Function | Medium-lift launch vehicle |
---|---|
Manufacturer | RKTs Progress |
Country of origin | Russia |
Cost per launch | 773,600,000 ₽ (2012) [1] |
Size | |
Height | 51 m (167 ft) [1] |
Diameter | 2.7–3.715 m (8.86–12.19 ft) [1] |
Mass | 310,000–313,000 kg (683,000–690,000 lb) [1] |
Stages |
|
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO [1] [2] | |
Altitude | 200 km (120 mi) |
Orbital inclination | 51.8° |
Mass |
|
Associated rockets | |
Family | R-7 (Soyuz) |
Based on | Soyuz-U |
Derivative work | Soyuz-2 |
Launch history | |
Status | Retired |
Launch sites | Baikonur, LC-1/5 and LC-31/6 |
Total launches | |
Success(es) | 69 |
Failure(s) | 1 (Soyuz MS-10) |
First flight | 20 May 2001 (Progress M1-6) |
Last flight | 25 September 2019 (Soyuz MS-15) |
Type of passengers/cargo | |
Boosters (First stage) – Block B, V, G & D [a] | |
Height | 19.6 m (64 ft) |
Diameter | 2.68 m (8 ft 10 in) |
Empty mass | 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) |
Gross mass | 43,400 kg (95,700 lb) |
Propellant mass | 40,350 kg (88,960 lb) [1] |
Powered by | 1 × RD-107A |
Maximum thrust |
|
Specific impulse |
|
Burn time | 118 seconds |
Propellant | LOX / RG-1 |
Second stage (core) –Block A [5] | |
Height | 27.1 m (89 ft) |
Diameter | 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in) |
Empty mass | 6,550 kg (14,440 lb) |
Gross mass | 99,500 kg (219,400 lb) |
Propellant mass | 92,600 kg (204,100 lb) [1] |
Powered by | 1 ×RD-108A |
Maximum thrust |
|
Specific impulse |
|
Burn time | 286 seconds |
Propellant | LOX / RG-1 |
Third stage –Block I [5] | |
Height | 6.7 m (22 ft) |
Diameter | 2.66 m (8 ft 9 in) |
Empty mass | 2,410 kg (5,310 lb) |
Gross mass | 25,300 kg (55,800 lb) |
Propellant mass | 22,800 kg (50,300 lb) [1] |
Powered by | 1 ×RD-0110 |
Maximum thrust | 297.93 kN (66,980 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 326 s (3.20 km/s) |
Burn time | 230 seconds |
Propellant | LOX / RG-1 |
Fourth stage (optional) –Fregat [6] | |
Height | 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) |
Diameter | 3.35 m (11.0 ft) |
Empty mass | 930 kg (2,050 lb) |
Propellant mass | 5,250 kg (11,570 lb) |
Powered by | 1 ×S5.92 |
Maximum thrust | 19.85 kN (4,460 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 333.2 s (3.268 km/s) |
Burn time | Up to 1,100 seconds (up to 20 starts) |
Propellant | N2O4 / UDMH |
The Soyuz-FG launch vehicle was an improved version of the Soyuz-U from the R-7 family of rockets, designed and constructed by RKTs Progress in Samara, Russia. The rocket's guidance, navigation, and control system was developed and manufactured by the Polisvit Special Design Bureau in Kharkiv, Ukraine. [7]
Soyuz-FG made its maiden flight on 20 May 2001, carrying a Progress cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS). It was retired after the 25 September 2019 launch of Soyuz MS-15 to the ISS; the analog control system significantly limited its capabilities and prompted its replacement by the Soyuz 2. [8] From 30 October 2002 to 25 September 2019, the Soyuz-FG was the only vehicle used by the Russian Federal Space Agency to launch Soyuz TMA, Soyuz TMA-M and Soyuz MS crewed spacecraft to the ISS.
For uncrewed flights, Soyuz-FG optionally flew with a Fregat upper stage, developed and produced by Lavochkin Association in Khimki. The maiden flight of this configuration occurred on 2 June 2003, the first of ten such launches. [4] Launches of the Soyuz-FG/Fregat configuration were marketed by a European-Russian company called Starsem.
