Atlas V

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Atlas V
Atlas V logo.svg
Atlas V(401) launches with LRO and LCROSS cropped.jpg
Launch of an Atlas V 401 carrying the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS space probes on 18 June 2009.
Function Medium-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer United Launch Alliance
Country of origin United States
Cost per launchUS$110–153 million (2016) [1]
Size
HeightUp to 58.3 m (191 ft)
Diameter3.81 m (12.5 ft)
Mass590,000 kg (1,300,000 lb)
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Orbital inclination28.70°
Mass8,210–18,850 kg (18,100–41,560 lb) [2]
Launch history
StatusActive, retiring
Launch sites
Total launches
101 [3] [4] [5]
  • 401: 41
  • 411: 6
  • 421: 9
  • 431: 3
  • 501: 8
  • 511: 1
  • 521: 2
  • 531: 5
  • 541: 9
  • 551: 14
  • N22: 3
Success(es)
100
  • 401: 40
  • 411: 6
  • 421: 9
  • 431: 3
  • 501: 8
  • 511: 1
  • 521: 2
  • 531: 5
  • 541: 9
  • 551: 14
  • N22: 3
Partial failure(s)15 June 2007
First flight21 August 2002 (Hot Bird 6)
Last flight30 July 2024 (USSF-51)
Boosters – AJ-60A [6]
No. boosters0 to 5
Height17 m (56 ft) [6]
Diameter1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Gross mass46,697 kg (102,949 lb)
Propellant mass42,630 kg (93,980 lb) [7]
Maximum thrust1,688.4 kN (379,600 lbf)
Specific impulse 279.3 s (2.739 km/s)
Burn time94 seconds
Propellant AP / HTPB / Al
Atlas V configurations
VersionFairingSRBsCentaur
engines		Payload, kg [44] Launches
to date		Base
price [1]
to LEO [i] to GTO
4014 m–19,7974,75041US$109 million
4114 m1112,1505,9506US$115 million
4214 m2114,0676,8909US$123 million
4314 m3115,7187,7003US$130 million
5015.4 m–18,1233,7758US$120 million
5115.4 m1110,9865,2501US$130 million
5215.4 m2113,4906,4752US$135 million
5315.4 m3115,5757,4755US$140 million
5415.4 m4117,4438,2909US$145 million
5515.4 m5118,8148,90014US$153 million
N22 [ii] None2 [iii] 213,250 (to ISS) [47] 3–
  1. ↑ At an inclination of 28.5°
  2. ↑ for Boeing Starliner [45]
  3. ↑ Only uses the AJ-60A SRB. [46]

Launch cost

Before 2016, pricing information for Atlas V launches was limited. In 2010, NASA contracted with ULA to launch the MAVEN mission on an Atlas V 401 for approximately US$187 million. [48] The 2013 cost of this configuration for the U.S. Air Force under their block buy of 36 launch vehicles was US$164 million. [49] In 2015, the TDRS-M launch on an Atlas 401 cost NASA US$132.4 million. [50]

Starting in 2016, ULA provided pricing for the Atlas V through its RocketBuilder website, advertising a base price for each launch vehicle configuration, which ranges from US$109 million for the 401 up to US$153 million for the 551. [1] Each additional SRB adds an average of US$6.8 million to the cost of the launch vehicle. Customers can also choose to purchase larger payload fairings or additional launch service options. NASA and Air Force launch costs are often higher than equivalent commercial missions due to additional government accounting, analysis, processing, and mission assurance requirements, which can add US$30–80 million to the cost of a launch. [51]

In 2013, launch costs for commercial satellites to GTO averaged about US$100 million, significantly lower than historic Atlas V pricing. [52] However, after the rise of reusable rockets, the price of an Atlas V [401] has dropped from approximately US$180 million to US$109 million, [53] in large part due to competitive pressure that emerged in the launch services marketplace during the early 2010s. ULA CEO Tory Bruno stated in 2016 that ULA needs at least two commercial missions each year in order to stay profitable going forward. [54] ULA is not attempting to win these missions on purely lowest purchase price, stating that it "would rather be the best value provider". [55] In 2016, ULA suggested that customers would have much lower insurance and delay costs because of the high Atlas V reliability and schedule certainty, making overall customer costs close to that of using competitors like the SpaceX Falcon 9. [56]

