Ariane 6 is a European expendable launch system developed for the European Space Agency (ESA) and manufactured by a consortium of European companies,led by the prime contractor ArianeGroup. As part of the Ariane rocket family,it is operated by Arianespace,replacing the Ariane 5. The project's primary contributors were France (55.3%),Germany (21%) and Italy (7.6%),with the remaining work distributed among ten other participating countries.[6]
This two-stage rocket utilizes liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (hydrolox) engines. The first stage features an upgraded Vulcain engine from Ariane 5,while the second uses the Vinci engine,designed specifically for this rocket. The Ariane 62 variant uses two P120C solid rocket boosters,while Ariane 64 uses four. The P120C booster is shared with Europe's other launch vehicle,and is an improved version of the P80 rocket stage used on the original Vega.
Selected in December 2014 over an all-solid-fuel alternative,Ariane 6 was initially planned for a 2020 debut. However,the program faced delays,with the first launch eventually taking place on 9 July 2024. While the rocket successfully launched,the mission experienced a partial failure when the upper stage malfunctioned and was not able to complete its final deorbit burn. The second launch was therefore postponed to 6 March 2025,successfully delivering its first commercial payload to orbit,the CSO-3 reconnaissance satellite.[7][8]
Ariane 6 was designed to halve launch costs and increase annual capacity from seven to eleven missions compared to its predecessor, but the program has been subject to criticism over high costs and lack of reusability versus competitors' rockets,such as SpaceX's Falcon 9. European officials defend the program,saying it provides crucial independent space access for its member states.
Description
Two variants of Ariane 6 are offered:
Ariane 62 (A62),with two P120C solid boosters,weighs around 530,000kg (1,170,000lb) at liftoff and is mainly for government and scientific missions.[9] It can launch up to 4,500kg (9,900lb) into geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) and 10,350kg (22,820lb) into low Earth orbit (LEO). The first launch in 2024 used this variant;
Ariane 64 (A64),with four P120C boosters,has a liftoff weight of around 860,000kg (1,900,000lb)[10] and is intended for commercial dual-satellite launches[9] of up to 11,500kg (25,400lb) into GTO and 21,500kg (47,400lb) into LEO. Like Ariane 5,it will be able to launch two geosynchronous satellites together.
First stage
The first (lower) stage of Ariane 6 is called the Lower Liquid Propulsion Module (LLPM). It is powered by a single Vulcain 2.1 engine fueled by liquid hydrogen (LH2) with liquid oxygen (LOX).[11] The LLPM is 5.4m (18ft) in diameter and contains approximately 140 tonnes (310,000lb) of propellant.[12]
Boosters
Additional thrust for the first stage will be provided by either two or four P120C model solid rocket boosters,known within Ariane 6 nomenclature as Equipped Solid Rockets (ESR).[11] Each booster contains approximately 142,000 kilograms (313,000lb) of propellant and delivers up to 4,650kN (1,050,000lbf) of thrust. The P120C engine is also used in the first stage of the upgraded Vega C launcher. By sharing motors,production volumes can be increased,lowering production costs.[13] The first full-scale test of the ESR occurred at Kourou,French Guiana,on 16 July 2018,and the test completed successfully with thrust reaching 4,615kN (1,037,000lbf) in vacuum.[14][15][16]
Second stage
The second (upper) stage of Ariane 6 is called the Upper Liquid Propulsion Module (ULPM). It shares the same 5.4m (18ft) diameter as the LLPM and is also fueled by LH2 and LOX. It is powered by the Vinci engine,which delivers 180kN (40,000lbf) of thrust,burns for up to 900 seconds and is capable of up to five restarts.[17] The ULPM carries about 31 tonnes (68,000lb) of propellant.[13]
Block 2
A more powerful "Block 2" version of Ariane 6 is slated to enter service in 2026,featuring enlarged P160C solid rocket boosters and an enhanced Vinci engine in the upper stage with increased thrust of 200kN (45,000lbf). These improvements will expand the rocket’s flight envelope and significantly boost its payload capacity,with an expected gain of 2 tonnes (4,400lb) to low Earth orbit on the Ariane 64.[18][19]
Development of the P160C boosters began in 2022. The upgraded boosters are extended by 1 metre (3ft 3in) to carry an additional 14 tonnes (31,000lb) of propellant.[20] Notably,16 of the 18 planned Kuiper launches on Ariane 6 will incorporate this upgraded booster.[19] The first P160C booster casing was built in June 2024,[21] with fueling and static fire tests anticipated in 2025.[22]
To support these more powerful rockets,CNES is assisting in modifying the existing launch pad.[23]
Block 3
An additional Block 3 upgrade is being discussed by the European Space Agency,ArianeGroup and CNES. Increased performance will primarily be achieved via an upgraded upper stage.[18]
The impetus for the upgrade is a number of upcoming lunar missions,including the European Argonaut logistics lunar lander project. A decision is expected during the November 2025 European ministerial meeting.
