List of Earth observation satellites

Last updated

True color image of the Earth from space. This image is a composite image collected over 16 days by the MODIS sensor on NASA's Terra satellite. Earth from Space.jpg
True color image of the Earth from space. This image is a composite image collected over 16 days by the MODIS sensor on NASA’s Terra satellite.
NASA Earth science satellite fleet as of September 2020, planned through 2023. NASA Earth science fleet through 2023 (as of 2020).png
NASA Earth science satellite fleet as of September 2020, planned through 2023.
Earth observation satellite missions developed by the ESA as of 2019. ESA-developed Earth observation missions ESA19415147 (cropped).jpeg
Earth observation satellite missions developed by the ESA as of 2019.

Earth observation satellites are Earth-orbiting spacecraft with sensors used to collect imagery and measurements of the surface of the earth. These satellites are used to monitor short-term weather, long-term climate change, natural disasters. Earth observations satellites provide information for research subjects that benefit from looking at Earth’s surface from above (such as meteorology, oceanography, terrestrial ecology, glaciology, atmospheric science, hydrology, geology, and many more). Types of sensors on these satellites include passive and active remote sensors. Sensors on Earth observation satellites often take measurements of emitted energy over some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., UV, visible, infrared, microwave, or radio). [1]

Contents

The invention of climate research through the use of satellite remote telemetry began in the 1960s through development of space probes to study other planets. During the U.S. economic decline in 1977, with much of NASA's money going toward the shuttle program, the Reagan Administration proposed to reduce spending on planetary exploration. During this time, new scientific evidence emerged from ice and sediment cores that Earth's climate had experienced rapid changes in temperature, running contrary to the previously held belief that the climate changed on a geological time scale. These changes increased political interest in gathering remote-sensing data on the Earth itself and stimulated the science of climatology. [2]

Classification

The lists below classify Earth observation satellites in two large groups: satellites operated by government agencies of one or more countries (public domain) versus commercial satellites built and maintained by companies (private domain). [3] These lists focus on currently active missions, rather than inactive retired missions or planned future missions. However, some examples of past and future satellites are included. Active, inactive, or planned classifications are relevant as of 2021.

