Comparison of orbital launch systems

Last updated

Falcon 9 Block 5, the most prolific active orbital launch system in the world. Falcon 9 Demo-2 Launching 6 (3).jpg
Falcon 9 Block 5, the most prolific active orbital launch system in the world.

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Contents

Background

Spacecraft propulsion [note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some [note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage. [note 4]

Current rockets

Orbits legend:

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightMaximum payload mass
(kg)		Reusable / ExpendableOrbital
launches
including
failures [a] 		Launch site(s)Dates of flight
LEO GTO OtherFirstLatest
Angara A5 / Briz-M Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 48.7 m24,500 [1] 5,200 [1] 2,800 to GEO [1] Expendable 3 [1] Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20142025
Angara-1.2 Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 42.7 m3,700 [2] N/A2,400 to SSO [3]
3400 to polar [2] 		Expendable 5 [2] Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20222025
Ariane 6 A62Flag of Europe.svg Europe ArianeGroup 63 m10,900 [4] 5,100 [4] 7,200 to SSO
4,800 to MEO
1,300 to GEO
2,600 to HCO
3,500 to TLI [4] [5] 		Expendable 3 [6] Flag of France.svg CSG 20242025
Atlas V 551Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States ULA 58.3 m18,850 [7] 8,900 [7] 13,550 to SSO
14,520 to polar [8]
3,850 to GEO [7] 		Expendable 16 [8] Flag of the United States.svg VAFB,
Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 		20062025
Atlas V N22 [b] Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States ULA 52.4 m13,000 [10] N/AN/A Expendable 3 [11] Flag of the United States.svg Cape Canaveral 2019 [12] 2024
Ceres-1 (3) [c] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Galactic Energy 20 m420 [14] N/A300 to SSO [14] Expendable 13 [13] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20222025
Ceres-1S [d] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Galactic Energy 20 m400 [14] N/A300 to SSO [14] Expendable 5 [13] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg OMSP 20232025
Chollima-1 Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea NADA > 38 m> 300 [15] N/AN/A Expendable 3 [16] Flag of North Korea.svg Sohae 20232023
Electron Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 18 m300 [17] N/A200 to SSO [18] Partially reusable 67 [19] Flag of New Zealand.svg Mahia,
Flag of the United States.svg MARS 		20172025
Epsilon (2)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan IHI 24.4 m1,500 [20] N/AN/A Expendable 1 [20] Flag of Japan.svg KSC 20162016
Epsilon (2) / CLPSFlag of Japan.svg  Japan IHI 24.4 mN/AN/A590 to SSO [20] Expendable 4 [20] Flag of Japan.svg KSC 20182022
Falcon 9 Block 5 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States SpaceX 70 m13,0003,500 [21] 1,000 to BLT Partially reusable (launch site)473 [22] [23] Flag of the United States.svg Vandenberg,
Flag of the United States.svg Cape Canaveral,
Flag of the United States.svg Kennedy 		20182025
~ 18,500 [24] 5,5004,500 to MEO Partially reusable (drone ship)
22,800 [25] 8,300 [25] 4,020 to TMI [25] Expendable
Falcon Heavy Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States SpaceX 70 m30,000 [26] 8,000 [27] N/A Partially reusable [e] 11 [28] Flag of the United States.svg Kennedy 20182024
63,800 [28] 26,700 [28] 16,800 to TMI [28] Expendable
Firefly Alpha Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Firefly Aerospace 29 m1,030 [29] N/A630 to SSO [29] Expendable 6 [30] Flag of the United States.svg VAFB,
Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 		20212025
Gravity-1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Orienspace 31.4 m6,500 [31] N/A4,200 to SSO [31] Expendable 1 [31] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg OMSP 20242024
GSLV Mk II Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 49.1 m6,000 [32] 2,250 [32] N/A Expendable 12 [33] Flag of India.svg SDSC 20102025
H3-22S Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Mitsubishi 57 mN/A [34] 4,000 [35] N/A Expendable 5 [36] Flag of Japan.svg TNSC 20232025
Hyperbola-1 (2) [f] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China i-Space 22.5 m500 [38] N/A300 to SSO [39] Expendable 7 [39] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20212025
Jielong 1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 19.5 mN/AN/A200 to SSO [40] Expendable 1 [41] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20192019
Jielong 3 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 31.8 mN/AN/A1,500 (500 km SSO) [42] Expendable 6 [42] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg OMSP 20222025
Kinetica 1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CAS Space 30 m2,000 [43] N/A1,500 (500 km SSO) [43] Expendable 8 [43] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20222025
Kuaizhou 1A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China ExPace 19.8 m390 [44] N/A260 to SSO [44] Expendable 28 [44] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		20132025
Kuaizhou 1A Pro Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China ExPace 19.8 m500 [45] N/A360 to SSO [45] Expendable 2 [45] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		20242025
Kuaizhou 11 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China ExPace 25.3 m1,500 [46] N/A1,000 to SSO [46] Expendable 3 [47] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20202024
Long March 2C Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 38.8 m3,850 [48] 1,250 [48] 1,400 to SSO [48] Expendable 74 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		19822025
Long March 2C / YZ-1S Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 38.8 mN/AN/A2,000 to SSO [49] Expendable 8 [49] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		20182024