Fairing
The payload fairing,constructed by Beyond Gravity from a carbon fibre-polymer composite,is designed as a nose cone that splits vertically into two halves at the top of the Ariane 6 rocket.[24] It is available in two sizes:a long 20-metre (66ft) version and a short 14-metre (46ft) version,both with a diameter of 5.4 metres (18ft).[25] The interior of the cylindrical payload compartment is 4.6 metres (15ft) in diameter and the long variant measures 11 metres (36ft) in height,or 18 metres (59ft) when including the conical portion of the fairing.[26]
History
Ariane 6 was conceived in the early 2010s to be a replacement launch vehicle for Ariane 5,and a number of concepts and high-level designs were suggested and proposed during 2012–2015. Development funding from several European governments was secured by early 2016,and contracts were signed to begin detailed design and the build of test articles. In 2019,the maiden orbital flight had been planned for 2020,[27] however by May 2020,the planned initial launch date was delayed into 2021.[28] In October 2020,the European Space Agency (ESA) formally requested an additional €230 million in funding from the countries sponsoring the project to complete development of the rocket and get the vehicle to its first test flight,which had slipped to the second quarter of 2022.[29] By June 2021,the date had delayed to late 2022.[30] In June 2022,a delay was announced to "some time in 2023"[31] and by October 2022,ESA clarified that the first launch would be no earlier than the fourth quarter of 2023,while providing no public reason for the delay.[32] In August 2023,ESA announced that the date for the first launch had slipped again to 2024.[33]
Concept and early development:2010–2015
Ariane 6 PPH cutaway drawing
Following detailed definition studies in 2012,[34] ESA announced in July 2013 the selection of the "PPH" (first stage of three P145 rocket motors,second stage of one P145 rocket motor,and H32 cryogenic upper stage) configuration for Ariane 6.[35] It would be capable of launching up to 6,500kg (14,300lb) to Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO),[36] with a first flight projected to be as early as 2021–2022.[37] Development was projected to cost €4 billion as of May2013[update].[38] A 2014 study concluded that development cost could be reduced to about €3 billion by limiting contractors to five countries.[39]
While Ariane 5 typically launches one large and one medium satellite at a time,the PPH proposal for Ariane 6 was intended for single payloads,with an early 2014 price estimate of approximately US$95 million per launch.[40] The SpaceXFalcon 9 and the ChineseLong March 3B both launch smaller payloads but at lower prices,approximately $57 million and $72 million respectively as of early 2014,making the Falcon 9 launch of a midsize satellite competitive with the cost of the lower slot of a dual payload Ariane 5.[40] For lightweight all-electric satellites,Arianespace intended to use the restartable Vinci engine to deliver the satellites closer to their operational orbit than the Falcon 9 could,thus reducing the time required to transfer to geostationary orbit by several months.[40]
Ariane 6.1 and Ariane 6.2 proposals
In June 2014,Airbus and Safran surprised ESA by announcing a counter proposal for the Ariane 6 project:a 50/50 joint venture to develop the rocket,which would also involve buying out the French government's CNES interest in Arianespace.[41][42]
This proposed launch system would come in two variants,Ariane 6.1 and Ariane 6.2.[43] While both would use a cryogenic main stage powered by a Vulcain 2 engine and two P145 solid boosters,Ariane 6.1 would feature a cryogenic upper stage powered by the Vinci engine and boost up to 8,500kg (18,700lb) to GTO,while Ariane 6.2 would use a lower-cost hypergolic upper stage powered by the Aestus engine. Ariane 6.1 would have the ability to launch two electrically powered satellites at once,while Ariane 6.2 would be focused on launching government payloads.