Public domain or government agency satellites

Active government satellites

NameStatusAgencyLaunch [note 1] Description
ALOS-2 Active JAXA 2014
Alsat-2A and 2B Active Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) 2016
Amazônia-1 Active Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) 2021
Aqua ActiveNASA2002Carries six instruments to observe interactions among the four spheres for Earth's systems: oceans, land, atmosphere, and biosphere. [5]
ASNARO-2 Active JAXA 2018
Aura ActiveNASA2004Studies earth's ozone, air quality, and climate though observation of composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere. [6]
Badr-B Active Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) 2001
Cartosat-1 Active Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) 2005
Cartosat-2A and 2B ActiveISRO2007
Cartosat-2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F ActiveISRO2016
Cartosat-3 ActiveISRO2019
CBERS-4 Active China National Space Administration (CNSA) and INPE2014
Chollian 1, 2A, and 2B Active KARI 2010Also known as Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellites (COMS). Used for communication, oceanography, and meteorological observation.
CloudSat ActiveNASA2006Uses radar to measure the altitude and properties of clouds. [7]
COSMO-SkyMed 1 to 4 Active Italian Space Agency (ASI) 2007Used for defense and security assurance in Italy and other countries, seismic hazard analysis, environmental disaster monitoring, and agricultural mapping.
CryoSat-2 Active ESA 2010
CYGNSS ActiveNASA2016Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System.
DSCOVR ActiveNASA2015Deep Space Climate Observatory. Designed to study the Sun-lit side of Earth from the L1 Lagrange point. [8]
DubaiSat-1 and 2 Active Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) 2009
Elektro-L No. 1, 2, and 3 ActiveRussia's Roscosmos 2011
Fengyun 2D to 4A Active China Meteorological Administration 2006Translated from Chinese, the word Fengyun means "wind cloud." Series 3 satellites are Sun-synchronous and series 2 and 4 satellites are geosynchronous.
Formosat-5 Active Taiwan’s National Space Organization (NSPO) 2017
Gaofen-2 Active CNSA 2014
Gaofen-3 Active CNSA 2016
GOES-16 and 17 ActiveNASA2016Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. Collects weather observations. See also: List of GOES satellites.
Gokturk-1 Active Turkish Ministry of National Defense 2016Used for mapping and planning, landcover survey, geology, ecosystem monitoring, disaster management, environmental control, coastal zone management, and water resources.
Gokturk-2 Active Turkish Ministry of National Defense 2012Used for mapping and planning, landcover survey, geology, ecosystem monitoring, disaster management, environmental control, coastal zone management, and water resources. [9]
GPM Active NASA and JAXA 2014Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory. Used to study rainfall and snowfall. [10] [11]
GOES-16, -17 ActiveNASA2016monitors weather for NOAA.
GRACE-FO ActiveNASA2018 [12] [13] Gravity and climate. The mission will track changes in global sea levels, glaciers, and ice sheets, as well as large lake and river water levels, and soil moisture. [14]
GOSAT ActiveJAXA2009Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. The first precise carbon dioxide observing satellite and precursor to OCO-2.
Himawari 8 and 9 Active Japan Meteorological Agency 2014Similar to NASA's GOES satellites.
ICESat-2 ActiveNASA2018Measures ice sheet height changes for climate change diagnoses. [15] [16]
IMS-1 Active ISRO 2008
ISS Active NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA 1998The International Space Station (ISS) has long been used as a central satellite platform for other sensors, including Earth observation sensors. For example: LIS, SAGE III, TSIS-I, ECOSTRESS, GEDI, OCO-3, Diwata-1, and HICO.
Jason-3 Active NASA and CNES 2016Radar altimeter used to monitor ocean surface height.
KhalifaSat Active MBRSC 2018Also known as DubaiSat-3.
KOMPSAT-2 Active KARI 2006Korean Multi-purpose Satellite-2. Also known as Arirang-2.
KOMPSAT-3, 3A, and 5 Active KARI 2012Korean Multi-purpose Satellite-3, 3A, and 5. Also known as Arirang-3, 3A, and 5.
LAGEOS-1 and 2 ActiveNASA1976LAGEOS 1 launched in 1976 and LAGEOS 2 launched in 1992. Used as an orbiting benchmark for geodynamical studies. [17]
Landsat-7 ActiveNASA and USGS1999Images Earth's land surfaces and coastal areas with global coverage at high spatial resolution. [18]
Landsat-8 ActiveNASA and USGS2013Follow on to Landsat-7 with improved imager OLI and thermal sensor TIRS.
Landsat-9 ActiveNASA and USGS2021Follow on to Landsat-8 with OLI sensor and thermal sensor TIRS-2. Landsat-9 will extend the Landsat program to maintain the time series of these type of data.
Megha-Tropiques Active CNES and ISRO 2011
Meteor-M No. 1 and 2 Active Roscosmos 2009
Meteosat 8 Active EUMETSAT 2002Also known as MSG 1.
MetOp A, B, and C Active NASA, ESA, and NOAA 2006Meteorological Operational satellite. Part of the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) program.
Mohammed VI-A and VI-B Active Arianespace and Morocco 2017See also: Vega flight VV11 and Vega flight VV13
NigComSat-1R Active NASRDA 2009DFH-4 satellite and replacement for the failed NigComSat-1
NigeriaSat-1 and 2 Active NASRDA 2003Part of the worldwide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System
NOAA-15, 18, and 19 Active NASA, ESA, and NOAA 1998Part of the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) program.
NOAA-20 Active NASA and NOAA 2017Part of the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program.
Oceansat-2 Active ISRO 2009
OCO-2 ActiveNASA2014Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2. Part of the A-Train. The second precise carbon dioxide observing satellite after GOSAT.
PACE ActiveNASA2024Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem measures hyperspectral and polarimetric characteristics of solar radiation reflected off Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
PakTES-1A Active SUPARCO 2018
Paz ActiveSpain's Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial 2018
Pleiades 1A and 1B Active CNES 2011
PRISMA Active Italian Space Agency (ASI) 2019PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa, in English: Hyperspectral PRecursor of the Application Mission.
PROBA-V Active ESA 2013Continues the traditional Vegetation (the "V" in PROBA-V) products that began with the SPOT satellites. [19]
PRSS-1 Active SUPARCO 2018Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite 1.
RCM Active CSA 2019RADARSAT Constellation Mission.
RADARSAT-2 Active CSA 2007C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR-C) satellite.
RASAT Active TÜBITAK-UZAY 2011
Resourcesat-1 and 2 Active ISRO 2003
Resurs-P No.1 and 2 Active Roscosmos 2013
SAOCOM Active CONAE 2018
SARAL Active ISRO 2013
Sentinel-1A and BActive ESA 2014Constellation of two, each satellite carries C-SAR sensor. Part of the Copernicus Programme.
Sentinel-2A, B, and CActive ESA 2015Constellation of three, each satellite carries MSI sensor for high spatial resolution imaging. Part of the Copernicus Programme.
Sentinel-3A and BActive ESA 2016Constellation of two, each satellite carries sensors OLCI and SLSTR. Slightly coarser spatial resolution and more spectral bands than Sentinel-2. Part of the Copernicus Programme.
Sentinel-6AActive ESA 2020Continuing the legacy of the Jason series missions, Sentinel-6/Jason-CS will extend the records of sea level (sea surface height) and provide information for operational oceanography, marine meteorology, and climate studies. [20]
SMAP ActiveNASA2015Soil Moisture Active Passive. Measures soil moisture and its freeze/thaw state, which enhance understanding of processes that link water, energy, and carbon cycles to extend the capabilities of weather and climate models. Radar payload failed in July 2015, leaving a radiometer as the primary instrument of the mission. [21]
SORCE ActiveNASA2003monitors total output from the Sun for understanding of Earth's absorption of radiation energy. [15]
Suomi NPP ActiveNASA2011Part of the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program.
SWOT Active NASA 2022
TanDEM-X Active DLR 2010
Terra ActiveNASA1999Carries five instruments to observe the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation and with one another. [22]
TerraSAR-X Active DLR 2007
THEOS Active GISTDA 2008Also known as Thaichote.
TIMED ActiveNASA2001Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics.
VNREDSat-1A Active VAST 2013The Vietnamese Natural Resources, Environment and Disaster Monitoring Satellite.
VRSS-1 and 2 Active ABAE 2012The Venezuelan Remote Sensing Satellite.
Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) Active ESA 2017
SMOS Active ESA 2009

