Lockheed Martin A2100

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The A2100 is a model of communications satellite spacecraft made by Lockheed Martin Space Systems. It is used as the foundation for telecommunications payloads in geosynchronous orbit, as well as GOES-R weather satellites and GPS Block IIIA satellites. Over 40 satellites use the A2100 bus. [1] [2]

Contents

History

The first satellite, AMC-1, was launched September 8, 1996, and has achieved 15-year on-orbit service life. [3] [4] Since 1996 there have been over 45 of the A2100 based satellites launched, with over 400 years of total on-orbit service. [5] Other A2100 spacecraft include JCSAT-13 and VINASAT-2, which were launched May, 2012 on an Ariane 5 rocket, [6] as well as Arabsat-6A and Hellas Sat 4/SaudiGeoSat-1 of Saudi Arabia's Arabsat-6G program. [7]

In 2002, Lockheed Martin Commercial Space Systems was given a Frost and Sullivan Satellite Reliability Award for excellence in the production of flexible and reliable communications satellites used in geosynchronous Earth orbit. [8]

A2100 customers includes communications companies around the world, including Astra, Telesat, SKY Perfect JSAT Group and others.

Design

The Lockheed Martin A2100 geosynchronous spacecraft series is designed for a variety of telecommunications needs including Ka band broadband and broadcast services, fixed satellite services in C-band and Ku band payload configurations, high-power direct broadcast services using the Ku band frequency spectrum, and mobile satellite services using UHF, L-band and S-band payloads. [9]

The A2100 satellite system was developed by the Astro Space team at its East Windsor, New Jersey facility, with team members delivering a flexible common bus with fewer components, lower spacecraft weight, and reduced customer delivery time. [10]

The A2100 is being supplanted by the LM2100, an evolutionary upgrade with several new features. The military version is the LM2100 Combat Bus. [11] [12]

Propulsion system

The attitude control system includes reaction wheels, [13] with momentum desaturation and main motor maneuver attitude control propulsion provided by small monopropellant hydrazine motors. This hydrazine supply is contained in a central propellant tank of 0.90 m diameter and up to 2.00 m length depending on the customer's requirements. [14] This tank's maximum length was later increased to 2.55 m. [15] The liquid apogee engine uses hydrazine fuel from the central tank along with nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer from two flanking tanks of 0.54 m diameter and up to 1.65 m long. [16] Orbit maintenance is performed by the small hydrazine motors and ion thrusters. [17] The maximum propellant supply (with the largest tanks at 95% fill factor) are 1368 kg of hydrazine fuel and 627 kg of nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer.

According to Moog-ISP, the A2100 platform uses its LEROS bipropellant Liquid Apogee Engine. [18]

Satellite orders

A2100A

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverageLaunch date (UTC)RocketChangesStatus
GE-1 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band, 24 Ku-band8 September 1996 Atlas IIA Known as AMC 1Active
GE-2 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band, 24 Ku-band30 January 1997 Ariane-44L Known as AMC 2Retired
GE-3 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band, 24 Ku-band4 September 1997 Atlas IIAS Known as Eagle 1Active
GE-7 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band14 September 2000 Ariane 5G Known as AMC 7Retired
GE-8 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band20 December 2000 Ariane 5G Known as AMC 8 (Aurora 3)Active
GE-10 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band5 February 2004 Atlas IIAS Retired
GE-11 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band19 May 2004 Atlas IIAS Active
GE-18 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band19 May 2004 Ariane 5 ECA Active
BSAT-3a Japan BSAT Corp Television broadcasting12 Ku-band14 August 2007 Ariane 5 ECA Active
BSAT-3b Japan BSAT Corp Television broadcasting12 Ku-band28 October 2010 Ariane 5 ECA Active
BSAT-3c Japan BSAT Corp Television broadcasting24 Ku-band6 August 2011 Ariane 5 ECA Active
GOES-R United States NOAA Meteorology19 November 2016 Atlas V 541 Known as GOES 16Active
GOES-S United States NOAA Meteorology1 March 2018 Atlas V 541 Known as GOES 17Active
GOES-T United States NOAA Meteorology1 March 2022 Atlas V 541 Known as GOES 18Active
GOES-U United States NOAA Meteorology2024 Falcon Heavy Awaiting launch
ABS-7 Bermuda ABS Television broadcasting24 Ku-band, 6 Ka-band4 September 1999 Ariane-42P Known as ABS 7Inclined
Nemesis 1United States National Reconnaissance Office SIGINT, COMINT8 September 2009 Atlas V 401 Known as PAN, PAN360, USA 207Active
Nemesis 2United States National Reconnaissance Office SIGINT, COMINT17 September 2014 Atlas V 401 Known as CLIO, USA 257Active
Telkom 1Indonesia Telkom Indonesia Communications24 C-band12 August 1999 Ariane-42P Retired
Vinasat-1 Vietnam VNPT Communications8 C-band, 12 Ku-band18 April 2008 Ariane 5 ECA Active
Vinasat-2 Vietnam VNPT Communications24 Ku-band15 May 2012 Ariane 5 ECA Active
Zhongwei 1ChinaChina SatcomCommunications18 C-band, 20 Ku-band30 May 1998 Long March 3B Known as APStar 9ARetired