French newspaper La Tribune questioned whether Airbus Defence and Space could deliver on the promised costs for their Ariane 6 proposal,and whether Airbus and Safran Group could be trusted when they were found to be responsible for a failure of Ariane 5 flight 517 in 2002 and a more recent 2013 failure of the M51 ballistic missile.[44] The companies were also criticised for being unwilling to incur development risks,and asking for higher initial funding than originally planned–€2.6 billion instead of €2.3 billion. Estimated launch prices of €85 million for Ariane 6.1 and €69 million for Ariane 6.2 did not compare favorably to SpaceX offerings.[45] During the meeting of EU ministers in Geneva on 7 June 2014,these prices were deemed too high and no agreement with manufacturers was reached.[46]
Ariane 62 and Ariane 64 proposals
Originally proposed Ariane A62 and Ariane A64
Following criticism of the Ariane 6 PPH design,France unveiled a revised Ariane 6 proposal in September 2014.[47] This launcher would use a cryogenic main stage powered by the Vulcain 2 and upper stage powered by the Vinci but vary the number of solid boosters. With two P120C boosters,Ariane 6 would launch up to 5,000kg (11,000lb) to GTO at a cost of €75 million. With four boosters,Ariane 6 would be able to launch two satellites totaling 11,000kg (24,000lb) to GTO at a cost of €90 million.[48]
This proposal,unlike Ariane 6 PPH,offered a scalable launcher while retaining Ariane 5's dual-launch capability. The proposal also included simplification of the industrial and institutional organisation along with a better and cheaper version of the Vulcain 2 engine for the main stage.[47][48] Although Ariane 6 was projected to have "lower estimated recurring production costs",it was projected to have "a higher overall development cost owing to the need for a new,Ariane 6-dedicated,launch pad".[49]
The Italian,French,and German space ministers met on 23 September 2014,in order to plan strategy and assess the possibility for agreement on funding for the Ariane 5 successor,[50] and in December 2014,ESA selected the Ariane 62 and Ariane 64 designs for development and funding.[51]
Ariane 62 (left) and Ariane 64 (right),final design
In November 2015,an updated design of Ariane 64 and 62 was presented,with new nose cones on the boosters,main stage diameter increased to 5.4m (18ft),and the height decreased to 60m (200ft).[53]
The basic design for Ariane 6 was finalised in January 2016 as an expendable liquid-fuelled core stage plus expendable solid-rocket-boosters design. Development advanced into detailed design and production phases,with the first major contracts already signed.[54][55] Unlike previous Ariane rockets,which are assembled and fueled vertically before being transported to the launchpad,the Ariane 6 main stages were to be assembled horizontally at the new integration hall in Les Mureaux and then transported to French Guiana,to be erected and integrated with boosters and payload.[56]
The horizontal assembly process was inspired by the Russian tradition for Soyuz and Proton launchers–which had more recently been applied to the American Delta IV and Falcon 9 boosters[57]–with a stated goal of halving production costs.[58]
The industrial production process was completely overhauled,allowing synchronized workflow between several European production sites moving at a monthly cadence,which would enable twelve launches per year,doubling Ariane 5's yearly capacity.[56] To further lower the price,Ariane 6 engines were to use 3D printed components.[59] Ariane 6 was to be the first large rocket to use a laser ignition system developed by Austria's Carinthian Research Center (CTR),that was previously deployed in automotive and turbine engines.[60] A solid state laser offers an advantage over electrical ignition systems in that it is more flexible with regards to the location of the plasma within the combustion chamber,offers a much higher pulse power and can tolerate a wider range of fuel-air mixture ratios.[61]
Reorganisation of the industry behind a new launch vehicle,leading to the creation of Airbus Safran Launchers (ASL),also started a review by the French government into tax matters,and the European Commission over a possible conflict of interest if Airbus Defence and Space,a satellite manufacturer,were to purchase launches from ASL.[59]
