Soyuz is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara,Russia. With over 1,900 flights since its debut in 1966,the Soyuz is the rocket with the most launches in the history of spaceflight.
The R-7 Semyorka,officially the GRAU index 8K71,was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War,and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961,but was never deployed operationally. A derivative,the R-7A,was deployed from 1959 to 1968. To the West it was unknown until its launch. In modified form,it launched Sputnik 1,the first artificial satellite,into orbit,and became the basis for the R-7 family which includes Sputnik,Luna,Molniya,Vostok,and Voskhod space launchers,as well as later Soyuz variants.
Korabl-Sputnik 2,also known as Sputnik 5 in the West,was a Soviet artificial satellite,and the third test flight of the Vostok spacecraft. It was the first spaceflight to send animals into orbit and return them safely back to Earth,including two Soviet space dogs,Belka and Strelka. Launched on 19 August 1960,it paved the way for the first human orbital flight,Vostok 1,which was launched less than eight months later.
Vostok was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.
Korabl-Sputnik 3 or Vostok-1K No.3,also known as Sputnik 6 in the West,was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960. It was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft,carrying two dogs;Pcholka and Mushka,as well as a television camera and scientific instruments.
Kosmos 140,Soyuz 7K-OK No.3,was an uncrewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. It was the third attempted test flight of the Soyuz 7K-OK model,after orbital and launch failures of the first two Soyuz spacecraft.
Zenit was a series of military photoreconnaissance satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1994. To conceal their nature,all flights were given the public Kosmos designation.
Luna E-1 No.1,sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958A,was a Soviet Luna E-1 spacecraft which was intended to impact the Moon. It did not accomplish this objective as it was lost in a launch failure. It was the first of four E-1 missions to be launched.
Luna E-1 No.2,sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958B,was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958. It was a 361-kilogram (796 lb) Luna E-1 spacecraft,the second of four to be launched,all of which were involved in launch failures. It was intended to impact the surface of the Moon,and in doing so become the first man-made object to reach its surface.
Luna E-1 No.3,sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958C,was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958. It was a 361-kilogram (796 lb) Luna E-1 spacecraft,the third of four to be launched,all of which were involved in launch failures. It was intended to impact the surface of the Moon,and in doing so become the first man-made object to reach its surface.
The Molniya,GRAU Index 8K78,was a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and had four stages.
Luna E-3 No.1,sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1960A,was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1960. It was a 279-kilogram (615 lb) Luna E-3 spacecraft,the first of two to be launched,both of which were lost in launch failures. It was intended to fly around the Moon on a circumlunar trajectory in order to image the surface of the Moon,including the far side. The E-3 spacecraft were similar in design to the E-2A which had been used for the earlier Luna 3 mission. However,they carried higher resolution cameras,and were intended to make closer flybys.
Luna E-3 No.2,sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1960B,was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1960. It was a 279-kilogram (615 lb) Luna E-3 spacecraft,the second of two to be launched,both of which were lost in launch failures. It was intended to fly around the moon on a circumlunar trajectory in order to image the surface of the Moon,including the far side. The E-3 spacecraft were similar in design to the E-2A which had been used for the earlier Luna 3 mission. However,they carried higher-resolution cameras,and were intended to make closer flybys.
Luna E-6LS No.112,sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1968A,was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1968. It was a 1,700-kilogram (3,700 lb) Luna E-6LS spacecraft,the second of three to be launched. The spacecraft was intended to enter Selenocentric orbit,where it would study the Moon,and demonstrate technology for future crewed Lunar missions.
Foton-M No.1 was an uncrewed space mission by the European Space Agency aboard a Russian Soyuz-U rocket that failed to launch successfully. The spacecraft's payload consisted of 44 experiments prepared by the European Space Agency,Fluidpac,BIOPAN-4,Telescience Support Unit,and others. The mission was supposed to consist of 15 days spent in orbit of the Earth and then re-enter for a landing near the Russia-Kazakhstan border.
The Molniya-M,designation 8K78M,was a Soviet Union launch vehicle derived from the R-7 Semyorka Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
The Vostok-L,GRAU index 8K72 was a rocket used by the Soviet Union to conduct several early tests of the Vostok spacecraft.
The Soyuz was a Soviet expendable carrier rocket designed in the 1960s by OKB-1 and manufactured by State Aviation Plant No. 1 in Kuybyshev,Soviet Union. It was commissioned to launch Soyuz spacecraft as part of the Soviet human spaceflight program,first with 8 uncrewed test flights,followed by the first 19 crewed launches. The original Soyuz also propelled four test flights of the improved Soyuz 7K-T capsule between 1972 and 1974. In total it flew 30 successful missions over 10 years and suffered two failures.
Mars 1M No.1,designated Mars 1960A by NASA analysts and dubbed Marsnik 1 by the Western media,was the first spacecraft launched as part of the Soviet Union's Mars programme. A Mars 1M spacecraft,it was intended for conducting flight testing system and to study the interplanetary environment between Earth and Mars,however it was lost in a launch failure before it could begin its mission.
The RD-0109 is a rocket engine burning liquid oxygen and kerosene in a gas generator combustion cycle. It has single nozzle and is an evolution of the RD-0105. It was the engine used on the Vostok Block-E that launched Yuri Gagarin to orbit.