Historically proposed versions

In 2006, ULA offered an Atlas V Heavy option that would use three Common Core Booster (CCB) stages strapped together to lift a 29,400 kg (64,800 lb) payload to low Earth orbit. [57] ULA stated at the time that 95% of the hardware required for the Atlas V Heavy has already been flown on the Atlas V single-core vehicles. [12] The lifting capability of the proposed launch vehicle was to be roughly equivalent to the Delta IV Heavy, [12] which used RS-68 engines developed and produced domestically by Aerojet Rocketdyne.

A 2006 report, prepared by the RAND Corporation for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, stated that Lockheed Martin had decided not to develop an Atlas V heavy-lift vehicle (HLV). [58] The report recommended for the U.S. Air Force and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to "determine the necessity of an EELV heavy-lift variant, including development of an Atlas V Heavy", and to "resolve the RD-180 issue, including coproduction, stockpile, or United States development of an RD-180 replacement". [59]

In 2010, ULA stated that the Atlas V Heavy variant could be available to customers 30 months from the date of order. [12]

Atlas V PH2

In late 2006, the Atlas V program gained access to the tooling and processes for 5-meter-diameter stages used on Delta IV when Boeing and Lockheed Martin space operations were merged into the United Launch Alliance. This led to a proposal to combine the 5-meter-diameter Delta IV tankage production processes with dual RD-180 engines, resulting in the Atlas Phase 2.

An Atlas V PH2-Heavy consisting of three 5-meter stages in parallel with six RD-180s was considered in the Augustine Report as a possible heavy lifter for use in future space missions, as well as the Shuttle-derived Ares V and Ares V Lite. [60] If built, the Atlas PH2-Heavy was projected to be able to launch a payload mass of approximately 70 t (69 long tons; 77 short tons) into an orbit of 28.5° inclination. [60]

Booster for GX rocket

The Atlas V Common Core Booster was to have been used as the first stage of the joint US-Japanese GX rocket, which was scheduled to make its first flight in 2012. [61] GX launches would have been from the Atlas V launch complex at Vandenberg Air Force Base, SLC-3E. However, the Japanese government decided to cancel the GX project in December 2009. [62]

Out-licensing rejected by ULA

In May 2015, a consortium of companies, including Aerojet and Dynetics, sought to license the production or manufacturing rights to the Atlas V using the AR1 engine in place of the RD-180. The proposal was rejected by ULA. [63]

Atlas V launches

ULA has stopped selling the Atlas V. It will fly 15 more launches. [182]

For planned launches, see List of Atlas launches (2020–2029).

Notable missions

The first payload, the Hot Bird 6 communications satellite, was launched to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) on 21 August 2002 by an Atlas V 401. [183]

On 12 August 2005, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was launched aboard an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). The Centaur upper stage of the launch vehicle completed its burns over a 56-minute period and placed MRO into an interplanetary transfer orbit towards Mars. [69]

On 19 January 2006, New Horizons was launched by a Lockheed Martin Atlas V 551 rocket. A third stage was added to increase the heliocentric (escape) speed. This was the first launch of the Atlas V 551 configuration with five solid rocket boosters, and the first Atlas V with a third stage. [184]

On 6 December 2015, Atlas V lifted its heaviest payload to date into orbit – a 16,517 lb (7,492 kg) Cygnus resupply craft. [185]

On 8 September 2016, the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission was launched on an Atlas V 411 launch vehicle. It arrived at the asteroid Bennu in December 2018 and departed back to Earth in May 2021 to arrive September 2022 at with a sample ranging from 60 grams to 2 kilograms in 2023. [186]

Five Boeing X-37B spaceplane missions were successfully launched with the Atlas V. The flights are launched on Atlas V 501s from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The X-37B, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft operated by USAF that can autonomously conduct landings from orbit to a runway. [187] The first Vandenberg Air Force Base landing at the Space Shuttle 15,000 ft (4,600 m) runway occurred in December 2010. [188] Landings occur at both Vandenberg and Cape Canaveral depending on mission requirements. [187]

On 20 December 2019, the first Starliner crew capsule was launched in Boe-OFT un-crewed test flight. The Atlas V launch vehicle performed flawlessly but an anomaly with the spacecraft left it in a wrong orbit. The orbit was too low to reach the flight's destination of ISS, and the mission was subsequently cut short.