Long March 2D Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China SAST 41.1 m4,000 [50] N/A1,300 to SSO [51] Expendable 95 [52] [53] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		19922025
Long March 2D / YZ-3 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China SAST 41.1 mN/AN/A2,000 to SSO Expendable 4 [54] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		20182024
Long March 2F Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 62 m8,400 [55] N/AN/A Expendable 25 [56] [57] [58] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 19992025
Long March 3A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 52.5 m6,000 [59] 2,600 [59] 5,000 to SSO
1,420 to TLI [59] 		Expendable 27 [59] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 19942018
Long March 3B/E Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 56.3 m11,500 [60] 5,500 [60] 6,900 to SSO
3,500 to TLI [60] 		Expendable 95 [60] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 20072025
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 56.3 mN/AN/A2,200 to MEO Expendable 15 [61] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 20152024
Long March 3C Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 54.8 m9,100 [62] 3,800 [62] 2,300 to TLI [60] Expendable 19 [63] [62] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 20082025
Long March 3C / YZ-1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 54.8 mN/AN/AN/A Expendable 2 [64] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 20152016
Long March 4B Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China SAST 44.1 m4,200 [65] 1,500 [65] 2,800 to SSO [65] Expendable 53 [65] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC 		19992025
Long March 4C Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China SAST 45.8 m4,200 [66] 1,500 [66] 2,800 to SSO [66] Expendable 57 [66] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		20062025
Long March 5 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 56.9 m~ 25,000 [67] ~ 14,000 [67] 15,000 to SSO
4,500 to GEO
8,200 to TLI
6,000 to TMI [68] [69] 		Expendable 7 [68] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20172024
Long March 5 / YZ-2 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 56.9 mN/AN/A4,500 to GEO [70] Expendable 1 [70] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20162016
Long March 5BFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 56.9 m23,000 [71] N/AN/A Expendable 4 [71] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20202022
Long March 5B / YZ-2 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 56.9 mN/AN/AN/A Expendable 3 [72] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20242025
Long March 6 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China SAST 29 m1,500 [73] N/A1,080 to SSO [73] Expendable 14 [73] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC 20152025
Long March 6A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China SAST 50 m8,000 [74] N/A4,000 to SSO [75] Expendable 15 [75] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC 20222025
Long March 6C Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 43 m4,500N/A2,500 to SSO [76] Expendable 1 [76] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg TSLC 20242024
Long March 7 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 53.1 m13,500 [77] N/A5,500 to SSO [78] Expendable 9 [79] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20172025
Long March 7 / YZ-1A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 53.1 mN/AN/A9,500 to SSO Expendable 1 [80] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20162016
Long March 7A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 60.13 mN/A7,000 [78] 5,000 to TLI Expendable 10 [81] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20202025
Long March 8 822 [82] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 50.34 m7,600 [83] 2,500 [83] 4,500 to SSO [83]
1,500 to TLI		 Expendable 3 [83] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20202025
Long March 8 820 [82] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 48 m4,500N/A3,000 to polar [84] Expendable 1 [84] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20222022
Long March 8A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 50.3 m9,800 [85] 3,500 [85] 7,700 to SSO [86] Expendable 3 [87] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20252025
Long March 11 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 20.8 m700 [88] N/A350 to SSO [88] Expendable 12 [88] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg XSLC 		20152023
Long March 11H Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 20.8 m700 [88] N/A350 to SSO [88] Expendable 5 [88] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg OMSP 20192023
Long March 12 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 59 m10,000 [89] N/A6,000 to SSO [89] Expendable 2 [89] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 20242025
LVM 3 Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 43.4 m8,000 [90] 4,000 [90] 3,000 to TLI Expendable 6 [91] Flag of India.svg SDSC 2017 [g] 2023
Minotaur-C-XL-3210 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 27.9 m1,275 [93] N/A880 to SSO [93] Expendable 2 [93] Flag of the United States.svg VAFB 20042017
Minotaur I Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 19.2 m580 [94] N/A~ 430 to SSO [94]
400 to Polar [95] 		Expendable 12 [h] [95] Flag of the United States.svg MARS,
Flag of the United States.svg VAFB 		20002021
Minotaur IV Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m1,735 [96] N/A1,170 to Polar [96] Expendable 3 [96] [i] Flag of the United States.svg MARS,
Flag of the United States.svg VAFB 		20102025
Minotaur IV / HAPSFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 mN/AN/AN/A Expendable 1 [98] Flag of the United States.svg KLC 20102010
Minotaur IV / Orion 38Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 mN/AN/AN/A Expendable 1 [99] Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 20172017
Minotaur