Inactive government satellites

NameStatusAgencyLaunch [note 1] Description
ACRIMSAT Inactive NASA 1999Studied sun's UV to infrared energy output. [23] Contact was lost in December 2013. [24]
ADEOS-II Inactive NASDA, NASA, and CNES 2002
Arirang-1 Inactive KARI 1999
BelKA Inactive National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 2006Failed to orbit.
BILSAT-1 Inactive TÜBITAK-UZAY 2003Retired 2006
EO-1 Inactive NASA 2001Earth Observing 1. Carried land-imaging technology and demonstrated new instruments and spacecraft systems for future missions. [25] Retired 2017. [26]
Envisat Inactive ESA 2002Envisat stands for "Environmental satellite." Carried sensors such as MERIS and SCIAMACHY. Retired 2012.
Formosat-2 Inactive NSPO 2004Retired 2016
GLORY InactiveNASA2011Designed to study aerosols, including black carbon, in addition to solar irradiance. [27] Failed launch. [28]
GOES-12 to 15 InactiveNASA2001Monitored weather for NOAA. [29]
GRACE-1 and 2 InactiveNASA and German Space Agency 2002Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment. Tracked changes in global sea levels, glaciers, and ice sheets, as well as large lake and river water levels, and soil moisture. [30] Retired 2017. [31]
ICESat InactiveNASA2003Measured ice sheet height changes for climate change diagnoses. [32]
Jason-1 and 2 InactiveNASA and CNES 2001Radar altimeters used to monitor ocean surface height. [33]
Lapan-TUBsat Inactive LAPAN 2007Also known as LAPAN A1. Microsatellite based on DLR-Tubsat. Retired 2013.
Maya-1 Inactive Philippine Space Agency 2018Retired 2020.
Munin Inactive SNSA 2000Retired 2001.
OrbView-2 InactiveNASA1997Also known as Seastar. Carried sensor SeaWiFS. Monitored the color of Earth's oceans. [34] [35] Retired 2010.
QuikSCAT InactiveNASA1997Monitored weather using bursts of microwaves which measure wind speeds. [36]
Resurs-DK No.1 Inactive Roscosmos 2006
RISAT-1 Inactive ISRO 2012Retired 2016.
SAC-D InactiveNASA and CONAE 2011Carried the Aquarius instrument, which measured ocean salinity (salt concentration) which improves knowledge of heat transport and storage in the ocean. Mission ended June 2015 due to satellite power supply failure. [37]
TOPEX/Poseidon Inactive NASA and CNES 1992Part of NASA's Earth-Sun System Missions. Retired 2006.
TRMM InactiveNASA and JAXA 1997Carried five instruments which uses radar and sensors of visible infrared light to closely monitor precipitation. [38]
UARS Inactive NASA 1991Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. Part of NASA's Earth-Sun System Missions. Retired 2005.
Vanguard 2 Inactive NRL 1959Vanguard 2E. The first weather satellite, designed to measure cloud cover. Part of Project Vanguard.