While development was initially slated to be substantially complete in 2019,with an initial launch in 2020,the initial launch date has slipped several times:first to 2021,[62] then to 2022,[29][30] then to 2023,[31] and then to 2024.[63] In October 2022,Arianespace expected the maiden flight to occur in 2023,[32] although in December 2023,Arianespace once again set the flight to occur on 15 June 2024.[63] In June 2024,ESA Executive said its first launch was postponed to July 9th 2024.[64] The maiden flight VA262 took place 9 July 2024 and successfully orbited some satellites even though the mission did suffer some problems.
CNES began studies in 2010[65] on an alternative, reusable first stage for Ariane 6, using a mix of liquid oxygen and liquid methane rather than liquid hydrogen that is used in the 2016 Ariane 6 first-stage design. The methane-powered core could use one or more engines, matching capabilities of Ariane 64 with only two boosters instead of four. As of January2015[update], the economic feasibility of reusing an entire stage remained in question. Concurrent with the liquid fly-back booster research in the late 1990s and early 2000s, CNES along with Russia concluded studies[when?] indicating that reusing the first stage was economically unviable as manufacturing ten rockets a year was cheaper and more feasible than recovery, refurbishment and loss of performance caused by reusability.[66]
In June 2015, Airbus Defence and Space announced that Adeline, a partially reusable first stage, would become operational between 2025 and 2030 and that it would be developed as a subsequent first stage for Ariane 6. Rather than developing a way to reuse an entire first stage (like SpaceX), Airbus proposed a system where only high-value parts would be safely returned using a winged module at the bottom of the rocket stack.[65]
In August 2016, ASL gave some more details about future development plans building on the Ariane 6 design. CEO Alain Charmeau revealed that Airbus Safran were now working along two main lines: first, continuing work (at the company's own expense) on the recoverable Adeline engine-and-avionics module; and second, beginning development of a next-generation engine to be called Prometheus. This engine would have about the same thrust as the Vulcain 2 currently powering Ariane 5 but would burn methane instead of liquid hydrogen. Charmeau was non-committal about whether Prometheus (still only in the first few months of development) could be used as an expendable replacement for the Vulcain 2 in Ariane 6, or whether it was tied to the re-usable Adeline design, saying only that "We are cautious, and we prefer to speak when are sure of what we announce... But certainly this engine could very well fit with the first stage of Ariane 6 one day", a decision on whether to proceed with Prometheus in an expendable or reusable role could be made between 2025 and 2030.[67] Charmeau was not positive about reusability in 2018, stating that if Ariane had a launch schedule of ten flights per year and had a rocket that could be reused ten times, the company would only build one rocket per year, making supporting an ongoing manufacturing supply chain unviable ("I cannot tell my teams: Goodbye, see you next year!"). Ariane would need 30 launches a year to justify the cost of researching reusability, he said.[68]
In 2017, the Prometheus engine project was revealed to have the aim of reducing the engine unit cost from the €10 million of the Vulcain2 to €1 million and allowing the engine to be reused up to five times.[69] The engine development is said to be part of a broader effort – codename Ariane NEXT[70] – to reduce Ariane launch costs by a factor of two beyond improvements brought by Ariane 6. The Ariane NEXT initiative includes a reusable sounding rocket, Callisto, to test the performance of various fuels in new engine designs.[71]
The European Space Agency is exploring human-rating certification for Ariane 6, awarding Arianespace a contract to explore potential options for enabling crewed missions to be launched aboard the vehicle.[72]
Production
In a January 2019 interview, Arianespace CEO Stéphane Israël said that the company would require four more institutional launches for Ariane 6 to sign a manufacturing contract. Launch contracts would be needed for the transitional period of 2020–2023 when Ariane 5 will be phased out and gradually replaced by Ariane 6. The company would require European institutions to become an anchor customer for the launcher. In response, ESA representatives said the agency was working on shifting the 2022 launch of the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer from Ariane 5 ECA to Ariane 64, further indicating that there are other institutional customers in Europe that must put their weight behind the project, such as the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) or the European Commission.
