Solar Observatory</span> Series of American solar space observatories

The Orbiting Solar Observatory Program was the name of a series of American space telescopes primarily intended to study the Sun, though they also included important non-solar experiments. Eight were launched successfully into low Earth orbit by NASA between 1962 and 1975 using Delta rockets. Their primary mission was to observe an 11-year sun spot cycle in UV and X-ray spectra. The initial seven were built by Ball Aerospace, then known as Ball Brothers Research Corporation (BBRC), in Boulder, Colorado. OSO 8 was built by Hughes Space and Communications Company, in Culver City, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lissajous orbit</span> Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory

In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit, named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that an object can follow around a Lagrangian point of a three-body system with minimal propulsion. Lyapunov orbits around a Lagrangian point are curved paths that lie entirely in the plane of the two primary bodies. In contrast, Lissajous orbits include components in this plane and perpendicular to it, and follow a Lissajous curve. Halo orbits also include components perpendicular to the plane, but they are periodic, while Lissajous orbits are usually not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamma (satellite)</span> Soviet gamma ray telescope

Gamma was a Soviet gamma ray telescope. It was launched on 11 July 1990 into an orbit around Earth with a height of 375 km and an inclination of 51.6 degrees. It lasted for around 2 years. On board the mission were three telescopes, all of which could be pointed at the same source. The project was a joint Soviet-French project.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small Astronomy Satellite 2</span> Gamma ray telescope

The Small Astronomy Satellite 2, also known also as SAS-2, SAS B or Explorer 48, was a NASA gamma ray telescope. It was launched on 15 November 1972 into the low Earth orbit with a periapsis of 443 km and an apoapsis of 632 km. It completed its observations on 8 June 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astronomical Netherlands Satellite</span> Space-based X-ray and ultraviolet telescope

The Astronomical Netherlands Satellite was a space-based X-ray and ultraviolet telescope. It was launched into Earth orbit on 30 August 1974 at 14:07:39 UTC in a Scout rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, United States. The mission ran for 20 months until June 1976, and was jointly funded by the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (NIVR) and NASA. ANS was the first Dutch satellite, and the Main Belt asteroid 9996 ANS was named after it. ANS reentered Earth's atmosphere on June 14, 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ABRIXAS</span> Space-based German X-ray telescope

A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey, or ABRIXAS, was a space-based German X-ray telescope. It was launched on 28 April 1999 in a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle from Kapustin Yar, Russia, into Earth orbit. The orbit had a periapsis of 549.0 kilometres (341.1 mi), an apoapsis of 598.0 kilometres (371.6 mi), an inclination of 48.0° and an eccentricity of 0.00352, giving it a period of 96 minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Retrievable Carrier</span> ESA space science satellite

The European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) was an uncrewed 4.5-tonne satellite with 15 experiments. It was a European Space Agency (ESA) mission and the acronym was derived from Archimedes' bathtub revelation "Eureka!".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omid</span> Iranian communications satellite

Omid was Iran's first domestically made satellite. Omid was a data-processing satellite for research and telecommunications; Iran's state television reported that it was successfully launched on 2 February 2009. After being launched by an Iranian-made carrier rocket, Safir 1, the satellite was placed into a low Earth orbit. President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad supervised the launch, which coincided with the 30th anniversary of the Iranian Revolution; NASA verified the launch's success the following day. Its Satellite Catalog Number or USSPACECOM object number is 33506.

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