Planned government satellites

NameStatusAgencyDescription
EarthCARE PlannedESA and JAXADesigned to study clouds and aerosols. [39]
Göktürk-3 Planned Turkish Ministry of National Defense Planned high resolution SAR satellite.
SABIA-Mar Planned AEB and CONAE
FORUM Planned ESA Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring; a mission to measure Earth's outgoing radiation emissions across the entire far-infrared electromagnetic spectrum.

Private or commercial satellites

Active commercial satellites

NameStatusOwner/AgencyLaunch [note 1]
Disaster Monitoring Constellation [40] Active DMC International Imaging 2009
EROS A and BActive ImageSat International 2000
Flock-1 Constellation Active Planet 2014
GeoEye-1 Active DigitalGlobe (Maxar) 2008
GRUS  [ ja ]-1A to E [41] Active Axelspace  [ ja ] [42] 2018
ICEYE ActiveICEYE2018
Jilin-1 (Hyperspectral)Active Chang Guang Satellite Technology 2019
Jilin-1 (OpticalActive Chang Guang Satellite Technology 2015
NovaSAR-S1 [42] ActiveUK Space Agency and Surrey Satellite Technology 2018
PlanetScope-2 [43] Active Planet 2016
SkySat-1 to 3 Active Planet 2013
SkySat-4 to 7 Active Planet 2016
SkySat-8 to 13 Active Planet 2017
SPOT 6 and 7ActiveEADS Astrium Azercosmos, and CNES2012
SuperView-1 [44] ActiveBeijing Space View Technology2018
TripleSat (UK-DMC 3) [45] [46] Active DMC International Imaging 2015
Vivid-i 1 to 5 [47] ActiveEarth-i [48] 2018
WorldView-1 Active DigitalGlobe (Maxar) 2007
WorldView-2 and 3 Active DigitalGlobe (Maxar) 2009
Pleiades Neo 3 Active Airbus Defence and Space 2021
Pleiades Neo 4 Active Airbus Defence and Space 2021

Inactive commercial satellites

NameStatusOwner/AgencyLaunch [note 1] End of mission
IKONOS Inactive DigitalGlobe (Maxar) 19992015
QuickBird Inactive DigitalGlobe (Maxar) 20012015
RapidEye Inactive Planet 20082020 [49]
WorldView-4 Inactive DigitalGlobe (Maxar) 20162019

Planned commercial satellites

NameStatusOwner/AgencyLaunch [note 1] End of missionDescription
CO3D-1 to 4 Planned Airbus Defence and Space / CNES 2024Based on Airbus S250 Optical product

See also

NASA Water and Energy Cycle satellite missions as of 2006. NEWS Pillar med.jpg
NASA Water and Energy Cycle satellite missions as of 2006.
NASA Earth science satellites as of 2017. Cr Jason-2.jpg
NASA Earth science satellites as of 2017.

Related lists:

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 For constellations of multiple satellites, launch year is listed here as the maiden launch year for the first satellite in the series. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goddard Space Flight Center</span> NASAs first space research laboratory

The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of Washington, D.C. in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC employs about 10,000 civil servants and contractors. Named for American rocket propulsion pioneer Robert H. Goddard, it is one of ten major NASA field centers. GSFC is partially within the former Goddard census-designated place; it has a Greenbelt mailing address.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nimbus program</span> Second-generation U.S. robotic spacecraft

The Nimbus satellites were second-generation U.S. robotic spacecraft launched between 1964 and 1978 used for meteorological research and development. The spacecraft were designed to serve as stabilized, Earth-oriented platforms for the testing of advanced systems to sense and collect atmospheric science data. Seven Nimbus spacecraft have been launched into near-polar, Sun-synchronous orbits beginning with Nimbus 1 on August 28, 1964. On board the Nimbus satellites are various instrumentation for imaging, sounding, and other studies in different spectral regions. The Nimbus satellites were launched aboard Thor-Agena rockets and Delta rockets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System</span> NASA satellite climate data instruments

Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is an on-going NASA climatological experiment from Earth orbit. The CERES are scientific satellite instruments, part of the NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), designed to measure both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) to the Earth's surface. Cloud properties are determined using simultaneous measurements by other EOS instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could enable nearer to real-time tracking of Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) and better understanding of the role of clouds in global climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep Space Climate Observatory</span> American solar research spacecraft

Deep Space Climate Observatory is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) space weather, space climate, and Earth observation satellite. It was launched by SpaceX on a Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle on 11 February 2015, from Cape Canaveral. This is NOAA's first operational deep space satellite and became its primary system of warning Earth in the event of solar magnetic storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GRACE and GRACE-FO</span> Joint American-German space mission to map Earths gravitational field

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was a joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017. The two satellites were sometimes called Tom and Jerry, a nod to the famous cartoon. The GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) is a continuation of the mission on near-identical hardware, launched in May 2018. On March 19, 2024, NASA announced that the successor to GRACE-FO would be Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity (GRACE-C), to be launched in or after 2028.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite geodesy</span> Measurement of the Earth using satellites

Satellite geodesy is geodesy by means of artificial satellites—the measurement of the form and dimensions of Earth, the location of objects on its surface and the figure of the Earth's gravity field by means of artificial satellite techniques. It belongs to the broader field of space geodesy. Traditional astronomical geodesy is not commonly considered a part of satellite geodesy, although there is considerable overlap between the techniques.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICESat</span> NASA satellite to observe ice sheets, clouds, and land; 2003–2010

ICESat was a NASA satellite mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. It operated as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). ICESat was launched 13 January 2003 on a Delta II launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California into a near-circular, near-polar orbit with an altitude of approximately 600 km (370 mi). It operated for seven years before being retired in February 2010, after its scientific payload shut down and scientists were unable to restart it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CHAMP (satellite)</span> Geoscientific space mission

Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) was a German satellite launched July 15, 2000 from Plesetsk, Russia and was used for atmospheric and ionospheric research, as well as other geoscientific applications, such as GPS radio occultation, gravity field determination, and studying the Earth's magnetic field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landsat 8</span> American Earth-observing satellite launched in 2013 as part of the Landsat program

Landsat 8 is an American Earth observation satellite launched on 11 February 2013. It is the eighth satellite in the Landsat program; the seventh to reach orbit successfully. Originally called the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), it is a collaboration between NASA and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, provided development, mission systems engineering, and acquisition of the launch vehicle while the USGS provided for development of the ground systems and will conduct on-going mission operations. It comprises the camera of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), which can be used to study Earth surface temperature and is used to study global warming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA</span> American space and aeronautics agency

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the U.S. space development effort a distinctly civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most American space exploration, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. It currently supports the International Space Station and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the crewed lunar Artemis program, the Commercial Crew spacecraft, and the planned Lunar Gateway space station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sich-1</span> Ukrainian Earth observation satellite

Sich-1 is the first Ukrainian Earth observation satellite and was launched on 31 August 1995 at 06:49:59 UTC by Ukrainian Tsyklon-3 rocket from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earth Observing-1</span>

Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) is a decommissioned NASA Earth observation satellite created to develop and validate a number of instrument and spacecraft bus breakthrough technologies. It was intended to enable the development of future Earth imaging observatories that will have a significant increase in performance while also having reduced cost and mass. The spacecraft was part of the New Millennium Program. It was the first satellite to map active lava flows from space; the first to measure a facility's methane leak from space; and the first to track re-growth in a partially logged Amazon forest from space. EO-1 captured scenes such as the ash after the World Trade Center attacks, the flooding in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, volcanic eruptions and a large methane leak in southern California.

ICESat-2, part of NASA's Earth Observing System, is a satellite mission for measuring ice sheet elevation and sea ice thickness, as well as land topography, vegetation characteristics, and clouds. ICESat-2, a follow-on to the ICESat mission, was launched on 15 September 2018 onboard Delta II as the final flight from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, into a near-circular, near-polar orbit with an altitude of approximately 496 km (308 mi). It was designed to operate for three years and carry enough propellant for seven years. The satellite orbits Earth at a speed of 6.9 kilometers per second (4.3 mi/s).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suomi NPP</span> Earth Weather Satellite

The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, previously known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project (NPP) and NPP-Bridge, is a weather satellite operated by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was launched in 2011 and is currently in operation.

BILSAT-1 was an Earth observation satellite designed and developed by TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute and produced in Turkey as part of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) project in the context of a show-how program led by DMC International Imaging of Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL).