As of January2019[update], Arianespace had sold three flights of the Ariane 6 launch vehicle.[73] One month later, they added a satellite internet constellation launch contract with OneWeb to utilize the maiden launch of Ariane 6 to help populate the large 600-satellite constellation.[74]
On 6 May 2019, Arianespace ordered the first production batch of 14 Ariane 6 rockets.[75]
In 2024, Arianespace expected that their launch tempo would increase to six in 2025, eight in 2026, and stabilize at ten per year starting in 2027.[76]
Rocket components are transported by sea from Europe to the Guiana Space Centre aboard the Canopée, a cargo vessel that uses sails to assist with its propulsion, reducing fuel use.[77][78]
Development funding
This section needs expansionwith: How much has been the actual funding 2015–2024? and what amount came from each of the major government stakeholders? France? Germany? ... by country. You can help by adding to it. (October 2024)
Ariane 6 was developed in a public-private partnership with the majority of the funding coming from various ESA government sources. As of 2015[update], the estimated government development cost over the then planned 6-year development phase through 2020 was €2.815 billion of government-provided funds, while €400 million was reported to be "industry's share". At the time, in a novel approach for ESA, this was to be "an arrangement in which the [Airbus Safran] company takes full control of Ariane 6 design and development and commits to a firm, fixed-price contract"[79]
By the time the ESA Council approved the project in November 2016, the ESA had already paid out €688 million to Airbus Safran[80] and the ESA Industrial Policy Committee released €1.7 billion of additional funds on 8 November 2016.[81]
In January 2020, two EU institutions, the European Investment Bank and the European Commission, loaned €100 million to Arianespace, drawing from the Horizon 2020 and Investment Plan for Europe corporate investment programmes. The 10-year loan's repayment is tied to the financial success of the Ariane 6 project.[82][needs update]
Maiden flight of Ariane 6. It was a flight test carrying a mass simulator plus a number of small cubesats and other experiments as rideshare payloads. Rocket launched successfully to orbit and upper stage performed a second burn to release cubesats. During attempt to perform a third burn to deorbit the upper stage, the rocket's auxiliary propulsion system failed. This failure prevented the upper stage from relighting.[85][86][87][88]
French military reconnaissance satellite. First commercial launch for Ariane 6. After releasing the satellite following two burns of the upper stage, the Vinci engine successfully completed a third burn to reenter Earth's atmosphere, a maneuver that had failed in the first Ariane 6 flight.[90]
The Ariane 6 programme has faced substantial criticism for its cost per launch and lack of reusability. When the programme was approved by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2012, the programme was intended to produce a modernised successor to the Ariane 5 with a focus on cost optimisation. However, over the course of its more than a decade-long development, the project experienced delays and cost overruns.[125] Initially expected to be 50% cheaper than its predecessor, the Ariane 6 now has projected launch prices exceeding €100 million per mission — above the original estimates of €70 million for the A62 and €90 million for the A64.[126] The cost per launch has limited the rocket's appeal to commercial clients outside of Europe.[127]
A major criticism of the Ariane 6 stems from its reliance on expendable technology at a time when competitors have demonstrated the economic advantages of reusability. For example, SpaceX iteratively developed its Falcon 9 rocket, nearly doubling its payload capacity and making it partially reusable, lowering the company's costs to launch.[128] Some industry experts argued that the decision to forego reusability rendered the Ariane 6 "already obsolete" before it even entered service.[125]