A2100AX

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverageLaunch date (UTC)RocketChangesStatus
EchoStar 3 United States EchoStar Television broadcasting32 Ku-band5 October 1997 Atlas IIAS Retired
EchoStar 4 United States EchoStar Television broadcasting32 Ku-band7 May 1998 Proton-K Blok-DM3Retired
EchoStar 7 United States EchoStar Television broadcasting32 Ku-band7 May 1998 Atlas IIIB-DEC Retired
GE 1AUnited States SES Americom Communications28 Ku-band1 October 2000 Proton-K Blok-DM3Known as NSS 11Active
GE 4United States SES Americom Television broadcasting & satellite internet24 C-band, 24 Ku-band13 November 1999 Ariane-44LP Known as AMC 4Active
GE 6United States SES Americom Television broadcasting & satellite internet24 C-band, 24 Ku-band21 October 2000 Proton-K Blok-DM3Known as AMC 6 (Rainbow 2)Active
LMI 1Bermuda ABS Television broadcasting & satellite internet28 C-band, 16 Ku-band26 September 1999 Proton-K Blok-DM3Known as ABS 6Active
Nimiq 1Canada Telesat Satellite internet32 Ku-band20 May 1999 Proton-K Blok-DM3Active
Nimiq 2Canada Telesat Satellite internet32 Ku-band29 December 2002 Proton-M Active
N-SAT 110 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Satellite internet24 Ku-band6 October 2000 Ariane-42L Known as Superbird 5Retired

A2100AXS

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverageLaunch date (UTC)RocketChangesStatus
AMC-14 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting32 Ku-band14 March 2008 Proton-M Phase 1Active
AMC-15 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 Ku-band, 12 Ka-band14 October 2004 Proton-M Phase 1Active
AMC-16 United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 Ku-band, 12 Ka-band14 October 2004 Proton-M Phase 1Retired
Astra 1KR Luxembourg SES Television broadcasting32 Ku-band20 April 2006 Atlas V 431 Active
Astra 1L Luxembourg SES Television broadcasting29 Ku-band, 2 Ka-band4 May 2007 Ariane 5 ECA Active
EchoStar 10 United States EchoStar Television broadcasting42 Ku-band15 February 2006 Zenit-3SL Active
JCSat 9 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Communications20 C-band, 20 Ku-band, 1 S-band12 April 2006 Zenit-3SL Known as JCSat 5AActive
JCSat 10 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Communications12 C-band, 30 Ku-band11 August 2006 Ariane 5 ECA Known as JCSat 3AActive
JCSAT-11 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Communications12 C-band, 30 Ku-band5 September 2007 Proton-M Phase 1Launch failure
JCSat 12 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Communications12 C-band, 30 Ku-band21 August 2008 Ariane 5 ECA Known as JCSat RAActive
JCSat 13 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Communications44 Ku-band15 May 2012 Ariane 5 ECA Known as JCSat 4BActive
NSS-6 Netherlands SES Satellite internet50 Ku-band17 December 2002 Ariane 44L Active
NSS-7 Netherlands SES Satellite internet36 C-band, 36 Ku-band16 April 2002 Ariane 44L Retired
Rainbow-1 United States EchoStar Television broadcasting36 Ku-band17 July 2003 Atlas V 521 Known as EchoStar 12Retired
Sirius 4 (Astra 4A) Sweden SES Sirius Communications52 Ku-band, 2 Ka-band17 November 2007 Proton-M Phase 1Active
Garuda 1 IndonesiaAsoa Cellular SatelliteMobile communications88 L-band12 February 2000 Proton-K Blok-DM3Active