Soyuz-FG was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, from Gagarin's Start (Site 1/5) for crewed missions, and from Site 31/6 for satellite launches with the Fregat upper stage.
The Soyuz-FG performed 64 successful launches until its first failure on 11 October 2018 with the Soyuz MS-10 mission. A video recording of the spaceflight released several weeks later suggested a faulty sensor, resulted in the destruction of the rocket. The crew, NASA astronaut Nick Hague and Russian cosmonaut Aleksey Ovchinin, escaped safely. [9]
The FG designation stands for forsunochnaya golovka, Russian for injector head, the main component which received significant improvements. The previous RD-107 and RD-108 engines on the first and second stages, respectively, used 260 two-component centrifugal injectors. The improved RD-107A and RD-108A engines each had more than a thousand one-component injectors. These new injectors allowed finer aeration of propellant for more thorough burning and reduced the probability of high-frequency vibrations inside the combustion chambers. The result was increase in specific impulse by about 5 seconds (0.049 km/s), or about five percent, which allowed the rocket to lift another 250 to 300 kilograms (550 to 660 lb) of payload to orbit. [1]
The Soyuz-FG was an interim upgrade designed to bridge the gap between the venerable Soyuz-U, in use since the 1970s, and the heavily modernized Soyuz-2, which was still under development when the FG was introduced. Although Progress initially planned to use the RD-107A and RD-108A engines on the Soyuz-2, the availability of flight-ready engines led to the decision to introduce the Soyuz-FG. This strategy allowed the Soyuz-U to remain in service, utilizing the existing stock of older engines, while the Soyuz-FG served as a transitional solution until the Soyuz-2 became fully operational. [1]
Date and time (UTC) | Configuration | Serial number | Launch site | Result | Payload | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 May 2001 22:32 | Soyuz-FG | К15000-001 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Progress M1-6 | ISS resupply |
26 November 2001 18:24 | Soyuz-FG | Ф15000-002 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Progress M1-7 | ISS resupply Kolibri 2000 |
25 September 2002 16:58 | Soyuz-FG | Э15000-003 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Progress M1-9 | ISS resupply |
30 October 2002 16:58 | Soyuz-FG | Э15000-004 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-1 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS escape craft |
26 April 2003 03:53 | Soyuz-FG | Э15000-006 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-2 | Crewed flight with 2 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 7 |
2 June 2003 18:24 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Э15000-005/ ST-11 | Baikonur LC-31/6 | Success | Mars Express [10] | Mars orbiter |
Beagle 2 | Mars lander Spacecraft failed after landing | |||||
18 October 2003 05:38 | Soyuz-FG | Д15000-007 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-3 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 8 |
27 December 2003 21:30 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Д15000-008/ ST-12 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | AMOS-2 | Communications satellite |
19 April 2004 05:19 | Soyuz-FG | Ж15000-009 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-4 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 9 |
14 October 2004 03:06 | Soyuz-FG | Ж15000-012 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-5 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 10 |
15 April 2005 00:46 | Soyuz-FG | Ж15000-014 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-6 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 11 |
13 August 2005 23:28 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Ж15000-011/ ST-13 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Galaxy 14 | Communications satellite |
1 October 2005 03:54 | Soyuz-FG | П15000-017 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-7 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 12 |
9 November 2005 03:33 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Ж15000-010/ ST-14 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Venus Express | Venus orbiter |
28 December 2005 05:19 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | П15000-015/ ST-15 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | GIOVE-A | Navigation satellite |
30 March 2006 02:30 | Soyuz-FG | П15000-018 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-8 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 13 |
18 September 2006 04:08 | Soyuz-FG | Ц15000-023 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-9 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 14 |
7 April 2007 17:31 | Soyuz-FG | Ц15000-019 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-10 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 15 |
29 May 2007 20:31 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Ц15000-021 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Globalstar × 4 | Communications satellites |
10 October 2007 13:22 | Soyuz-FG | Ц15000-020 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-11 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 16 |
20 October 2007 20:12 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Ц15000-022 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Globalstar × 4 | Communications satellites |
14 December 2007 13:17 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Ц15000-025 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | RADARSAT-2 | Earth observation |
8 April 2008 11:16 | Soyuz-FG | Ш15000-024 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-12 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 17 First South Korean in space. |
26 April 2008 22:16 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | П15000-016 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | GIOVE-B | Navigation satellite |
12 October 2008 07:01 | Soyuz-FG | Ш15000-026 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-13 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 18 |
26 March 2009 11:49 | Soyuz-FG | Ю15000-027 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-14 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 19 |
27 May 2009 10:34 | Soyuz-FG | Ю15000-030 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-15 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 20 |
30 September 2009 07:14 | Soyuz-FG | Б15000-029 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-16 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 21 |
20 December 2009 21:52 | Soyuz-FG | Б15000-031 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-17 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 22 |
2 April 2010 04:04 | Soyuz-FG | Ю15000-028 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-18 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 23 |