Mission success record

In its 100 launches (as of June 2024), starting with its first launch in August 2002, Atlas V has achieved a 100% mission success rate and a 99% vehicle success rate. [189]

The first anomalous event in the use of the Atlas V launch system occurred on 15 June 2007, when the engine in the Centaur upper stage of an Atlas V shut down early, leaving its payload – a pair of NROL-30 ocean surveillance satellites – in a lower than intended orbit. The cause of the anomaly was traced to a leaky valve, which allowed fuel to leak during the coast between the first and second burns. The resulting lack of fuel caused the second burn to terminate 4 seconds early. [190] Replacing the valve led to a delay in the next Atlas V launch. [78] However, the customer (the National Reconnaissance Office) categorized the mission as a success. [191] [192]

A flight on 23 March 2016, suffered an underperformance anomaly on the first-stage burn and shut down 5 seconds early. The Centaur proceeded to boost the Orbital Cygnus payload, the heaviest on an Atlas to date, into the intended orbit by using its fuel reserves to make up for the shortfall from the first stage. This longer burn cut short a later Centaur disposal burn. [193] An investigation of the incident revealed that this anomaly was due to a fault in the main engine mixture-ratio supply valve, which restricted the flow of fuel to the engine. The investigation and subsequent examination of the valves on upcoming missions led to a delay of the next several launches. [194]

Notable payloads

Replacement with Vulcan

In 2014, geopolitical and U.S. political considerations because of the Russian annexation of Crimea led to an effort to replace the Russian-supplied NPO Energomash RD-180 engine used on the first-stage booster of the Atlas V. Formal study contracts were issued in June 2014 to a number of U.S. rocket-engine suppliers. [195] The results of those studies led to a decision by ULA to develop the new Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle to replace the existing Atlas V and Delta IV. [196]

In September 2014, ULA announced a partnership with Blue Origin to develop the BE-4 LOX/methane engine to replace the RD-180 on a new first-stage booster. As the Atlas V core is designed around RP-1 fuel and cannot be retrofitted to use a methane-fueled engine, a new first stage is being developed. This booster will have the same first-stage tankage diameter as the Delta IV and will be powered by two 2,400 kN (540,000 lbf) thrust BE-4 engines. [195] [197] [198] The engine was already in its third year of development by Blue Origin, and ULA expected the new stage and engine to start flying no earlier than 2019.

Vulcan was initially planned to use the same Centaur upper stage as on Atlas V, and later to upgrade to ACES, however ACES is no longer being pursued, and Centaur V will be used instead. [199] It will also use a variable number of optional solid rocket boosters, called the GEM 63XL, derived from the new solid boosters planned for Atlas V. [25]

As of 2017, the Aerojet AR1 rocket engine was under development as a backup plan for Vulcan. [200]

The first Vulcan successfully launched on 8 January 2024. [201] [202]

Retirement

In August 2021, ULA announced that they are no longer selling launches on the Atlas V and they would fulfill their 29 existing launch contracts. [11] They made a final purchase of the RD-180 motors they needed and the last of those motors were delivered in April 2021. The last launch will occur "some time in the mid-2020s". [11] As of July 2024, fourteen missions have flown since the announcement, [c] and fifteen launches remain.

See also

Comparable rockets:

Notes

  1. ↑ Pronounced "Atlas five". "V" is the roman numeral 5.
  2. ↑ ULA is a joint venture between Lockheed Martin and Boeing.
  3. ↑ the first mission after the announcement was mission 88. See table for the later launches.

Related Research Articles

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