A2100M (Military)

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverageLaunch date (UTC)RocketChangesStatus
AEHF 1 United States Air Force Space Command Military communications14 August 2010 Atlas V 531 Known as USA 214Active
AEHF 2 United States Air Force Space Command Military communications4 May 2012 Atlas V 531 Known as USA 235Active
AEHF 3 United States Air Force Space Command Military communications18 September 2013 Atlas V 531 Known as USA 246Active
AEHF 4 United States Air Force Space Command Military communications17 October 2018 Atlas V 551 Known as USA 288Active
AEHF 5 United States Air Force Space Command Military communications8 August 2019 Atlas V 551 Known as USA 292Active
AEHF 6 United States Air Force Space Command Military communications26 March 2020 Atlas V 551 Known as USA 298Active
MUOS 1 United States United States Navy Military communications24 February 2012 Atlas V 551 Active
MUOS 2 United States United States Navy Military communications19 July 2013 Atlas V 551 Active
MUOS 3 United States United States Navy Military communications21 January 2015 Atlas V 551 Active
MUOS 4 United States United States Navy Military communications2 September 2015 Atlas V 551 Active
MUOS 5 United States United States Navy Military communications24 June 2016 Atlas V 551 Active
GPS-3 1 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation23 December 2016 Falcon 9 Known as Navstar 77, USA 289, VespucciActive
GPS-3 2 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation22 August 2019 Delta IV M+ (4,2) Known as Navstar 78, USA 293, MagellanActive
GPS-3 3 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation30 June 2020 Falcon 9 Known as Navstar 79, USA 304, ColumbusActive
GPS-3 4 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation5 November 2020 Falcon 9 Known as Navstar 80, USA 309, SacagaweaActive
GPS-3 5 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation17 June 2021 Falcon 9 Known as Navstar 81, USA 320, Neil ArmstrongActive
GPS-3 6 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation18 January 2023 Falcon 9 Known as Navstar 82, USA 343, Amelia EarhartActive
GPS-3 7 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation2024 Vulcan Centaur Awaiting launch
GPS-3 8 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202x Vulcan Centaur Awaiting launch
GPS-3 9 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202x Vulcan Centaur Awaiting launch
GPS-3 10 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202x Falcon 9 Awaiting launch
SBIRS GEO 1 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors7 May 2011 Atlas V 401 Known as USA 230Active
SBIRS GEO 2 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors19 March 2013 Atlas V 401 Known as USA 241Active
SBIRS GEO 3 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors21 January 2017 Atlas V 401 Known as USA 273Active
SBIRS GEO 4 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors20 January 2018 Atlas V 411 Known as USA 282Active

LM2100 (Modernized)

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverageLaunch date (UTC)RocketChangesStatus
Arabsat-6A Saudi Arabia Arabsat Communications11 April 2019 Falcon Heavy Active
SaudiGeoSat-1/HellasSat-4 Saudi Arabia, Greece Arabsat, Hellas Sat CommunicationsKu-band, Ka-band5 February 2019 Ariane 5 ECA Active
JCSAT-17 Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Mobile communicationsS-band18 February 2020 Ariane 5 ECA Active

LM2100M (Modernized Military)

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverageLaunch date (UTC)RocketChangesStatus
NG-OPIR-GEO 1United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 NG-OPIR sensors2025 Vulcan Centaur Awaiting launch
NG-OPIR-GEO 2United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 NG-OPIR sensors202xAwaiting launch
NG-OPIR-GEO 3United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 NG-OPIR sensors202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 1 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation2026 Falcon Heavy Awaiting launch
GPS-3F 2 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 3 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 4 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 5 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 6 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 7 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 8 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 9 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 10 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 11 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 12 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 13 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 14 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 15 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 16 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 17 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 18 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 19 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 20 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 21 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
GPS-3F 22 United States Air Force Space Command Navigation202xAwaiting launch
SBIRS GEO 5 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors18 May 2021 Atlas V 421 Known as USA 315Active
SBIRS GEO 6 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors4 August 2022 Atlas V 421 Active