15 June 2010 21:35 | Soyuz-FG | Б15000-032 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-19 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 24 |
7 October 2010 23:10 | Soyuz-FG | Б15000-035 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-01M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 25 |
15 December 2010 19:09 | Soyuz-FG | Б15000-034 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-20 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 26 |
4 April 2011 22:18 | Soyuz-FG | И15000-036 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-21 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 27 |
7 June 2011 20:12 | Soyuz-FG | И15000-037 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-02M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 28 |
14 November 2011 04:14 | Soyuz-FG | И15000-038 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-22 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 29 |
21 December 2011 13:16 | Soyuz-FG | Л15000-039 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-03M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 30/31 |
15 May 2012 03:01 | Soyuz-FG | Л15000-041 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-04M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 31/32 |
15 July 2012 02:40 | Soyuz-FG | Л15000-042 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-05M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 32/33 |
22 July 2012 06:41 | Soyuz-FG/Fregat | Б15000-033 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Earth observation and technology demonstration satellites | |
23 October 2012 10:51 | Soyuz-FG | Л15000-044 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz TMA-06M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 33/34 |
19 December 2012 12:12 | Soyuz-FG | Л15000-040 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-07M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 34/35 |
28 March 2013 20:43 | Soyuz-FG | Е15000-043 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-08M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 35/36 |
28 May 2013 20:31 | Soyuz-FG | Е15000-045 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-09M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 36/37 |
25 September 2013 20:58 | Soyuz-FG | Е15000-046 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-10M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 37/38 |
7 November 2013 04:14 | Soyuz-FG | Т15000-048 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-11M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 38/39 |
25 March 2014 21:17 | Soyuz-FG | Т15000-047 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-12M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 39/40 |
28 May 2014 19:57 | Soyuz-FG | Т15000-049 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-13M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 40/41 |
25 September 2014 20:25 | Soyuz-FG | Т15000-050 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-14M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 41/42 |
23 November 2014 21:01 | Soyuz-FG | T15000-051 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz TMA-15M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 42/43 |
27 March 2015 19:42 | Soyuz-FG | G15000-053 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-16M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 43/44 |
22 July 2015 21:03 | Soyuz-FG | G15000-052 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-17M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 44/45 |
2 September 2015 04:38 | Soyuz-FG | G15000-054 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-18M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 45/46 |
15 December 2015 11:03 | Soyuz-FG | G15000-055 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-19M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 46/47 |
18 March 2016 21:26 | Soyuz-FG | R15000-057 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz TMA-20M | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 47/48 |
7 July 2016 01:36 | Soyuz-FG | R15000-056 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-01 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 48/49 |
19 October 2016 08:05 | Soyuz-FG | R15000-059 | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-02 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 49/50 |
17 November 2016 20:20 | Soyuz-FG | R15000-060 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-03 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 50/51 |
20 April 2017 07:13 | Soyuz-FG | U15000-065 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-04 | Crewed flight with 2 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 51/52 |
28 July 2017 15:40 | Soyuz-FG | R15000-058 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-05 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 52/53 |
12 September 2017 21:17 | Soyuz-FG | U15000-063 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-06 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 53/54 |
17 December 2017 07:21 | Soyuz-FG | R15000-061 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-07 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 54/55 |
21 March 2018 17:44 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-066 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-08 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 55/56 |
6 June 2018 11:12 | Soyuz-FG | U15000-064 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-09 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 56/57 |
11 October 2018 08:40 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-062 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Failure | Soyuz MS-10 | Crewed flight with 2 cosmonauts Planned for ISS Expedition 57 Aborted during ascent, crew landed safely. |
16 November 2018 18:14 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-068 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Progress MS-10 | ISS resupply |
3 December 2018 11:31 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-067 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-11 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 57/58/59 |
14 March 2019 19:14 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-070 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-12 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 59/60 |
20 July 2019 16:28 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-069 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-13 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 60/61 |
25 September 2019 [11] 13:57:43 | Soyuz-FG | N15000-071 | Baikonur, Site 1/5 | Success | Soyuz MS-15 | Crewed flight with 3 cosmonauts ISS Expedition 61/62 Last flight of Soyuz-FG variant, to be replaced by Soyuz-2 for future crewed missions. |
The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok (1961–1963) and Voskhod (1964–1965) programmes.