IRS-P2 was an Earth observation satellite launched under the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) programme undertaken by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The objectives of the mission were to provide spaceborne capability to India in observing and managing natural resources and utilizing them in a productive manner. The satellite carried imaging multi-spectral radiometers on board for radio sensing of the resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NISAR (satellite)</span> Joint NASA-ISRO synthetic radar aperture spacecraft

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual-frequency synthetic aperture radar on an Earth observation satellite. The satellite will be the first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies. It will be used for remote sensing, to observe and understand natural processes on Earth. For example, its left-facing instruments will study the Antarctic cryosphere. With a total cost estimated at US$1.5 billion, NISAR is likely to be the world's most expensive Earth-imaging satellite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landsat 9</span> American Earth-observing satellite launched in 2021 as part of the Landsat program

Landsat 9 is an Earth observation satellite launched on 27 September 2021 from Space Launch Complex-3E at Vandenberg Space Force Base on an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle. NASA is in charge of building, launching, and testing the satellite, while the United States Geological Survey (USGS) operates the satellite, and manages and distributes the data archive. It is the ninth satellite in the Landsat program, but Landsat 6 failed to reach orbit. The Critical Design Review (CDR) was completed by NASA in April 2018, and Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS) was given the go-ahead to manufacture the satellite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOAA-21</span> NASA/NOAA satellite

NOAA-21, designated JPSS-2 prior to launch, is the second of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites called the Joint Polar Satellite System. NOAA-21 was launched on 10 November 2022 and join NOAA-20 and Suomi NPP in the same orbit. Circling the Earth from pole-to-pole, it will cross the equator about 14 times daily, providing full global coverage twice a day. It was launched with LOFTID.

References

  1. ↑ Emery, William (2017). Introduction to satellite remote sensing : atmosphere, ocean, land and cryosphere applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-12-809259-0. OCLC   1002847813.
  2. ↑ Jackson, Randal (2007). "Climate Change: NASA's Role". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory\California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  3. ↑ Chuvieco, Emilio (2020). Fundamentals of satellite remote sensing : an environmental approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-429-01445-1. OCLC   1138019143.
  4. ↑ "International Astronomical Union". IAU. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  5. ↑ "qua Earth-observing satellite mission". Aqua.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  6. ↑ "The Aura Mission". Aura.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  7. ↑ "CloudSat - Home". Cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  8. ↑ "DSCOVR Space Weather Sentinel Reaches Finish Line." Spaceflight Now. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  9. ↑ "Göktürk-2". Tai.com.tr. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "GPM Launch Information". NASA. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  11. ↑ "Precipitation Measurement Missions - An international partnership to understand precipitation and its impact on humankind". Gpm.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  12. ↑ "GRACE-FO Mission". NASA/JPL. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  13. ↑ Weitering, Hanneke (22 May 2018). "SpaceX Launches Twin NASA Probes to Track Earth's Water (and Satellites Hitch a Ride)". Space.com. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  14. ↑ "GRACE Tellus: GRACE-FO". GRACE Tellus. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  15. 1 2 "Home". SMAP. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  16. ↑ Neumann, Tom. "NASA: ICESat-2". Icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  17. ↑ "Satellite LAGEOS-1". 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  18. ↑ "Landsat Science". Landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  19. ↑ "PROBA-V: The Small Satellite for Vegetation Monitoring". PROBA-V. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  20. ↑ "Sentinel 6 Launch Lights Up Central Coast Skies; Mission Will Measure Rising Sea Levels". San Francisco Bay Area News, Weather, Sports From KPIX – News, Sports, Weather, Traffic and the Best of SF. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  21. ↑ "NASA Soil Moisture Radar Ends Operations, Mission Science Continues." NASA. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  22. ↑ "Welcome to the Home Page of the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE)". Lasp.colorado.edu. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  23. ↑ "ACRIMSAT — NASA Science". Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  24. ↑ "Sun sets for a NASA solar monitoring spacecraft." Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved: 9 August 2015.
  25. ↑ "EO-1 Home - Earth Observing Mission 1". Eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 December 1998. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  26. ↑ "Pioneering Earth Observation Satellite Retired by NASA". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved: 3 April 2017.
  27. ↑ "Glory". Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
  28. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (4 March 2011). "Nasa Glory mission ends in failure". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  29. ↑ "GOES POES Program ::". Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  30. ↑ "Home". GRACE Tellus. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
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