IV+

Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m1,950 [100] N/A1,430 to Polar [100] Expendable 1 [100] Flag of the United States.svg KLC 20112011
Minotaur V Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 24.6 mN/A678 [101] 465 to HCO [101] Expendable 1 [101] Flag of the United States.svg MARS 20132013
Nuri (KSLV-II)Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea KARI 47.2 m3,300 [102] N/A1,900 to SSO [102] Expendable 3 [103] Flag of South Korea.svg Naro 20212023
Pegasus XL Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 16.9 m475 [104] 125 [104] ~ 325 to SSO [105]
365 to Polar [104] 		Expendable 29 [104] Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS,
Flag of the United States.svg VAFB,
Flag of the United States.svg MARS,
Flag of Spain.svg Gando,
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Kwajalein Atoll 		19942021
Pegasus XL / HAPS Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman 16.9 m500 [106] N/AN/A Expendable 6 [106] Flag of the United States.svg VAFB,
Flag of the United States.svg MARS 		19972005
Proton-M Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 57.2 m23,700 [107] N/AN/A Expendable 1 [108] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur 20212021
Proton-M / Briz-M Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 58.2 mN/A6,300 [109] 3,300 to GEO [109] Expendable 101 [109] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur 20012023
Proton-M / Blok DM-03 Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 57.2 mN/A6,000 [107] 3,200 to GEO [110] Expendable 7 [111] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur 20102023
PSLV-CA Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 44.4 m2,100 [112] N/A1,100 to SSO [112] Expendable 18 [113] [112] Flag of India.svg SDSC 20072024
PSLV-DL Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 44.4 mN/AN/A1,257 to SSO [114] Expendable 4 [115] Flag of India.svg SDSC 20192024
PSLV-QL Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 44.4 mN/AN/A1,523 to SSO [114] Expendable 2 [116] Flag of India.svg SDSC 20192019
PSLV-XL Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 44.4 m3,800 [117] 1,300 [117] 1,750 to SSO [117]
550 to TMI [118] 		Expendable 27 [117] Flag of India.svg SDSC 20082025
Qaem 100 Flag of Iran.svg  Iran IRGC 15.5 m80 [119] N/AN/A Expendable 3 [119] [j] Flag of Iran.svg Shahrud 20232024
Qased Flag of Iran.svg  Iran IRGC 18.8 m40 [120] N/AN/A Expendable 3 [120] Flag of Iran.svg Shahrud 20202023
Shavit-2 Flag of Israel.svg  Israel IAI 22.1 m380 in Retrograde [121] N/AN/A Expendable 7 [122] Flag of Israel.svg Palmachim 20072025
Simorgh Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Iranian Space Agency 26 m350 [123] N/AN/A Expendable 8 [124] [123] [k] Flag of Iran.svg Semnan 20172025
Soyuz-2.1a Flag of Russia.svg  Russia TsSKB-Progress 51.4 m7,020 from Baikonur
6,830 from Plesetsk
7,150 from Vostochny [125] 		N/AN/A Expendable 53 [126] [l] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur,
Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk 		20132025
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat Flag of Russia.svg  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.9 mN/AN/A4,450 to SSO [127] Expendable 22 [127] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20062023
Soyuz-2.1a / Volga Flag of Russia.svg  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.9 mN/AN/AN/A Expendable 1 [128] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur,
Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20162016
Soyuz-2.1b Flag of Russia.svg  Russia TsSKB-Progress 44.1 m8,200 from Baikonur
7,850 from Plesetsk
8,320 from Vostochny [125] 		N/AN/A Expendable 20 [129] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur,
Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk 		20082025
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat Flag of Russia.svg  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.7 m5,500 [130] 3,060 [130] 4,900 to SSO