Soyuz is a family of Soviet and later Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicles initially developed by the OKB-1 design bureau and manufactured by the Progress Rocket Space Centre factory in Samara, Russia. It holds the record for the most launches in the history of spaceflight. Soyuz rockets are part of the R-7 rocket family, which evolved from the R-7 Semyorka, the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.
The Progress is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Originally developed for the Soviet space program and derived from the crewed Soyuz spacecraft, Progress has been instrumental in maintaining long-duration space missions by providing consumables like food, water, and air, as well as maintenance equipment. Since its maiden flight in 1978, Progress has supported various space stations, including Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir, and remains a key resupply vehicle for the International Space Station (ISS).
Soyuz-U was a Soviet and later Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed by the TsSKB design bureau and constructed at the Progress factory in Samara, Russia. The U designation stands for unified, as the launch vehicle was the replacement for both the Voskhod rocket and the original Soyuz rocket. The Soyuz-U is part of the R-7 rocket family, which evolved from the R-7 Semyorka, an intercontinental ballistic missile.
Fregat is an upper stage developed by NPO Lavochkin in the 1990s. It has been used in some Soyuz and Zenit launch vehicles, but it is universal. It can be used as a part of any medium and heavy class launch vehicles. Fregat became operational in February 2000.
Soyuz‑2 is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version of the Soyuz rocket family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors, including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.
Soyuz TMA-15 was a crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station. Part of the Soyuz programme, it transported three members of the Expedition 20 crew to the space station. TMA-15 was the 102nd crewed flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, since Soyuz 1 in 1967. The Soyuz spacecraft remained docked to the space station during Expedition 20 and Expedition 21 as an emergency escape vehicle. The mission marked the start of six-person crew operations on the ISS.
The RD-107 and its sibling, the RD-108, are a type of rocket engine used on the R-7 rocket family. RD-107 engines are used in each booster and the RD-108 is used in the central core. The engines have four main combustion chambers and either two (RD-107) or four (RD-108) vernier chambers.
Soyuz TMA-18 was a 2010 Soyuz flight to the International Space Station (ISS). TMA-18 was the 105th crewed flight of a Soyuz spacecraft since the first crewed flight in 1967.
Soyuz TMA-19 was a crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) and is part of the Soyuz programme. It was launched on 15 June 2010 carrying three members of the Expedition 24 crew to the International Space Station, who remained aboard the station for around six months. Soyuz TMA-19 was the 106th crewed flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, since the first mission which was launched in 1967. The spacecraft remained docked to the space station for the remainder of Expedition 24, and for Expedition 25, to serve as an emergency escape vehicle. It undocked from ISS and landed in Kazakhstan on 26 November 2010. It was the 100th mission to be conducted as part of the International Space Station programme since assembly began in 1998.
The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of China's first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September. A total of 84 orbital launches were conducted over the course of the year, of which 78 were successful. Russia, China and the United States conducted the majority of the year's orbital launches, with 35, 19 and 18 launches respectively; 2011 marked the first year that China conducted more successful launches than the United States. Seven crewed missions were launched into orbit during 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts to the International Space Station. Additionally, the Zenit-3F and Long March 2F/G carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2011, while the Delta II Heavy made its last.