European officials, however, have defended the Ariane 6, citing the strategic need for independent access to space. They point to geopolitical disruptions, such as losing access to Russian Soyuz-ST rockets, as evidence of the necessity for a self-reliant European capability. Officials have also justified the rocket’s lack of reusability by arguing that the relatively low number of planned launches would make such a feature economically unviable.[129][130]
To support the programme, ESA's member states have agreed to subsidise the Ariane 6 with up to €340 million annually from its 16th to its 42nd flight, expected to occur by 2031.[131] In exchange, governments will receive an 11% discount on launches.[129][132]
↑ de Selding, Peter B. (24 May 2013). "With Ariane 6 Launch Site Selected, CNES Aims To Freeze Design of the New Rocket in July". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2013. Ariane 6 would fly in 2020 assuming a development go-ahead in 2014. CNES's Ariane 6 team is operating under the "triple-seven" mantra, meaning seven years' development, 7 metric tons of satellite payload to geostationary transfer orbit and 70 million euros in launch costs. CNES estimates that Ariane 6 would cost 4 billion euros to develop, including ESA's customary program management fees and a 20% margin that ESA embeds in most of its programs.
1 2 3 Svitak, Amy (10 March 2014). "SpaceX Says Falcon 9 To Compete For EELV This Year". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014. As SpaceX and other launch contenders enter the sector – including new rockets in India, China and Russia – Europe is also investing in a midlife upgrade of Ariane 5, the Ariane 5 ME (Midterm Evolution), which aims to boost performance 20% with no corresponding increase in cost. At the same time, Europe is considering funding a smaller, less capable but more affordable successor to the heavy-lift launcher, Ariane 6, which would send up to 6,500kg (14,300lb) to GTO for around US$95 million per launch.
↑ de Selding, Peter (20 June 2014). "Airbus and Safran Propose New Ariane 6 Design, Reorganisation of Europe's Rocket Industry". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2022. European space-hardware builders Airbus and Safran have proposed that the French and European space agencies scrap much of their previous 18 months' work on a next-generation Ariane 6 rocket in favour of a design that includes much more liquid propulsion.
↑ "ISS Expected To Take Back Seat to Next-gen Ariane as Space Ministers Meet in Zurich". SpaceNews. 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2015. The space ministers of France, Germany and Italy are scheduled to meet on September 23 in Zurich to assess how far they are from agreement on strategy and funding for Europe's next-generation Ariane rocket, upgrades to the light-lift Vega vehicle and — as a lower priority — their continued participation in the international space station. The meeting should give these governments a better sense of whether a formal conference of European Space Agency ministers scheduled for December 2 in Luxembourg will be able to make firm decisions, or will be limited to expressions of goodwill.
↑ Clark, Stephen (24 June 2015). "Ariane 6 rockets likely to be assembled horizontally". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2016. Officials said the preliminary plan calls for the Ariane 6 rocket to be integrated horizontally, a practice long used for Russian launchers and more recently adopted by United Launch Alliance's Delta 4 rocket family and SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.
↑ Clark, Stephen (16 December 2015). "Q&A with Stéphane Israël, chairman and CEO of Arianespace". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022. When it comes to Ariane 64, we are at around US$90 to US$100 million, as opposed to Ariane 5, which is in terms of cost, around US$200 million. You see with the effort we're making, we want to reduce the cost around 40/50%, which is very ambitious.
↑ Guillermard, Véronique (13 August 2024). "Comment Ariane 6 s'est mise en ordre pour doubler la fréquence de ses vols". Le Figaro. Retrieved 27 September 2024. Some 6 rockets are currently at different stages of production, including the first A64, which is due to take off in the second half of 2025 to deploy a batch of more than 30 satellites on behalf of Kuiper, the Amazon constellation.
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