1,200 to HCO [130] 		Expendable 58 [130] Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur,
Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20062025
SLS Block 1 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States NASA Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		98 m95,000 [131] N/A27,000+ to TLI [131] Expendable 1 [132] Flag of the United States.svg KSC 20222022
SSLV Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 34 m500 [133] N/A300 to SSO [134] Expendable 3 [134] Flag of India.svg SDSC 20222024
Tianlong-2 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Space Pioneer 32.8 m2,000 [135] N/A1,500 to SSO [135] Expendable 1 [135] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20232023
Vega-C Flag of Italy.svg Italy ArianeGroup Avio 36.2 m3,300 [136] N/A2,300 to SSO2,500
to polar [136] 		Expendable 5 [137] Flag of France.svg CSG 20222025
Vulcan Centaur VC2 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States ULA 61.6 m19,000 [138] 8,400 [138] 15,200 to polar, 3,900 to MEO, 2,600 to GEO, 6,300 to TLI [138] Expendable 2 [139] Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 20242024
Vulcan Centaur VC4 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States ULA 61.6 m24,600 [138] 11,700 [138] 20,000 to polar, 6,200 to MEO, 4,900 to GEO, 9,200 to TLI [138] Expendable 1 [140] Flag of the United States.svg VSFB,
Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 		20252025
Zhuque-2E Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China LandSpace 49.5 m6,000 [141] N/A4,000 to SSO [141] Expendable 3 [141] Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 20242025
  1. ↑ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ↑ for Starliner [9]
  3. ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants. [13]
  4. ↑ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
  5. ↑ Either 2 or 3 boosters recoverable.
  6. ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants. [37]
  7. ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS). [92]
  8. ↑ A suborbital mission was conducted in 2024.
  9. ↑ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011. [97]
  10. ↑ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
  11. ↑ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016. [123]
  12. ↑ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage. [126]

Rockets in flight testing

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightMaximum payload mass
(kg)		Reusable / ExpendableOrbital
launches
including
failures [a] 		Suborbital test flightsLaunch site(s)Dates of flight
LEO GTO OtherFirstLatest
Angara A5 / Orion Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 54.9 mN/A6,500 [142] 3,700 to GEO [142] Expendable 1 [142] Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20242024
Angara A5 / Persei Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 54.9 mN/A6,500 [142] 3,700 to GEO [142] Expendable 1 [142] Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		20212021
Eris Block 1 Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia Gilmour Space Technologies 25 m305 [143] N/A215 to SSO [143] Expendable 1 [144] Flag of Australia (converted).svg Bowen 20252025
GYUB TV2 Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea MND 19.5 m100 [145] N/AN/A Expendable 1 [145] Flag of South Korea.svg Jeju sea launch platform 20232023
KAIROS Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Space One 18 m250 [146] N/A150 to SSO [146] Expendable 2 [147] Flag of Japan.svg Spaceport Kii 20242024
New-type satellite carrier rocket [148] Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 		NADA

Khrunichev

N/AN/AN/AN/A Expendable 1 [149] [148] Flag of North Korea.svg Sohae 20242024
New Glenn Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Blue Origin 98 m45,000 [150] 13,000 [150] N/A Partially reusable 1 [151] Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS

Flag of the United States.svg VSFB

20252025
Starship Block 2 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States SpaceX 123.1 m35,000 [152] N/AN/A Reusable 4 [153] Flag of the United States.svg Starbase 20252025
Spectrum Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Isar Aerospace 28 m1,000 [154] N/A700 to SSO [154] Expendable 1 [155] Flag of Norway.svg Andøya
Flag of France.svg CSG 		20252025

Upcoming rockets

Upcoming launch vehicles

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightPayload mass to ... (kg)Reusable / ExpendableLaunch Site (s)Date of first flight
LEO GTO Other
Agnibaan Flag of India.svg  India AgniKul Cosmos 18 m100 [156] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of India.svg SDSC 2025
Angara A5 / KVTK Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev N/AN/A7,500 [157] 4,500 to GEO [157] Expendable Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		2028 [157]
Angara A5M Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev N/A26,800 [158] 4,100-5,200 [158] N/A Expendable Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk,
Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 		2027
Angara A5P Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev N/A18,200 [159] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 2028
Angara A5V Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev 70 m37,500 [160] 13,300 [160] 8,000 to GEO
~15,000 to HEO
~10000 to TLI [160] 		Expendable Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 2028 [160]
Antares 330 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Northrop Grumman

Firefly Aerospace [b]

47 m10,500 [161] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of the United States.svg MARS 2025 [161]
Ariane 6 A64Flag of Europe.svg Europe ArianeGroup 63 m21,900 [4] 11,700 [4] 15,500 to SSO
10,700 to MEO
4,700 to GEO
6,900 to HCO
8,600 to TLI [4] [5] 		Expendable Flag of France.svg CSG 2025
Aurora Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Reaction Dynamics 18 m200 [162] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Nova Scotia N/A
Aventura 1 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina TLON Space10 mN/AN/A25 [163] N/A Flag of Uruguay.svg Launch platform2025
Blue Whale 1 Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 21 m165 [164] N/A185 to SSO [164] Partially reusable Flag of South Korea.svg CETACEA 1 sea launch platform [165] Flag of Sweden.svg Esrange 2025 [164]
190 [164] 220 to SSO [164] Expendable
CosmosFlag of Russia.svg  Russia SR space 18.5 m390N/A310 to SSON/A Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny,
Flag of Russia.svg Yasny 		N/A
Cyclone-4M Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Yuzhnoye
Yuzhmash 		38.9 m5,000 [166] 910 [166] 3,350 to SSO [166] Expendable Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Nova Scotia N/A
DauntlessFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States Vaya Space 18.3 m> 500 [167] N/A> 300 to SSO [167] Expendable Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS,
Flag of the United States.svg The Spaceport Company Launch Platform		2026 [168]
DaytonaFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States Phantom Space 20.3 m> 600 [169] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of the United States.svg VSFB,
Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS,
Flag of Australia (converted).svg ASC 		2025 [170]
Epsilon S Flag of Japan.svg Japan JAXA 27.2 m1,400 [171] N/A600 to SSO [171] Expendable Flag of Japan.svg KSC 2025 [171]
Gravity-2Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Orienspace 70 m21,500 [172] 1,500 [172] 21,500 to SSO [172] Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 2025 [173]
HANBIT-NANO HyPER Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Innospace 21.7 mN/AN/A90 [174] Expendable Flag of Brazil.svg CEA,
Flag of Norway.svg Andøya,
Flag of Australia (converted).svg ASC 		2025 [175]
HANBIT-NANO LiMER Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Innospace 21.8 mN/AN/A90 [176] Expendable Flag of Brazil.svg CEA,
Flag of Norway.svg Andøya,
Flag of Australia (converted).svg ASC 		2025 [175]
Hyperbola-3 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China i-Space 69 m8,500 [177] N/AN/A Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC 2025 [177]
13,000 [178] Expendable
H3-22L Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Mitsubishi 63 mN/A4,000 [35] N/A Expendable Flag of Japan.svg TNSC N/A
H3-24L Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Mitsubishi 63 mN/A6,500 [35] N/A Expendable Flag of Japan.svg TNSC 2025 [179]
H3-30S Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Mitsubishi 57 mN/A2,100 [35] 4,000 to SSO [35] Expendable Flag of Japan.svg TNSC 2025 [180]
Jielong 4 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT N/AN/AN/AN/A Expendable N/AN/A
KSLV-III Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea KARI 54 m10,000 [181] 3,500 [181] 7,000 to SSO