Russia's space industry comprises more than 100 companies and employs 250,000 people. Most of the companies are descendants of Soviet design bureau and state production companies. The industry entered a deep crisis following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, with its fullest effect occurring in the last years of the 1990s. Funding of the space program declined by 80% and the industry lost a large part of its work force before recovery began in the early 2000s. Many companies survived by creating joint-ventures with foreign firms and marketing their products abroad.
Progress-M1 (Russian: Прогресс-М1, GRAU indices 11F615A55 and 11F615A70), also known as Progress 7K-TGM1, is a Russian spacecraft which is used to resupply space stations. It is a variant of the Progress spacecraft, derived from the Progress-M, but modified to carry more UDMH and N2O4 propellant for refuelling the International Space Station instead of other cargoes such as water. A Progress M1 11F615A55 spacecraft could carry up to 1,700 kilograms (3,700 lb) of propellant in eight mid-section refuelling tanks, compared to the 850 kilograms (1,870 lb) that a Progress-M of the same generation could carry. This propellant can be transferred to the Space Station's own propulsion system through fluid connectors in the docking ring, or it can alternatively be used by the Progress' thrusters to boost the station altitude or to change its orientation, or attitude, in space. In addition to propellant, the spacecraft can also carry up to 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) (6 cubic meters volume) of supplies in its forward pressurized cargo module (including a maximum of 40 kilograms (88 lb) of compressed air), but the combination of pressurized cargo and refuelling propellant cannot exceed 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) or the maximum capability of the launch vehicle. The tare weight of Progress-M1 is 5,050 kilograms (11,130 lb). Its KTDU-80 engine has a thrust of 2,950 newtons (660 lbf) and uses up to 892 kilograms (1,967 lb) of propellant carried in four integrated spherical tanks for maneuvers such as docking and deorbiting the craft; 185 kilograms (408 lb) to 250 kilograms (550 lb) is typically left unused and hence available for the space station.
Soyuz TMA-22 was a crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS). TMA-22 was the 111th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, and transported three members of the Expedition 29 crew to the ISS. The spacecraft docked to the ISS on 16 November 2011, and remained docked to serve as an emergency escape vehicle until its undocking on 27 April 2012. Soyuz TMA-22 successfully landed in Kazakhstan on 27 April 2012 11:45 GMT.
Soyuz TMA-08M, identified as Soyuz 34 or 34S by NASA, was a 2013 flight to the International Space Station. It transported three members of the Expedition 35 crew to the International Space Station. TMA-08M was the 117th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, the first flight launching in 1967.
In 2015, the maiden spaceflights of the Chinese Long March 6 and Long March 11 launch vehicles took place.
Meridian 5, also known as Meridian No.15L, was a communications satellite launched by the Russian Federal Space Agency which was lost in a launch failure in December 2011. The fifth Meridian spacecraft to be launched, Meridian 5 was to have been deployed into a Molniya orbit with an apogee of 39,000 kilometres (24,000 mi), a perigee of 900 kilometres (560 mi) and 65 degrees of orbital inclination; from which it would have provided communications for the Russian military. It would have been operated by the newly formed Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.
Soyuz TMA-15M was a 2014 flight to the International Space Station. It transported three members of the Expedition 42 crew to the International Space Station. TMA-15M was the 124th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, the first flight launching in 1967. The Soyuz remained docked to the space station for the Expedition 43 increment, serving as an emergency escape vehicle until departing and returning to Earth as scheduled in June 2015.
Soyuz TMA-19M was a 2015 Russian Soyuz spaceflight to the International Space Station. It was launched on December 15, 2015 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, transporting three members of the Expedition 46 crew to the International Space Station. TMA-19M was the 128th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft since the first in 1967. The crew consisted of a Russian commander accompanied by American and British astronauts. The flight returned to Earth on June 18, 2016. The Soyuz TMA-19M descent module is now in the collection of the UK's Science Museum Group.
Progress MS-10, identified by NASA as Progress 71P, was a Progress spaceflight operated by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). This was the 162nd flight of a Progress spacecraft.