Cancelled orders

SatelliteCountryOperatorTypeCoverage
GE-9United States SES Americom Television broadcasting24 C-band
Jabiru 1AustraliaNewSat CorporationCommunications50 Ka-band, 18 Ku-band, 1 S-band
Rainbow KA-1United States Cablevision Television broadcastingKa-band
Rainbow KA-2United States Cablevision Television broadcastingKa-band
Rainbow KA-3United States Cablevision Television broadcastingKa-band
Rainbow KA-4United States Cablevision Television broadcastingKa-band
Rainbow KA-5United States Cablevision Television broadcastingKa-band
Agrani 1IndiaAgraniMobile communications
Garuda 2IndonesiaAsia Cellular SatelliteMobile communications88 L-band
Astrolink 1United States Astrolink Mobile communicationsKa-band
Astrolink 2United States Astrolink Mobile communicationsKa-band
Astrolink 3United States Astrolink Mobile communicationsKa-band
Astrolink 4United States Astrolink Mobile communicationsKa-band
SBIRS GEO 7 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors
SBIRS GEO 8 United States Air Force Space Command Early warning2 SBIRS sensors

Related Research Articles

JCSAT-5A or N-STAR d, known as JCSAT-9 before launch, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by SKY Perfect JSAT Group (JSAT), which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform.

JSAT Corporation (JSAT) was the first private Japanese satellite operator, which owned the JSAT satellites, as well as operated and partially owned the N-Star with NTT DoCoMo. Its origins can be traced to the funding of Japan Communications Satellite Company (JCSAT) and Satellite Japan Corporation in 1985. Both companies merged into Japan Satellite Systems Inc. in 1993. In 2000 the company was renamed as JSAT Corporation and was listed in the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. On September 1, 2008, the company was merged into the SKY Perfect JSAT Group.

JCSAT-11, was a geostationary communications satellite ordered by JSAT Corporation which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform. The satellite was designated to be used as an on-orbit, but was lost on launch failure.

The STAR-2 Bus is a fully redundant, flight-proven, spacecraft bus designed for geosynchronous missions.

Horizons-2 is a Ku band communications satellite owned by Horizons Satellite, a joint venture between SKY Perfect JSAT Group and Intelsat. Its orbital slot is located at 74° west longitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite bus</span> Main body and structural component of the satellite

A satellite bus is the main body and structural component of a satellite or spacecraft, in which the payload and all scientific instruments are held.

JCSAT-110, also known as N-SAT 110, JCSAT-7, Superbird-5 and Superbird-D, is a Japanese geostationary communications satellite which was operated by JSAT Corporation and Space Communications Corporation until both companies merged into SKY Perfect JSAT Group in 2008. It is positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 110° East, from where it is used to provide communications services to Japan.

Intelsat 15, also known as IS-15, is a communications satellite owned by Intelsat. Intelsat 15 was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, on a Star-2.4. It is located at 85° E longitude on the geostationary orbit. It was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome to a geosynchronous transfer orbit on 30 November 2009 by a Zenit-3SLB launch vehicle. It has 22 active Ku band transponders, plus eight spares. Five of those transponders are owned and operated by SKY Perfect JSAT Group under the name JCSAT-85.

JCSAT-4B, known as JCSAT-13 before launch, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by SKY Perfect JSAT Group (JSAT) which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform.

BSAT-3a, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT) which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform. It is stationed on the 110,0° East orbital slot with its companion BSAT-3b and BSAT-3c from where they provide redundant high definition direct television broadcasting across Japan.

BSAT-3c, also known as JCSAT-110R, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT) and SKY Perfect JSAT (JSAT) which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform.

The JSAT constellation is a communication and broadcasting satellite constellation formerly operated by JSAT Corporation and currently by SKY Perfect JSAT Group. It has become the most important commercial constellation in Japan, and fifth in the world. It has practically amalgamated all private satellite operators in Japan, with only B-SAT left as a local competitor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JCSAT-17</span> Communications satellite

JCSAT-17 is a geostationary communications satellite operated by SKY Perfect JSAT Group. The satellite was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin Space on the LM-2100 platform, and was launched on 18 February 2020 on an Ariane 5. The satellite mainly provides service to Japan and the surrounding regions. Utilizing several S-band transponders with a flexible processor, the satellite has the capability to redirect communications capacity to concentrate on disaster relief efforts or other high-volume events.