1,800 to TLI [181]

Expendable Flag of South Korea.svg Naro 2030
Long March 9 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 114 m150,000 [182] N/A50,000 to TLI [182] Partially/fully reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 2033 [183]
Long March 10 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 89 [c] –93.2 m [d] N/AN/A27,000 to TLI [184] Expendable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 2027 [185]
Long March 10A Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China CALT 67.4 m14,000 [184] N/AN/A Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 2026 [186]
18,000 [184] Expendable
Maia Flag of France.svg France MaiaSpace 50 mN/AN/A500 to SSO [187] Partially reusable Flag of France.svg CSG 2026 [187]
1,500 to SSO [187] Expendable
Miura 5 Flag of Spain.svg  Spain PLD Space 35.7 m1,080 [188] N/A540 to SSO [188] Partially reusable Flag of France.svg CSG 2026 [189]
MLV Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Firefly Aerospace 55.7 m16,300 [190] 3,200 [190] 2,300 to TLI [190] Expendable Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS,
Flag of the United States.svg MARS,
Flag of the United States.svg VSFB 		2026 [190]
Nebula-1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Deep Blue Aerospace 21 m2,000 [191] N/AN/A Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 2025 [192]
Nebula-2 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Deep Blue Aerospace N/A25,000 [191] N/AN/A Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS N/A
Neutron Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 42.8 m8,500 [193] N/A6,000 to SSO
6,200 to polar [193] 		Partially reusable (launch site) Flag of the United States.svg MARS 2025 [194]
13,000 [193] 1,800 [193] 9,700 to SSO
10,100 to polar [193] 		Partially reusable (drone ship)
15,000 [193] 2,800 [193] 11,500 to SSO
11,800 to polar [193] 		Expendable
NGLV Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 93 m23,000 [195] 9,600 [195] N/A Partially reusable Flag of India.svg SDSC 2031
NGLV-H Flag of India.svg  India ISRO 93 m31,700 [195] 12,400 [195] N/A Partially reusable Flag of India.svg SDSC N/A
Nova Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Stoke Space 40.2 m3,000N/AN/A Fully reusable Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS N/A
7,0002,500800 to HCO 1,250 to TLI Expendable
Pallas-1 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Galactic Energy 42 m8,000N/AN/A Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS / TSLC 2025 [196]
Prime Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Orbex 19 m200 [197] N/A180 to SSO [197] Expendable Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Sutherland 2025
RFA One Flag of Germany.svg  Germany RFA 30 m1,600 [198] 450 [198] 1,300 to SSO Expendable Flag of the United Kingdom.svg SaxaVord,
Flag of Norway.svg Andøya,
Flag of France.svg CSG,
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Whalers Way 		2025 [199]
Rokot-M Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Khrunichev N/A1,950N/AN/A Expendable Flag of Russia.svg Plesetsk TBA
ŞİMŞEK-1 Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Roketsan N/A400N/AN/A Expendable Flag of Turkey.svg İğneada 2027
Siraya Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan TASA 25 m200N/AN/A Expendable N/ATBA
Sirius 1 Flag of France.svg France Sirius Space 24.7 mN/AN/A175 to SSO Expendable N/A2025
Skyrora XL Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Skyrora 22.7 m315N/A315 to SSO [200] Expendable Flag of the United Kingdom.svg SaxaVord,
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Nova Scotia 		2025 [201]
GYUB [202] Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea MND 26.8 m500 [203] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of South Korea.svg Jeju sea launch platform N/A
SLS Block 1B [e] Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m105,000 [204] N/A37,000 to TLI [205] Expendable Flag of the United States.svg KSC 2028
SLS Block 2 [f] Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m130,000 [206] N/A45,000 to HCO [205] Expendable Flag of the United States.svg KSC 2033
SL1Flag of Germany.svg  Germany HyImpulse 30 m500N/AN/A Expendable Flag of the United Kingdom.svg SaxaVord,
Flag of France.svg CSG,
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Whalers Way 		2025
Soyuz-5 (Irtysh) Flag of Russia.svg  Russia TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia 		61.87 m18,000 [207] N/A2,500 to GEO Expendable Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur 2025 [208]
Soyuz-7 (Amur) Flag of Russia.svg  Russia JSC SRC Progress 55 m10,500 [209] 2,6004,700 to SSO Partially reusable Flag of Russia.svg Vostochny 2028
13,600 [209] Expendable
Starship Block 2 [210] Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States SpaceX 124.4 m [211] 35,000 [211] N/AN/A Fully reusable [211] [212] Flag of the United States.svg Starbase 2025
Starship Block 3 expendable [211] Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States SpaceX 150 m [211] 400,000 [211] N/AN/A Expendable [211] [212] Flag of the United States.svg Starbase TBA
Starship Block 3 [211] Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States SpaceX 150 m [211] 200,000 [211] N/AN/A Fully reusable [211] [212] Flag of the United States.svg Starbase TBA
Terran R Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Relativity Space 82 m23,5005,500 [213] N/A Partially reusable Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 2026 [213]
33,500 Expendable
Tianlong-3 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Space Pioneer 71 m17,000N/A14,000 to SSO Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 		2025 [214]
Tronador II-250 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina CONAE 27 m500N/AN/A Expendable Flag of Argentina.svg BNPB 2030
Vega-E Flag of Italy.svg Italy ESA ASI 36.2 m3,000 [215] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of France.svg CSG 2026
Vikram 1 [216] Flag of India.svg  India Skyroot Aerospace [217] 20 m315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A200 to 500 km SSPO Expendable Flag of India.svg SDSC TBA
Vikram 2 [216] Flag of India.svg  India Skyroot Aerospace N/A520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A410 to 500 km SSPO Expendable Flag of India.svg SDSC TBA
Vikram 3 [216] Flag of India.svg  India Skyroot Aerospace N/A720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A580 to 500 km SSPO Expendable Flag of India.svg SDSC TBA
Volans V500 Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Equatorial Space Systems N/A150N/AN/A Expendable N/A2026
Vulcan Centaur VC0 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States ULA 61.6 m10,8003,5002,300 to TLI Expendable Flag of the United States.svg VSFB,
Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 		TBA
Vulcan Centaur VC6 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States ULA 61.6 m27,200 [218] 14,400 [218] 6,500 to GEO
11,500 to TLI		 Expendable Flag of the United States.svg VSFB,
Flag of the United States.svg CCSFS 		2025
Zephyr Flag of France.svg France Latitude 19 m100N/A80 to SSO Expendable Flag of the United Kingdom.svg SaxaVord 2025
Zero Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Interstellar Technologies 32 m800N/A250 to SSO Expendable Flag of Japan.svg Taiki 2025
Zhuque-3 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China LandSpace 76.6 m12,500 (RTLS) [219] N/AN/A Partially reusable Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg JSLC,
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg WSLS 		2025 [219]
18,300 (barge) [219] Partially reusable
21,000 [220] Expendable
Zuljanah Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Iranian Space Agency 25.5 m220 [221] N/AN/A Expendable Flag of Iran.svg Semnan TBA
  1. ↑ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ↑ provides the first stage, including engines
  3. ↑ Height for uncrewed version
  4. ↑ Height for crewed version
  5. ↑ with EUS
  6. ↑ with EUS and
    advanced boosters