JCSAT-3A, known as JCSAT-10 before launch, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by SKY Perfect JSAT Group (JSAT) which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform.

JCSAT-4 was known as JCSAT-R until it was sold to INTELSAT in 2009. It is a geostationary communications satellite designed and manufactured by Hughes on the HS-601 satellite bus. It was originally ordered by JSAT Corporation, which later merged into the SKY Perfect JSAT Group. It has a mixed Ku-band and C-band payload and was used as an on orbit spare.

JCSAT-3 was a geostationary communications satellite designed and manufactured by Hughes on the HS-601 satellite bus. It was originally ordered by JSAT Corporation, which later merged into the SKY Perfect JSAT Group. It has a mixed Ku-band and C-band payload and operated on the 128° East longitude until it was replaced by JCSAT-3A.

JCSAT-1 was a geostationary communications satellite designed and manufactured by Hughes on the HS-393 satellite bus. It was originally ordered by Japan Communications Satellite Company (JCSAT), which later merged into the JSAT Corporation. It had a Ku-band payload and operated on the 150° East longitude until it was replaced by JCSAT-1B.

N-STAR c, is a geostationary communications satellite originally ordered by NTT DoCoMo and later fully acquired by SKY Perfect JSAT Group. It was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin, which acted as prime, developed the payload and did the final integration and testing, and Orbital Sciences Corporation, which supplied the satellite bus on the GEOStar-2 platform and procured the launch services. It had a launch weight of approximately 1,645 kg (3,627 lb), and a 15-year design life. Its payload is composed of 1 C-band, and 20 S-band transponders and its stationed in the 136° East longitude.

The BT-4 is a pressure-fed liquid rocket engine designed and manufactured by IHI Aerospace of Japan. It was originally developed for the LUNAR-A project, but it has been used as a liquid apogee engine in some geostationary communications satellite based on the Lockheed Martin A2100 and GEOStar-2 satellite buses. It has also been used on the HTV and Cygnus automated cargo spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabsat-6A</span>

Arabsat-6A is a geostationary communications satellite operated by Arabsat. The satellite was built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems on a modernized A2100 bus. The satellite was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center LC-39A aboard Falcon Heavy on April 11, 2019.

References

  1. ↑ "Lockheed Martin: A2100"
  2. ↑ "Lockheed Martin's A2100 bus modernized and poised for new missions". SpaceFlight Insider. 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  3. ↑ "First Lockheed Martin-Built A2100 Communications Satellite Marks 15 Years of On-Orbit Operations". Media - Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  4. ↑ "First Lockheed Martin-Built A2100 Communications Satellite Marks 15 Years of On-Orbit Operations". Defense & Aerospace Week. September 21, 2011. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2013– via HighBeam.
  5. ↑ "Lockheed Martin-Built A2100 Satellites: Over 400 Cumulative Years In Orbit And Counting"
  6. ↑ "Ariane 5 ECA launches JCSAT-13 and VINASAT-2 into orbit"
  7. ↑ Lockheed Martin Completes Assembly on Arabsat's Newest Communications Satellite. Lockheed Martin. 20 February 2018.
  8. ↑ "Frost & Sullivan Award
  9. ↑ "Lockheed Martin: A2100" Archived 2013-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "A2100 History"
  11. ↑ McKinnon, Douglas V. (2016), "Lockheed Martin's A2100 Spacecraft Bus Modernization", 34th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, doi:10.2514/6.2016-5724, ISBN   978-1-62410-457-2 , retrieved 2021-06-14
  12. ↑ Hitchens, Theresa (2021-05-17). "New SBIRS Sat Creates Bridge To Next-Gen Missile Warning". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  13. ↑ "Global Positioning System III overview and contractors"
  14. ↑ "ATK SSI P/N 80395-1 Datasheet"
  15. ↑ "ATK SSI P/N 80443-1
  16. ↑ "ATK SSI P/N 80405-1 Datasheet"
  17. ↑ "Lockheed Martin-Built A2100 Satellites: Over 400 Cumulative Years In Orbit And Counting"
  18. ↑ "Thrusters". Moog Inc. Archived from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
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