Retired rockets

    Launch systems by country

    The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

    10
    20
    30
    40
    50
    AUS
    BRZ
    CHN
    EUR
    ESP
    FRA
    IND
    IRN
    ISR
    JPN
    NKR
    NZL
    RUS
    SKR
    TWN
    UKR
    UK
    USA
    •   Operational
    •   In development
    •   Retired

    See also

    Notes

    1. ↑ There are many different methods. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
    2. ↑ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
    3. ↑ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
    4. ↑ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north–south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 Krebs, Gunter. "Angara-A5 Briz-M". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
    2. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "Angara-1.2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
    3. ↑ "Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ariane 6: The new-generation launcher for your space ambitions". Arianespace. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
    5. 1 2 "Ariane 6, a versatile launcher for all missions". ArianeGroup. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
    6. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-6". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
    7. 1 2 3 "Atlas V". ULA . Retrieved 2023-11-20.
    8. 1 2 "Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551))". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
    9. ↑ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (15 October 2016). "@torybruno @ulalaunch @baserunner0723 We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023– via Twitter.
    10. ↑ Percival, Claire (2022-05-29). "OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) | Atlas V N22". Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
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    34. ↑ Only the X00 version of the H3 is intended for LEO launches.[ failed verification ] The higher capability X02 and X03 variants could presumably launch significantly more payload to LEO, but are not specified for this mission. Space Launch Report: H3 Data Sheet [ usurped ],[ dead link ] retrieved 20 Feb. 2019/
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    38. ↑ "Hyperbola-1 User Manual" (PDF). i-space. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
    39. 1 2 "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
    40. ↑ "China's Jielong 1 smallsat launcher successful on first flight – Spaceflight Now" . Retrieved 2023-11-27.
    41. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
    42. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
    43. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1, Zhongke-1, ZK-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
    44. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1A (KZ-1A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
    45. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1A-Pro (KZ-1A-Pro)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
    46. 1 2 Andrew Jones (2022-12-07). "Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
    47. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-11 (KZ-11)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
    48. 1 2 3 "LM-2C – Launch Vehicle – CGWIC". cgwic.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
    49. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2C (3) YZ-1S (Chang Zheng-2C (3) YZ-1S)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    50. ↑ "长征二号丁 _中国航天科技集团". spacechina.com. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
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    52. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2D (Chang Zheng-2D)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    53. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2D (2) (Chang Zheng-2D (2))". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    54. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2D (2) YZ-3 (Chang Zheng-2D (2) YZ-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    55. ↑ "China_Orbital_Launch_Activity_2020.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
    56. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2F (Chang Zheng-2F)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    57. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2F/G (Chang Zheng-2F/G)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    58. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2F/T (Chang Zheng-2F/T)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    59. 1 2 3 4 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3A (Chang Zheng-3A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    60. 1 2 3 4 5 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3 (Chang Zheng-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
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    65. 1 2 3 4 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    66. 1 2 3 4 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4C (Chang Zheng-4C)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
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    68. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5 (Chang Zheng-5)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    69. ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 July 2020). "Long March 5 rolled out for July 23 launch of China's Tianwen-1 Mars mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
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    71. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5B (Chang Zheng-5B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
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    73. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    74. ↑ "Long March 6A" . Retrieved 7 May 2024.
    75. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-6A (Chang Zheng-6A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    76. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
    77. ↑ "LM-7 – Launch Vehicle – CGWIC". cgwic.com. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    78. 1 2 Volosín, Juan I. Morales (15 January 2024). "Tianzhou-7 | Long March 7". Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    79. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-7 (Chang Zheng-7)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    80. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-7/YZ1A (Chang Zheng-7/YZ1A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    81. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-7A (Chang Zheng-7A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    82. 1 2 "Long March 8". sat.huijiwiki.com. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
    83. 1 2 3 4 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8 (Chang Zheng-8)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    84. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8 (Chang Zheng-8)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    85. 1 2 "Long March 8A | SatNet LEO Group 02 (Demo Flight)". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
    86. ↑ Jones, Andrew (16 September 2024). "China prepares for 1st launch of new Long March 8A rocket". Space.com. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
    87. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8A (Chang Zheng-8A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
    88. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-11 (Chang Zheng-11)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
    89. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-12 (Chang Zheng-12)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
    90. 1 2 "Indian Space Research Organisation". isro.gov.in. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    91. ↑ Kerbs, Gunter. "GSLV Mk.3 (LVM-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
    92. ↑ "Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE)". ISRO. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
    93. 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "Taurus-3210 (Taurus-XL) / Minotaur-C-XL-3210". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
    94. 1 2 "MINOTAUR I Space Launch Vehicle" (PDF). northropgrumman. Northrop Grumman Corporation. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
    95. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-1 (OSP-SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
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